珠江口及毗邻海域营养盐对浮游植物生长的影响

基于2006年7月(夏季),10月(秋季)和2007年3月(春季)的现场调查数据,对珠江口及毗邻海域中的营养盐和叶绿素a等环境生态因子的时空分布特性进行了对比分析,研究了氮磷比与叶绿素a含量和种群多样性之间的联系,探讨了该海域营养盐对于浮游植物生长的影响。结果表明:(1)研究海域营养盐表现出较强的季节和空间差异性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均值春季(1.545 mg/L、0.056 mg/L)和夏季(1.570 mg/L、0.058 mg/L)均大于秋季(1.442 mg/L、0.034 mg/L),且春夏季浓度空间差异更明显。(2)调查期间海域营养盐含量超标现象突出,夏季尤为明显。无机氮(DIN)总体均值0.99 mg/L,超四类海水标准限值1倍,活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)总体均值0.021 mg/L,DIN∶PO4-P平均值为130;叶绿素a浓度与营养盐、p H、温度有较显著的相关性。(3)叶绿素a浓度较高的站位,具有较高的DIN∶PO4-P值,但浮游植物多样性指数偏低,优势种明显,主要为中肋骨条藻。氮磷比的改变会影响不同生长特性的浮游植物间的竞争和种群结构的改变;今后海洋污染治理中,在控制氮、磷污染时要注意氮磷比的改变可能造成的浮游生态影响。     

长江口及其邻近海域生态环境综合评价

基于1984—2015年监测数据,给出长江口及其邻近海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐长时间序列的变化趋势,确定了营养盐的基准年是1987年,基准值分别是0.0705 mg/L和0.000751 mg/L。结合频数分析方法,无机氮的分区阈值为0.339 mg/L和1.15 mg/L,活性磷酸盐的分区阈值为0.0289 mg/L和0.0530 mg/L,研究区域可划分为三大分区:口内区、过渡区和口外区;结合生态红线、污染源等具有开发管理属性的分布,最终将研究区域分为8个评价单元。提出了水质环境、沉积物环境、生物生态三类三级评价指标体系,建立了海洋生态环境综合评价方法。水质环境的区域分布与生物生态相似:口内区域较差,口外区域向海逐渐趋好;沉积物环境特征:南支、北支和北港的沉积物质量略好于口外区域,口外区域好于南北槽分区和杭州湾北部。生态环境综合状况由差向好的区域变化为:Ⅳ区Ⅴ区Ⅲ区Ⅰ区Ⅱ区Ⅵ区Ⅷ区Ⅶ区;随时间有向好趋势。     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏水中氮形态流失的影响

雷竹经营过程中化肥的大量施用,是产区水体污染的主要原因之一,养分管理技术可有效控制面源污染。为了探明减量施肥和有机肥施用对雷竹不同氮形态流失的影响,2012年在浙江省临安市雷竹产区设置了4种施肥处理:对照(CK);常规施肥(CF);减量无机(DI);减量有机无机(DOI),试验于5月18日、9月7日、11月9日分别施用肥料总量的40%,30%和30%,施肥后均进行浅翻,深度5 cm左右。通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,同时在试验田附近布置量雨筒,观察2012年不同氮形态浓度及流失负荷随降雨量的动态变化。研究结果表明:不同施肥处理径流水硝态氮、水溶性有机氮(WSON)以及颗粒态氮的浓度分别在3.82-6.82 mg/L、0.89-1.85 mg/L和0.89-1.83 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为60.9%-68.2%、16.0%-18.1%和15.1%-21.6%。不同施肥处理渗漏水中硝态氮、铵态氮及WSON的浓度分别在26.2-92.5 mg/L、0.50-6.42 mg/L和6.57-12.6 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为75.8%-82.9%、1.50%-6.36%和11.2%-20.6%。不同施肥处理径流水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了46.9%和23.1%;不同施肥处理的渗漏水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了19.1%和52.1%,可见减量施肥和减量有机无机减少氮流失的效果显著。     

长江口及邻近海域富营养化指标原因变量参照状态的确定

河口区参照状态的确定是营养盐基准制定的核心步骤.采用参照点或观测点指标频数分布曲线法,利用长江口及邻近海域1992-2010年的调查数据,针对长江口外海区及舟山海区富营养化指标的原因变量,即无机氮和活性磷酸盐,进行参照状态值的确定.经分析,长江口外海区无机氮各季节参照状态可确定如下:春季为0.317mg/L、夏季为0.273 mg/L、秋季为0.211mg/L,活性磷酸盐各季节参照状态:春季为0.014mg/L、夏季为0.009 mg/L、秋季为0.018 mg/L;舟山海区无机氮各季节参照状态确定如下:春季为0.372mg/L、夏季为0.273 mg/L、秋季为0.441 mg/L,活性磷酸盐各季节参照状态:春季为0.020mg/L、夏季为0.018 mg/L、秋季为0.029 mg/L.     

