长江口潮滩湿地土壤酶活性的陆向变化以及与环境因子的相关性

研究了长江口崇明东滩潮滩湿地表层沉积物的土壤酶活性和环境因子沿高程的陆向变化及其它们之间的相关性。结果表明,在潮滩湿地表层沉积物中的全磷(TP)、全氮(TN)和有机质(OM)的含量,随着高程的增加,其含量呈上升趋势,而沉积物平均粒径(AGS)和溶解无机磷(DIP)含量逐渐降低。崇明东滩表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性沿高程梯度有增加的趋势,与沉积物平均粒径和溶解无机磷含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),与有机质、总氮、总磷含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),反映出碱性磷酸酶活性受底物和产物并存机制的诱导或抑制。过氧化氢酶活性随高程也有逐渐增大的趋势,其活性与有机质、总氮、总磷呈显著正相关与溶解无机磷和沉积物平均粒径呈负相关(p<0.05),充分反映了随着演替的发展,沉积物的肥力逐渐增高的特点,也反映了沿高程梯度沉积物生物氧化作用逐渐增强。转化酶活性从藻类盐渍带到芦苇(Phragmites australis)带变化并不明显,在海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)带略高。蛋白酶活性从藻类盐渍带到芦苇带有降低的趋势,蛋白酶活性的高低更决定于有机质中蛋白质的含量而与有机质总量无关,说明蛋白酶可能主要由硅藻产生。     

排水沟渠影响下的高原泥炭地土壤氮空间分布特征

通过分析排水沟渠影响下的泥炭地土壤氮空间分布特征,阐明全球变化背景下排水沟壑对高原泥炭地退化的影响,为若尔盖高原退化湿地区的生态恢复提供决策支持。将若尔盖湿地自然保护区内的一条排水沟渠作为研究区,在11个垂直于沟渠的断面上,通过环刀法在沟渠两侧取样,分析排水沟渠对阶地沼泽土壤全氮和碱解氮的影响。结果表明:土壤全氮含量0.34~21.86 g·kg^-1,平均值为11.26±6.22 g·kg^-1;土壤碱解氮含量28.35~1965.60 mg·kg^-1,平均值为889.53±470.31 mg·kg^-1;纵向上,以高海拔和靠近河流的含量较低,碱解氮与全氮的比值与高程呈正相关;横向上,与沟渠不同距离间存在差异,越靠近沟渠的样点,其全氮含量越高,但统计上不显著(P>0.05),高程更低的左岸碱解氮含量低于右岸;表层土壤的碱解氮以靠近沟渠1 m的距离最低(P<0.05),左、右岸的碱解氮/全氮比值均呈"V"型变化,与沟渠的距离增加先降低再升高;垂向上,土壤全氮和碱解氮以表层最高,随着深度增加而降低;阶地沼泽连续地块上的土壤氮分布受高程影响大,随着海拔升高而降低;表层土壤氮含量最高,随着深度增加其垂向变化趋势不一致;排水沟壑对泥炭地土壤氮的时空分布格局产生影响,对靠近沟渠的影响最大,且显著降低表层的土壤氮含量。     

自然植物群落形成过程中铜尾矿废弃地氮素组分的变化

为探讨自然生态恢复过程中铜尾矿废弃地氮素各组分的变化,采集铜尾矿废弃地不同植物群落下的表尾矿样品经室内自然风干、研磨、过筛,用2mol/LKCl提取后进行无机氮各组分含量分析,有机氮各组分含量分析采用Bremner法。结果表明,样品中总氮含量为40.9-1366.1mg/kg,其中总无机氮含量为1.7-8.8mg/kg,占总氮的0.5%-4.3%;酸解氮含量为20.8-361.4mg/kg,占总氮的20.3%-51.9%;酸未解氮含量为20.1-1004.7mg/kg,占总氮的48.1%-79.7%。不同植物群落下尾矿中无机氮、有机氮各组分含量存在较大差异。在无机氮中,铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量为1.7-3.0mg/kg、未检出-5.8mg/kg和0.019-0.038mg/kg,所占总氮比例为0.2%-4.2%、0-1.8%和0.003%-0.057%。随着生态系统从裸地→隐花植物结皮→维管植物群落发展,表层尾矿中总无机氮含量逐渐增加,表现为尾矿裸地隐花植物结皮维管植物群落;但对维管植物群落而言,随着植物群落发育时间的增加,表层尾矿中无机氮占总氮的比例逐渐降低。数据分析表明:处于演替初期的裸地、隐花植物结皮生长处的尾矿中铵态氮为有效态氮的主要存在形式,而维管植物群落下尾矿中硝态氮为有效氮的主要形态,占无机氮总量60.0%以上。随着植物群落从裸地、隐花植物结皮向维管植物群落的发展,以及维管植物群落发育时间的延长,表层尾矿中酸解氮和酸未解氮含量逐渐积累。在酸解氮中,氨基酸氮、氨态氮、氨基糖态氮和未知氮含量变化范围分别为4.7-95.7mg/kg、5.8-37.3mg/kg、8.2-38.8mg/kg和2.1-194.6mg/kg,占总氮比例分别为7.2%-11.9%、2.8%-14.1%、2.5%-20.1%和3.4%-19.7%。除杨山冲裸地外,有机氮以酸未解氮为主,同时随着尾矿废弃地弃置时间的延长及植物群落的演替,酸未解氮所占总氮比例有所提高,酸解氮所占比例则呈递减趋势。目前尾矿中有机质和总氮含量仍处于较低的水平,养分的形成、积累尚处于初期阶段,尾矿中氮素的积累过程主要表现为有机氮(尤其是酸未解氮)的积累过程。     

