腰椎管狭窄症脊椎融合术适应症研究进展

腰椎管狭窄症主要由腰椎关节强硬引起。腰椎狭窄症的临床表现分为两类:一类为局域性症状,如下腰痛,僵硬等,一类为神经根症状,如神经性跛行。适当保护性治疗可以改善这些症状,但是一些顽固病例仍需手术治疗。单纯腰椎管减压术适用于以神经根症状为初发表现并且脊椎生物力学稳定的患者。术前评估时如出现背部手术失败综合征,退行性不稳定,严重畸形,有症状的椎骨脱离,难治性退行性椎间盘疾病,以及邻近节段病的患者可行腰椎融合术。术中评估出现广泛椎体压缩合并椎间隙大或者骨储存量不足的患者可行腰椎融合术。     

通用型流感疫苗的研究进展

疫苗接种是目前预防和控制流感大流行的最有效方法。由于流感病毒具有高度的变异性,急需研制一种通用型流感疫苗来应对流感易变异的难题。本文主要从流感病毒的保守性表位及其基于该保守表位通用型流感疫苗的研究进展,产生交叉保护作用的机制和提高交叉保护作用的途径进行了综述。     

腰硬联合镇痛配合对侧侧俯卧位在胎方位异常分娩中的临床研究

目的探讨活跃期后通过腰硬联合麻醉镇痛分娩配合对侧侧俯卧位在纠正胎头位置异常的临床效果。方法选择2014年10月~2015年12月在我院计划阴道分娩足月单胎头位初产妇240例,按住院单双号随机分为观察组及对照组各120例,两组产妇均确诊为枕横位或枕后位且进行腰硬联合麻醉镇痛分娩。观察组根据枕横位或枕后位枕部位置,协助产妇取对侧侧俯卧位;对照组根据产妇喜好取舒适随意卧位。观察两组产妇纠正胎头位置异常的效果。结果两组产妇分娩方式、第一产程耗时、产后出血及新生儿窒息率比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腰硬联合镇痛分娩配合对侧侧俯卧位可有效纠正胎头位置异常,缩短产程,提高自然阴道分娩率,减少母婴并发症的发生。     

类风湿性关节炎患者腰椎手术的影响因素分析

关于类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者术后相邻节段病变(ASD)的研究相对较少,本研究的目的是揭示腰椎融合术和腰椎减压术对RA患者的ASD发病率和临床结局的影响。本研究共纳入了68例接受腰椎手术治疗的RA患者,36例行腰椎间盘减压融合术(融合组),32例行腰椎间盘减压术(非融合组),随访时间为3年。记录两组患者手术前后JOA评分和相邻节段病变情况,并在X线片上评估相邻椎间盘狭窄程度和椎体滑脱程度,评估ASD的危险因素。研究显示,患者平均年龄为(68.6±12.4)岁,男性17例,女性51例。研究结果表明:融合组和非融合组术后3年随访时的JOA评分均有显著改善(p0.05)。融合组患者的ASD发生率和翻修手术风险显著高于非融合组(p0.05)。手术后相邻节段病变在融合组中比在非融合组中更频繁和严重(p0.05)。基质金属蛋白酶3 (MMP-3)和C反应蛋白计算的28关节疾病活动指数(DAS28-CRP)与ASD的发病率显著相关(p0.05)。     

腰背肌康复训练联合脊柱微调手法对腰椎间盘突出症患者功能康复、血液流变学和生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨腰背肌康复训练联合脊柱微调手法对腰椎间盘突出症（LDH）患者功能康复、血液流变学和生活质量的影响。方法：采用随机数字表法,将我院2020年3月~2022年3月期间收治的120例LDH患者分为对照组（60例,腰背肌康复训练）和观察组（60例,腰背肌康复训练联合脊柱微调手法）。观察两组患者临床疗效、功能康复效果、血液流变学和生活质量。结果：观察组的临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预4周后日本骨科协会腰椎功能（JOA）评分高于对照组,Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）、视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预4周后腰部屈曲腰部活动范围（ROM）、伸展ROM、测屈ROM和屈肌肌力、伸肌肌力高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预4周后全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、红细胞聚集指数低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组干预4周后躯体功能、精神健康、活力、躯体疼痛、社会功能、总体健康、情感职能、生理机能维度评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：腰背肌康复训练联合脊柱微调手法用于LDH患者干预中,可改善血液流变学,促进功能康复,有利于患者生活质量的提高。     