2000～2001年粤东柘林湾营养盐分布

2000年5月-2001年5月对粤东大规模增养殖区柘林湾及湾外附近海域进行了大量营养盐,浮游生物和一般理化因子的周年调查。结果表明,调查海域溶解性无机氮,磷,硅含量都明显偏高,年平均值分别达到22.64,1.95和59.7μmol/L,其中,氮,磷含量均超过国家三类海水的水质标准,由于湾顶黄冈河和湾周边排污排废的影响,营养盐的分布基本表现为由湾内向湾外,近岸向离岸递减的格局,大规模增养殖业造成的2次污染对该湾营养盐的时空分布具有重要的影响,柘林湾氮,磷,硅含量虽全面偏高,但如以Justic和Dortch等的标准来衡量,该湾浮游植物生长受控于单一营养盐限制因子的出现率为氮41.75%,磷22.9%,硅2.36%。     

长江口岛屿沙洲湿地陆向发育过程中表层沉积物氮营养盐的变化

研究针对长江口岛屿沙洲湿地陆向发育的不同时期表层沉积物中氮营养盐的变化规律,得出：（1）长江口岛屿沙洲湿地陆向发育过程中,表层沉积物环境也在不断变化,氮营养盐含量逐步增加,处在陆向发育前期的白茆沙,全氮含量较低,仅为30 mg/kg,而发育较为成熟的崇明东滩全氮含量较高,达470 mg/kg;同时随着岛屿沙洲湿地陆向发育,表层沉积物全氮分布越来越不均匀;（2）长江口岛屿沙洲湿地随高程梯度,全氮的含量逐步增加,其中芦苇带最高,420 mg/kg,光滩最低,110 mg/kg;这也说明岛屿沙洲陆向发育过程中,表层沉积物全氮含量逐步增加;另外,各形态无机氮含量占其所在高程无机氮的比例相对稳定,其中氨氮最高,59%～60%,亚硝酸盐最低,17%～19%,氨氮是无机氮的主要存在形式.     

营养盐因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种氮、磷吸收速率的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了营养盐因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种的氮、磷吸收速率的影响。分别进行了营养盐浓度与温度双因子试验,氮磷比与荧 浓度双因子试验肽不同化合态氮比例单因子试验。（1）氮、磷的吸收速率随营养盐浓度的升高而增大,氮的吸收速率在21℃,总氮浓度为100μmol/L时最大,达2.58μmol/(g.h);磷的吸收速率在31℃,总磷为6．3μmol/L时最大,达0.17μmol/(g.h),温度与营养盐浓度有显著的交互作用效应。（2）当氮浓度一定时,环境氮磷比对氮的吸收率无显著影响,但对磷的吸收速率有显著影响,藻中收的氮磷比随环境氮磷比的不同而变化,（3）对3种不同化合态氮的吸收速率与培养液中各种氮占总无机氮的比例呈正相关,当三比例相同时,对NH4^ -N、NO3^--N格NO2^-析吸收分别占总吸收氮的40．7％、28．5％和30．8％。     

广东大亚湾西南部海域营养盐结构的长期变化

分析了大亚湾西南部海域1982～2002年营养盐结构的长期变化。水域中溶解无机氮(DIN)的含量呈上升趋势,磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)含量从80年代初到90年代末逐年下降,2000年后有所恢复,硅酸盐(SiO₃^2-)的含量波动较大,但平均维持在20μmol·L^-1的较高水平上。各营养盐浓度比值的长期变化表现为氮磷比上升,硅氮比下降,硅磷比稳中有升。结合营养盐浓度及其比值的变化,可以认为大亚湾西南部海域中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制因子已经由过去的氮限制转变为磷限制;各营养盐的浓度及其比值在各季度的分布表明,浮游植物的生长春季和冬季受到氮限制的可能性较大,而夏季和秋季受磷限制的可能性较大;在营养盐的平面分布上,大鹏澳内DIN高于澳外水域,而PO₄^3-自1997年后低于澳外水域。     