保安湖沉积物和间隙水中氮和磷的含量及其分布

保安湖沉积物中氮(N)的含量平均为5.20mg/g,平面分布以桥墩湖区含量最高。沉积物中磷(P)的含量平均为0.75mg/g,平面分布以扁担塘湖区含量最高。沉积物间隙水中总氮的平均含量为3.63mg/L,无机氮中以氨氮的含量最高,占总氮的57.2%;间隙水中总磷的含量平均为0.098mg/L,磷酸盐占总磷的50.0%.间隙水中氮和磷含量的平面分布差异不明显。间隙水中氮和磷的含量比湖水中含量高,但除氨氮外,一般不超过5倍,表明湖水和沉积物间隙水之间营养交换十分强烈。       

酸雨对温州三土羊湿地水体氮营养盐数量的影响

为了解酸雨对温州三垟湿地水体氮营养盐数量的影响,本文测定了三垟湿地水体中不同形态氮的含量,其中氨氮2.90～10.75 mg·L^-1,平均5.38 mg·L^-1、硝态氮0.16～0.44 mg·L^-1,平均0.31 mg ·L^-1;总氮34.04～63.20 mg·L^-1,平均55.75 mg·L^-1和水体的pH值,6.1～6.5,平均6.4;并测算了近两年通过降水输入到三垟湿地和三垟湿地水体中不同形态氮的数量及其占湿地现有水体中各形态氮的比例,其中输入到三垟湿地氨氮、硝态氮和总氮的量分别为2.8～2.86× 10 kg、2.87×10⁴～4.96×10⁴kg和5.35×10⁴～7.82×10⁴ kg,分别占湿地水体现有量的56%～6%、11.21～19.38倍和12%～17%;直接输送到三垟湿地水体各形态氮的数量0.72×10⁴～0.8×10⁴ kg、0.83×10⁴～1.44×10⁴ kg和1.55×10⁴～2.27×10⁴,分别占现有量的16%～19%,3.24～5.63倍和3%～5%.结果表明,酸雨是三垟湿地水体氮污染的主要来源之一,对三垟湿地水体富营养化产生重要影响.     

长江口南汇边滩不同植被类型营养盐削减效果

湿地具有良好的吸收净化能力，能够有效去除水体中的氮、磷等污染物。为探究潮滩湿地削减营养盐的效果，本研究于2020年8月、11月和2021年1月、4月，对长江口南汇边滩光滩、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)3种生境不同深度沉积物孔隙水溶解态无机氮(DIN)和溶解态无机磷(DIP)浓度进行观测，并分析其与沉积物环境因子的相关性。结果表明：植物生境沉积物孔隙水中DIN和DIP浓度显著低于光滩(P<0.05),其中互花米草生境(82.5%～97.3%)DIN相对削减率高于海三棱藨草生境(25.5%～75.8%),互花米草生境(54.1%～83.9%)DIP相对削减率高于海三棱表藨草生境(55.7%～76.4%);深层沉积物孔隙水NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P浓度显著高于表层(P<0.05),而NO₃^--N呈相反趋势。季节上，3种生境孔隙水DIN浓度均表现出夏季低、冬季高的特点，而D...     