Quadrant通道下MIS-TLIF与传统术式治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病的疗效比较

目的:对比分析Quadrant通道下微创椎间孔椎间融合术(MIS-TLIF)与传统开放经椎间孔椎间融合术(TLIF)治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病的临床疗效和安全性。方法:选取2012年3月至2015年3月120例我院收治的120例单节段腰椎退变性疾病患者,并将其随机分为对照组和微创(MIS)组,每组各60例。对照组患者给予TLIF治疗,微创组给予MIS-TLIF治疗。观察和比较两组患者的手术情况,手术前后的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI),肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)水平、椎间植骨融合率及并发症的发生情况。结果:微创组患者的切口长度、出血量、射线照射时间、下地活动时间以及住院时间均显著低于或短于对照组(P0.05);术后1周、6个月,微创组患者的VAS、ODI评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05);术后,两组患者的CPK水平出现剧烈上升,随后又逐渐下降,但同一时段微创组患者的CPK水平明显低于对照组(P0.05);微创组的椎骨性融合率为93.33%(56/60),显著低于对照组(85.00%,P0.05),且其神经损伤、硬膜囊破裂的发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05),感染的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Quadrant通道下微创椎间孔椎间融合术治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病的临床疗效明显优于传统开放经椎间孔椎间融合术,且创伤更小,患者康复更快,安全性更高。     

合成肽疫苗应用的现状

<正> 近年来一些研究表明合成肽有可能做疫苗。虽然至今还未考虑临床试用,但最近证实口服合成免疫原的志愿者可产生抗大肠杆菌肠毒素的中和抗体。 理想的合成肽疫苗必须能模拟在诱导有效保护性抗体反应中起重要作用的,连续或不连续(或两种类型)的抗原决定簇;应含有能起佐剂作用的序列;对特殊疾病有特异性,且不产生与宿主正常组织起交叉反应的     

骨肉瘤化疗多药耐药的分子机制及其逆转

目的：总结国内外对骨肉瘤化疗多药耐药的分子机制及相应逆转措施的研究进展;方法：应用PubMed及CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统,以＂骨肉瘤、化疗多药耐药、机制、逆转＂等为关键词,检索2000-2011年的相关文献。纳入标准：1）骨肉瘤耐药相关的蛋白质、酶类及相关基因;2）各因素发挥作用的机制;3）相关的逆转措施。结果：骨肉瘤多药耐药是当今骨肉瘤化疗治疗的一大难题,多药耐药性即肿瘤细胞对一种抗肿瘤药物产生耐药性的同时,对其他结构和作用机制不同的多种药物产生交叉耐药性。其作用的发生是多种因素共同作用的结果。结论：与骨肉瘤化疗多药耐药相关的主要有P-糖蛋白,多药耐药相关蛋白,肺耐药蛋白,谷胱甘肽,拓扑异构酶,蛋白激酶C以及DNA损伤修复和细胞凋亡抑制等相关机制。而逆转措施主要通过抑制剂和基因疗法。     

基于腰椎类型的腰椎间盘突出症患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态的X线测量研究

目的:基于腰椎曲线类型研究腰椎间盘突出(Lumbar disc herniation,LDH)病人脊柱骨盆矢状序列参数的特点。方法:回顾我院2009年1月年至2014年11月收治的相邻节段健康的LDH病人166例,与141例健康志愿者对照。按照腰椎类型分为4型,LDH按照严重程度分为腰4-5(A)组,腰5-骶1(B)组,腰4-5和腰5-骶1(C)组,三节段以上(D)组。应用图形分析软件进行参数测量,在站立位全长脊柱侧位X线片上测量参数包括:骨盆投射角(Pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(Pelvic tilt,PT)和骶骨倾斜角(Sacral slope,SS),胸椎后凸角(Thoracic Kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(Lumbar lordosis,LL)、上半圆(UP arc)、下半圆(Low arc)、矢状面垂直轴(Sagittal vertical axis SVA),对上述指标统计分析。结果:LDH组与对照组相比PI、PT和TK增大,SVA向前移位,SS、LL和Up arc减低具有显著统计学差异。LDH组各参数Pearson相关性分析示PI~PT,PI~SS和SS~LL高度相关。LDH病例4组间参数单因素方差分析无统计学意义,SS、LL和TK随着突出节段的增加而减小;A组与对照组比较PI和PT差异显著。1型和2型与相对应的对照组比较,各参数差异显著。结论:相邻节段健康的LDH病人具有大的PI和PT,小的LL和SS,SVA向前倾斜,随着病变节段的增加LL,SS和TK减小;脊柱-骨盆协调平衡的能力受腰椎类型影响。     