贵州草海岩溶湿地水体不同形态氮的时空分布特征

为揭示贵州草海岩溶湿地水体中不同形态氮时空分布特征及其变化规律,通过网格布点法采集了该湿地丰、枯水期表层水,并对其不同形态溶解性氮含量进行了测定,运用Arc GIS统计模块分析了草海不同形态氮的时空分布特征,并分析了各形态氮与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:草海水体丰、枯水期TN的平均含量分别为(0.96±0.52)、(0.90±0.71) mg·L^-1,总体表现呈丰水期高于枯水期;丰水期氮形态以无机氮为主,NH4⁺-N与NO3^--N之和占比总氮的54%,二者平均含量分别为(0.14±0.08)、(0.38±0.56) mg·L^-1,这两种形态氮的高值区均分布在西侧区域,主要受外源输入影响;而枯水期氮形态以有机氮为主,DON占比TN的49%,平均含量为(0.44±0.26) mg·L^-1,高值区出现在南侧区域,枯水期草海补给水量减少,加之水生生物的衰亡以及沉积物中氮的释放,使得该时期水体氮素主要通过湖泊内源进行释放转化。草海水体氮形态分布的季节性差异主要受水环境变化、外源氮输入以及内源氮释放的共同影响,丰水期应加强草海西部地区3条入湖河流的污染控制,而枯水期应主要控制湖内沉积物氮素的释放,进而有效降低草海水体中氮含量。     

漳泽水库主要入库河流氮、磷营养盐特征

以2006—2007年的漳泽水库3条入库河流(南漳河、石子河、绛河)的水文、水质调查数据为依据,研究了漳泽水库入库河流的主要水文变化特征、氮磷营养盐浓度及其通量的逐月动态。3条入库河流水体流速缓慢,水温适宜,年平均值在12.5℃～15.1℃。3—5月水温回升较快,夏季水温高,光照充足,易发生水华。3条入库河流中总氮含量年平均值在1.75～8.90mg·mL-1,总磷含量平均值在0.005～3.760mg·mL-1,氮磷营养盐浓度总体偏高,其中石子河贡献了48.3%的总氮和77.3%的总磷。溶解态无机氮(DIN)是氮的主要存在形式,而其中又以硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)为主,平均占到DIN的60%以上。氮磷通量季节性变化规律不明显,且月均波动较为平缓。点源污染是氮磷进入南漳河、石子河的主要途径,而绛河的氮主要来自面源污染。从保护漳泽水库的角度考虑,应重点控制南漳河和石子河的点源污染。     

Isolation, purification and characterization of glycosaminoglycans in the fluids of the mollusc Anodonta cygnea

The isolation, purification and characterization of Anodonta cygnea haemolymph, and extrapallial fluid glycosaminoglycans (Gags), which have high calcium affinity, were carried out in order to better understand the process of nacreous shell biomineralization. Our results show the existence of two different Gags with similar contents in the two fluids, throughout the year, but with significant seasonal variations for both. In the winter months, we identified by electrophoresis, only one kind of Gag chain (hyaluronic acid) while two different Gags (hyaluronic acid and heparan sulphate-like) from both fluids of A. cygnea were found in summer months. Quantification showed the total Gag fractions of both fluids in average, at their highest concentration (79.8 mg/L) in the highest calcification summer period. In contrast, the period of the year with the lowest concentration of total Gags (54.6 mg/L) occurred during the winter when calcification is reduced. This significant decrease between seasons is correlated mainly with the sulphated fraction, being 37.1 mg/L in the summer while only 9.2 mg/L in the winter haemolymph. The present data suggest that a heparan sulphate-like Gag has a relevant role in the biomineralization mechanisms acting as the calcium carbonate nucleator in the shell.     

基于氮磷比解析太湖苕溪水体营养现状及应对策略

生态化学计量学是评价水体营养状态的重要手段,利用其氮磷比指标探讨了我国太湖主要入湖河流苕溪的营养状态。野外监测结果显示,苕溪水体氮素超标严重,磷素污染轻度,硝酸盐、颗粒态磷为氮磷的主要赋存形态,且氮磷浓度呈现相似的季节变化规律,表明苕溪主要受农业面源污染影响。氮磷比分析表明,苕溪水体春、秋季处于磷素限制状态,夏季适合藻类生长,冬季低温条件下不利于藻类的大量繁殖;苕溪生物量增长受磷素限制,线性拟合亦显示其氮磷比主要受磷素波动的调控;苕溪干流大面积暴发蓝藻水华的风险较部分支流及死水区低,苕溪水入湖后,特别是夏季其暴发风险将显著提高。针对苕溪水体的富营养化现状,提出若干条水质改善应对策略。     