洞庭湖湿地土壤碳、氮、磷及其与土壤物理性状的关系

以洞庭湖3类典型湿地的8个土壤剖面为代表,研究了土壤碳、氮、磷,微生物量碳、氮、磷和土壤物理性状的分布特征.结果表明,土壤表层有机碳含量为19.63～50.20 g·kg^-1,微生物量碳为424.63～1 597.36 mg·kg^-1,微生物量碳占有机碳的比例为3.17%～4.82%;土壤表层全氮1.85～4.45 g·kg^-1,微生物量氮5.90～259.47 mg·kg^-1,微生物量氮占全氮的比例3.13%～6.42%;土壤表层微生物量磷含量顺序为:湖草洲滩地(200.99 mg·kg^-1)＞垦殖水田(163.27 mg·kg^-1)＞芦苇洲滩地(24.16 mg·kg^-1),微生物量磷占全磷的比例为1.09%～11.20%;土壤表层容重0.65～1.04 g·cm^-3;土壤表层粘粒(＜0.001mm)26.24%～39.48%.土壤表层有机碳、全氮、微生物量氮、微生物量磷的含量,湖草洲滩地＞垦殖水田＞芦苇洲滩地.土壤表层微生物量碳,垦殖水田和湖草洲滩地接近,而大于芦苇湿地;土壤表层容重,芦苇洲滩地＞垦殖水田＞湖草洲滩地;土壤表层＜0.01 mm、＜0.001 mm粘粒,湖草洲滩地、芦苇洲滩地＞垦殖水田.湿地土壤剖面中有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、微生物量氮、微生物量磷、容重以及微生物量碳占有机碳的比例、微生物量氮占全氮的比例、微生物量磷占全磷的比例均随深度的增加而降低,至一定深度稳定,而土壤全磷在剖面上下的差异很小.湿地土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷之间呈极显著的正相关关系;土壤容重与有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳、氮、磷之间呈极显著指数负相关关系.湿地土壤＜0.001 mm粘粒与有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳、氮、磷含量呈极显著对数正相关关系.     

乌梁素海沉积物中有机质和全氮含量分布特征

针对乌梁素海富营养化日趋严重和湿地面积逐渐萎缩,系统地研究了其生态环境地球化学效应.结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中的全氮含量存在明显的经向和纬向分异特征;沉积物中全氮养分含量与有机质含量显著相关(r＞0.93);沉积物中C/N的平均值介于12.07～19.95之间,表明有机质主要来源于湖中水生植物,水体富营养化具有显著的内源性.TN和有机质在不同粒级表层沉积物中的粒度效应明显,且TN和有机质在IV粒级的含量分别为I粒级的3.1～7.6倍和2.5～8.0倍.     

长江口北支水域营养盐的季节性变化

于2010年12月—2011年9月,2012年9月—2013年6月按季度采样对长江口北支水域氮、磷营养盐的季度变化规律、形态组成以及环境因子间相互关系进行了分析。结果显示溶解性无机氮存在形态主要是硝酸盐,占90%以上,浓度变化规律为夏秋高于春冬两季;溶解性无机氮、总氮峰值分别为3.99 mg/L及1.70 mg/L,均出现在2011年夏季,该现象与当年洪期长江流域连日降雨有关。长江径流所携带营养盐是导致北支无机氮、总磷浓度变化的主要原因。对理化因子进行相关性分析表明,盐度、pH值是营养盐最主要的限制因子。     

崇明东滩湿地营养盐与重金属的分布与累积

测定了崇明东滩湿地盐沼植物和沉积物中TN、TP、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,阐明了它们在湿地中的分布与累积特征,评估3种盐沼植物对营养盐和重金属的富集能力,并讨论了互花米草入侵对长江口湿地生态系统可能造成的影响.海三棱镳草地上部分的TN、Cu、Pb和Cd的含量均显著高于芦苇和互花米草（p＜0.01）,而地上部分TP和Zn却表现为：海三棱镳草和互花米草无显著性差异（p＞0.05）,但均显著高于芦苇（p＜0.01）.东滩湿地沉积物中TN和重金属的分布与累积特征为：芦苇带＞互花米草带＞海三棱镳草带＞光滩,即随着高程的增加,沉积物中TN和重金属的含量逐步上升;但沉积物中TP含量变化不大,基本维持在0.06%左右.基于盐沼植物地上部分的生物量,估算了3种盐沼植物地上部分的营养盐和重金属库,结果表明：互花米草地上部分的养分库和重金属库均大于芦苇和海三棱镳草,表明收获互花米草对环境的净化效果最佳,特别对磷的去除效率是最高的.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.