PLIF与TLIF手术治疗老年单节段腰椎退变性疾病的临床疗效对比

目的:探讨改良后路腰椎体间融合术(PLIF)与改良经椎间孔入路腰椎体间融合术(TLIF)手术治疗老年单节段腰椎退变性疾病的临床疗效。方法:收集2009年1月-2015年1月期间我院收治的经确诊为老年单节段腰椎退变性疾病的80例患者,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各40例;观察组患者采用TLIF手术,对照组患者采用PLIF手术;比较两组患者手术前后腰背部疼痛程度(VAS评分)与活动功能(ODI评分),临床指标及并发症发生率。结果:观察组患者手术时间、术中出血量及术后引流量均明显短于或少于对照组患者(P0.05);两组患者手术前腰背部VAS评分与ODI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),手术后6个月,两组患者腰背部VAS评分与ODI评分均明显低于手术前(P0.05),而组间比较差异无统计学差异(P0.05);观察组术后并发症总发生率为5.00%(2/40),显著低于对照组的22.50%(9/40),差异有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:PLIF与TLIF手术治疗老年单节段腰椎退变性疾病患者在改善腰背部疼痛程度与腰椎活动功能中的疗效相当,但TLIF手术有助于显著缩短手术时间,降低术中出血量与术后引流量,降低术后并发症发生风险,值得临床推广应用。     

Loading of the lumbar spine during backpack carriage

Backpack carriage is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of low back pain. Elevated compression and shear forces in the lumbar intervertebral discs are known risk factors. A novel method of calculating the loads in the lumbar spine during backpack carriage is presented by combining physical and numerical modelling. The results revealed that to predict realistic lumbar compression forces, subject-specific lumbar curvature data were not necessary for loads up to 40 kg. In contrast, regarding shear forces, using subject-specific lumbar curvature data from upright MRI measurements as input for the rigid body model significantly altered lumbar joint force estimates.     

Load-bearing role of facets in a lumbar segment under sagittal plane loadings

In the present work, the load-bearing role of the facet joints in a lumbar I2-3 segment is quantitatively determined by means of a three dimensional nonlinear finite element program. The analysis accounts for both material and geometric nonlinearities and treats the facet articulation as a nonlinear moving contact problem. The disc nucleus is considered as an inviscid incompressible fluid and the annulus as a composite of collagenous fibres embedded in a matrix of ground substance. The spinal ligaments are modelled as a collection of nonlinear axial elements. The loadings consist of axial compression and sagittal plane shears and bending moments, acting alone or combined. The results show that in pure compression, the external axial force is transmitted primarily by the intervertebral disc. The facet joints carry only a small percentage of the force. However, the facet joints carry large forces in extension, whereas in small flexion they carry none. Addition of compression tends to increase these contact forces in extension while it has no effect on them in flexion. In extension, the forces on the facet joints are transmitted by both the articular surfaces and the capsular ligaments. Although in small flexion the facets carry no load, large contact forces are predicted to develop as the segment is flexed beyond 7-8 degrees. These forces are of the same magnitude as those computed under large extension rotation and are oriented nearly in the horizontal plane with negligible component in the axial direction. The horizontal components of the contact forces generated during articulation are often larger than the axial components which directly resist the applied compressive force. The axial components of the contact forces, therefore, grossly underestimate the total forces acting on the facets. The transfer of forces from one facet to the adjacent one occurs through distinct areas in flexion and in extension loadings. That is, on the superior articular surface, the contact area shifts from the upper tip in large flexion to the lower margin in extension. On the inferior articular surface, the contact area shifts from the upper and central regions in large flexion to the lower tip in extension.     