长江口锋面附近咸淡水混合对浮游植物生长影响的现场培养

通过2009年6月调查航次,获得了营养盐等参数断面分布,表明咸淡水混合是控制营养盐分布的主要因素。为了解不同盐度梯度下浮游植物生长与营养盐吸收的关系,采集两个站位水样分别代表长江冲淡水(C1站)和外海水(I10站),按C1站水样比例,分100%、75%、50%、25%、0%不同比例混合进行现场模拟咸淡水混合培养,有以下认识:(1)平行结果表明培养过程中活体荧光极大值在100%混合组,且淡水比例越低,指数生长期0—48 h内生长速率越低,100%、75%、50%、25%组分别为1.18/d、1.12/d、1.14/d、0.77/d;(2)低于26盐度的水体中PO34-在48 h内可被迅速消耗而产生限制作用,是控制浮游植物生长的潜在限制因子;(3)除0%组外,各混合组DIN/P(DIN:溶解无机氮,Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN=NO3-+NO-2+NH4+)比值在浮游植物指数生长期有升高趋势,100%组DIN/P比值增加了一倍。各组培养48 h后DIN/Si比值逐渐降低至原来的0.7左右,初始DIN/Si小于一定时间内硅藻吸收的(ΔDIN/ΔSi)比,是造成各组DIN/Si比值减小的原因。以上结果表明咸淡水混合过程中形成的营养盐梯度可造成浮游植物生长程度和速率差异,且可因局部浮游植物旺发而改变海水营养结构。     

广州海域环境质量评价

根据2003年8月至2004年8月的水质调查数据,运用水质质量单项标准指数法、综合指数WQI法和富营养化评价法,对广州海域环境质量进行评价.结果表明,广州海域主要污染物质为DIN、PO₄^3--P、油类、Cu和Pb,其年平均浓度分别为1.87 mg·L^-1、0.049 mg·L^-1、0.107 mg·L^-1、6.07 μg·L^-1和1.43 μg·L^-1.其中,DIN的污染情况最严重,所有监测站位DIN含量均超过四类海水水质标准,其平面分布呈现从湾内向湾外递减的特征.受珠江径流和陆源排污等的影响,广州海域大部分处于重度污染,且严重富营养化,其单项污染指数、综合污染指数和富营养化指数的平均值分别为2.22、6.80和48.44,表现为从湾内向湾外递减的趋势,高值区均出现在黄埔港至狮子洋海域.     

Nutrient couplings between on-site sewage disposal systems, groundwaters, and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys

We performed a one-year study to determine the effects of on-site sewage disposal systems (OSDS, septic tanks) on the nutrient relations of limestone groundwaters and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys. Monitor wells were installed on canal residences with OSDS and a control site in the Key Deer National Wildlife Refuge on Big Pine Key. Groundwater and surface water samples were collected monthly during 1987 and analyzed for concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NO_f3/sup- + NO_f2/sup- + NH_4/su+), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP), temperature and salinity. Significant nutrient enrichment (up to 5000-fold) occurred in groundwaters contiguous to OSDS; DIN was enriched an average of 400-fold and SRP some 70-fold compared to control groundwaters. Ammonium was the dominant nitrogenous species and its concentration ranged from a low of 0.77 μM in control wells to 2.75 mM in OSDS-enriched groundwaters. Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite were also highly enriched and ranged from 0.05 μM in control wells to 2.89 mM in enriched groundwaters. Relative to DIN, concentrations of SRP were low and ranged from 30 nM in control wells to 107 μM in enriched groundwaters. N : P ratios of enriched groundwaters were consistently > 100 and increased with increasing distance from the OSDS, suggesting significant, but incomplete, adsorption of SRP by subsurface flow through carbonate substrata. Nutrient concentrations of groundwaters also varied seasonally and were approximately two-fold higher during the winter (DIN = 1035 μM; SRP = 10.3 μM) compared to summer (DIN = 470 μM; SRP = 4.0 μM). In contrast, surface water nutrient concentrations were two-fold higher during the summer (DIN = 5.0 μM; SRP = 0.50 μM) compared to winter (DIN = 2.5 μM; SRP = 0.15 μM). Direct measurement of subsurface groundwater flow rate indicated that tides and increased groundwater recharge enhanced flow some two-fold and six-fold, respectively. Accordingly, the observed seasonal coupling of OSDS-derived nutrients from groundwaters to surface waters is maximum during summer because of seasonally maximum tides and increased hydraulic head during the summer wet season. The yearly average benthic flux of anthropogenic DIN into contiguous canal surface waters is 55 mmol m^-2 day^-1, a value some five-fold greater than the highest rate of benthic N-fixation measured in carbonate-rich tropical marine waters.     

The combined effects of chlorine and ammonia on litter breakdown in outdoor experimental streams

The response of Potamogeton crispus L. breakdown to controlled doses of different levels of chlorine and chlorine + ammonia was investigated over two years in outdoor experimental streams. In 1985, downstream riffles of 2 streams were dosed (observed in-stream concentrations) at ca. 10 μg/L Total Residual Chlorine (TRC), one stream at 64 μg/L TRC and one stream at 230 μg/L TRC. Two control streams were not dosed and the upstream riffles of each stream served as within stream controls. In 1986, the downstream riffle of one stream was dosed at 70 μg/L TRC and a second stream was dosed at 200 μg/L TRC. Four streams were also dosed with 2.5 mg/L NH₃-N: one stream with no chlorine, one stream with ca. 10 μg/L TRC, one with 56 μg/L TRC, and one with 150 μg/L TRC. A seventh stream was dosed for 2 h at 2000 μg/L TRC and 2.5 mg/L ammonia and then allowed to recover (recovery stream). Each year, litter decomposition (degree day k values) was measured during two 35 day trials (Jun–Jul and Aug–Sep). In 1985, when streams were dosed with chlorine alone, decomposition was significantly reduced with the high (230 μg/L TRC) chlorine dose. Downstream decomposition was 27% (Jun–Jul) and 59% (Aug–Sep) of the upstream (control) rate. No other chlorine effects were found during this period. In Jun–Jul 1986, there was significantly lower decomposition in the downstream dosed sites of the 200 μg/L TRC alone stream, the 146 μg/L TRC + ammonia stream and the recovery stream; downstream decay rates were (respectively) 56%, 42% and 64% of the upstream control sites. No other up-down pairs were different in July 1986. In Aug–Sep, all three streams with chlorine + ammonia (6, 56 and 146 μg/L TRC + 2,5 mg/L ammonia) and the 70 μg/L TRC alone stream had significantly lower decomposition rates in the downstream dosed sites. For these streams, downstream decay rates ranged from 46% (high chlorine + ammonia) to 73% (low chlorine + ammonia) of the upstream control rates. No other up-down pairs were different during this trial. Up and downstream sites of the stream dosed with 2.5 mg/L ammonia alone were nearly identical for both trials (< 3% difference). These results indicate that TRC at less than 250 μg/L can significantly reduce litter decomposition and strongly suggest that addition of ammonia to chlorinated water can increase the toxic effect of chlorine. currently at the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife currently at the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife     

Nutrient couplings between on-site sewage disposal systems,groundwaters, and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys

We performed a one-year study to determine the effects of on-site sewage disposal systems (OSDS, septic tanks) on the nutrient relations of limestone groundwaters and nearshore surface waters of the Florida Keys. Monitor wells were installed on canal residences with OSDS and a control site in the Key Deer National Wildlife Refuge on Big Pine Key. Groundwater and surface water samples were collected monthly during 1987 and analyzed for concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NO_f3/sup- + NO_f2/sup- + NH_4/su+), soluble reactive phosphate (SRP), temperature and salinity. Significant nutrient enrichment (up to 5000-fold) occurred in groundwaters contiguous to OSDS; DIN was enriched an average of 400-fold and SRP some 70-fold compared to control groundwaters. Ammonium was the dominant nitrogenous species and its concentration ranged from a low of 0.77 μM in control wells to 2.75 mM in OSDS-enriched groundwaters. Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite were also highly enriched and ranged from 0.05 μM in control wells to 2.89 mM in enriched groundwaters. Relative to DIN, concentrations of SRP were low and ranged from 30 nM in control wells to 107 μM in enriched groundwaters. N : P ratios of enriched groundwaters were consistently > 100 and increased with increasing distance from the OSDS, suggesting significant, but incomplete, adsorption of SRP by subsurface flow through carbonate substrata. Nutrient concentrations of groundwaters also varied seasonally and were approximately two-fold higher during the winter (DIN = 1035 μM; SRP = 10.3 μM) compared to summer (DIN = 470 μM; SRP = 4.0 μM). In contrast, surface water nutrient concentrations were two-fold higher during the summer (DIN = 5.0 μM; SRP = 0.50 μM) compared to winter (DIN = 2.5 μM; SRP = 0.15 μM). Direct measurement of subsurface groundwater flow rate indicated that tides and increased groundwater recharge enhanced flow some two-fold and six-fold, respectively. Accordingly, the observed seasonal coupling of OSDS-derived nutrients from groundwaters to surface waters is maximum during summer because of seasonally maximum tides and increased hydraulic head during the summer wet season. The yearly average benthic flux of anthropogenic DIN into contiguous canal surface waters is 55 mmol m^-2 day^-1, a value some five-fold greater than the highest rate of benthic N-fixation measured in carbonate-rich tropical marine waters.