Intrinsic atomic-level forces in polymer networks exhibiting non-gaussian effects: relationship with the limited chain extensibility

Intrinsic atomic-level forces for networks exhibiting non-Gaussian effects were evaluated during the integration of the equations of motion using the Verlet algorithm. The forces acting on the junction points of the cross-linking chains and the elastomeric chains of unimodal and bimodal network arrangements showed no apparent change as a consequence of the network variation. The forces acting on the short chains in a bimodal network cross-linked using sulfur atoms and relatively long polyquinone chains had much higher values than those in a unimodal network arrangement. Nevertheless, the intrinsic forces acting on the polyquinone atoms decreased dramatically as a result of the formation of bimodal networks. The presence of relatively long polyquinone chains in bimodal networks caused the short sulfur chains to stretch to their maximum extensibility and they can no longer increase their end-to-end separation by simple rotations about their skeletal bonds. Limited chain extensibility of the short chains resulting from the deformation of the bond angles and bond lengths led to much higher potential energies, as determined using the dynamic quenching technique. This resulted in the non-Gaussian effects known for bimodal networks and their subsequent anomalous mechanical properties. The dynamical behavior of the nuclei bending and torsional angles was also investigated for the unimodal and bimodal networks.     

Role of trunk muscles in generating follower load in the lumbar spine of neutral standing posture

Recently, experimental results have demonstrated that the load carrying capacity of the human spine substantially increases under the follower load condition. Thus, it is essential to prove that a follower load can be generated in vivo by activating the appropriate muscles in order to demonstrate the possibility that the stability of the spinal column could be maintained through a follower load mechanism. The aim of this study was to analyze the coordination of the trunk muscles in order to understand the role of the muscles in generating the follower load. A three-dimensional finite element model of the lumbar spine was developed from T12 to S1 and 117 pairs of trunk muscles (58 pairs of superficial muscles and 59 pairs of deep muscles) were considered. The follower load concept was mathematically represented as an optimization problem. The muscle forces required to generate the follower load were predicted by solving the optimization problem. The corresponding displacements and rotations at all nodes were estimated along with the follower forces, shear forces, and joint moments acting on those nodes. In addition, the muscle forces and the corresponding responses were investigated when the activations of the deep muscles or the superficial muscles were restricted to 75% of the maximum activation, respectively. Significantly larger numbers of deep muscles were involved in the generation of the follower load than the number of superficial muscles, regardless of the restriction on muscle activation. The shear force and the resultant joint moment are more influenced by the change in muscle activation in the superficial muscles. A larger number of deep trunk muscles were activated in order to maintain the spinal posture in the lumbar spine. In addition, the deep muscles have a larger capability to reduce the shear force and the resultant joint moment with respect to the perturbation of the external load or muscle fatigue compared to the superficial muscles.     

Recovering from Laboratory-Induced slips and trips causes high levels of lumbar muscle activity and spine loading

Slips, trips, and falls are some of the most substantial and prevalent causes of occupational injuries and fatalities, and these events may contribute to low-back problems. We quantified lumbar kinematics (i.e., lumbar angles relative to pelvis) and kinetics during unexpected slip and trip perturbations, and during normal walking, among 12 participants (6F, 6 M). Individual anthropometry, lumbar muscle geometry, and lumbar angles, along with electromyography from 14 lumbar muscles were used as input to a 3D, dynamic, EMG-based model of the lumbar spine. Results indicated that, in comparison with values during normal walking, lumbar range of motion, lumbosacral (L5/S1) loads, and lumbar muscle activations were all significantly higher during the slip and trip events. Maximum L5/S1 compression forces exceeded 2700 N during slip and trip events, compared with ∼ 1100 N during normal walking. Mean values of L5/S1 anteroposterior (930 N), and lateral (800 N) shear forces were also substantially larger than the shear force during the normal walking (230 N). These observed levels of L5/S1 reaction forces, along with high levels of bilateral lumbar muscle activities, suggest the potential for overexertion injuries and tissue damage during unexpected slip and trip events, which could contribute to low back injuries. Outcomes of this study may facilitate the identification and control of specific mechanisms involved with low back disorders consequent to slips or trips.     

Applying a follower load delivers realistic results for simulating standing

The exact loads acting on the lumbar spine during standing remain hitherto unknown. It is for this reason that different loads are applied in experimental and numerical studies. The aim of this study was to compare intersegmental rotations, intradiscal pressures and facet joint forces for different loading modes simulating standing in order to ascertain, the results for which loading modes are closest to data measured in vivo.A validated osseoligamentous finite element model of the lumbar spine ranging from L1 to the disc L5–S1, was used. Six load application modes were investigated as to how they could simulate standing. This posture was simulated by applying a vertical force of 500 N at the centre of the L1 vertebral endplate with different boundary conditions, by applying a follower load, and by applying upper body weight and muscle forces. The calculated intersegmental rotations and intradiscal pressures were compared to in vivo values.Intersegmental rotations at one level vary by up to 8° for the different loading modes simulating standing. The overall rotation in the lumbar spine varies between 2.2° and 19.5°. With a follower load, the difference to the value measured in vivo is 3.3°. For all other loading cases studied, the difference is greater than 6.6°. Intradiscal pressures vary slightly with the loading mode. Calculated forces in the facet joints vary between 0 and nearly 80 N.Applying a follower load of 500 N is the only loading mode simulating standing for which the calculated values for intervertebral rotations and intradiscal pressures agreed well with in vivo data from literature.     

Role of biomechanics and muscle activation strategy in the production of endpoint force patterns in the cat hindlimb

We used a musculoskeletal model of the cat hindlimb to compare the patterns of endpoint forces generated by all possible combination of 12 hindlimb muscles under three different muscle activation rules: homogeneous activation of muscles based on uniform activation levels, homogeneous activation of muscles based on uniform (normalized) force production, and activation based on the topography of spinal motoneuron pools. Force patterns were compared with the patterns obtained experimentally by microstimulation of the lumbar spinal cord in spinal intact cats. Magnitude and orientation of the force patterns were compared, as well as the proportion of the types found, and the proportions of patterns exhibiting points of zero force (equilibrium points). The force patterns obtained with the homogenous activation and motoneuron topography models were quite similar to those measured experimentally, with the differences being larger for the patterns from the normalized endpoint forces model. Differences in the proportions of types of force patterns between the three models and the experimental results were significant for each model. Both homogeneous activation and normalized endpoint force models produced similar proportions of equilibrium points as found experimentally. The results suggest that muscle biomechanics play an important role in limiting the number of endpoint force pattern types, and that muscle combinations activated at similar levels reproduced best the experimental results obtained with intraspinal microstimulation.     

On the shape of the erythrocyte

A model is postulated which attributes the distinctive biconcave shape of the human erythrocyte to a balance of forces acting on the membrane. The forces considered are electrostatic forces due to a charge distribution on the membrane, a hydrostatic pressure difference acting across the membrane, and forces arising from a constant tension in the membrane. A numerical study indicates that the postulated model will produce an equilibrium shape which is very similar to the observed shape of the human erythrocyte.     

Model of loadings acting on the femoral bone during gait

An evaluation of the model of loadings acting on the femoral bone during the whole gait cycle was the main aim of the paper. A computer simulation of the musculoskeletal system based on the gait data collected during gait was used to determine the muscle forces as well as the hip joint reaction. Kinematic parameters as well as the ground reaction force for ninety-nine healthy persons of both sexes (18–36 years old) who had no history of musculoskeletal disease were registered during normal gait with preferred speed and used as inputs for musculoskeletal modelling and numerical simulation with the use of the AnyBody software. Time waveforms of the values of force generated by 21 muscles having attachments on the femoral bone as well as the hip joint reaction force were obtained. Directions of particular forces were presented using a femoral coordinate system. Attachment points for all muscle forces were obtained on the basis of the unscaled standard model with the length of the femur equal to 0.41 m. The presented model of loadings acting on the femoral bone element can be useful for the biomechanical analysis of bone development and remodelling as well as for the optimisation of implant or bone stabilizer design and pre-clinical testing.