翻译和非翻译马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白基因介导的抗病性比较

利用RT－PCR方法克隆获得马铃薯Y病毒烟草叶脉坏死株系（PVY^N）的可翻译和不可翻译外壳蛋白（CP）基因,并分别插入pROKⅡ质粒中获得重组双元表达载体。通过根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导的基因转化方法,将可翻译和不可翻译的PVY^N-CP基因分别导入烟草栽培品种NC89叶片组织中,得到抗卡那霉素的再生植株,对所得到的抗卡那霉素的再生苗进行PCR检测表明,被导入可翻译和不可翻译CP基因的植株分别占卡那霉素抗性植株的95％和98％。攻毒实验表明,两种类型的转基因烟草对PVY^N的抗病性具有相似性,其表现型为：免疫、抗病和感病。免疫型转基因植株的抗病性不受接种物类型及其剂量的影响。Southern印迹杂交结果显示,目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中。Northern印迹杂交证明,两种类型的CP基因都已在RNA水平上得到了表达,但细胞内RNA的积累量与转基因植株的抗病强度成负相关。Western印迹杂交表明,在表达不可翻译PVY^N－CP基因的转基因植株内 以CP蛋白,而在导入可翻译的PVY^N-CP基因的植株内检测到了CP蛋白,且CP蛋白含量与抗病性不存在正相关。本研究结果证明,表达可翻译与不可翻译PVY^N-CP基因的转基因烟草对PVY^N的抗病性均为RNA介导的抗病性。     

外源RNA干涉基因在烟草中的转化及表达

依据RNA干涉机制,以TMV复制酶基因为靶标基因,针对TMV 5个株系复制酶基因间高度同源序列设计引物,经RT-PCR反应获得靶序列,构建靶序列反向重复结构的RNA干涉双元载体.用根癌农杆菌介导将外源基因转化至烟草品种K326基因组中,培育RNA干涉转基因烟草.人工接种病毒验证转基因烟草中外源基因在植物抗病毒能力方面的表达效果,实时荧光定量PCR分析转基因烟草抗病毒能力.结果表明,实验培育的RNA干涉转基因烟草67%对TMV呈现高度抗性;荧光定量PCR分析显示,对TMV具高度抗性的转基因烟草中病毒复制酶基因转录产物mRNA存在很大程度的降解,证实了RNA干涉技术在培育抗病毒烟草品种中的效果.     

转基因植物中RNA介导病毒抗性

1986年以来,利用病毒外壳蛋白及其它基因转化植物,获得具抗病毒能力的植株,已有大量成功的报道。以前,一直认为是病原体来源的基因引发抗性,但在实验过程中,发现转基因植物中转化基因的表达水平与病毒抗性程度之间没有直接联系,因此有人提出转基因植物抗性获得与病毒RNA特异性降解有关的机制。本文对RNA介导抗性机制进行讨论。     

马铃薯Y病毒衣壳蛋白基因片段长度对RNA介导抗病性的影响

在已证明转化马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)全长衣壳蛋白基因可获得高度抗病的转基因烟草、且这种抗病性为RNA介导抗病性的基础上, 克隆了马铃薯Y病毒坏死株系衣壳蛋白基因(PVY^N-CP) 3′端202 (1/4 CP), 417 (1/2 CP)和603 bp (3/4 CP)的部分基因片段(CP202, CP417和CP603), 并分别构建植物表达载体pROKⅡ-CP202, pROKⅡ-CP417和pROKⅡ-CP603. 利用农杆菌介导方法转化烟草NC89. 抗病性鉴定表明, 转化1/2 CP和3/4 CP基因片段的转基因烟草均可获得抗病程度达到免疫的植株, 而转化1/4 CP的基因片段没有获得抗病植株. 分子分析结果表明这种抗病性为RNA介导的抗病性, 是转录后基因沉默的结果. 研究表明, 能够诱发RNA介导抗病性所需的PVY-CP基因的最短有效片段长度可能介于202和417 bp之间. 这一研究结果对改进利用转录后基因沉默策略来防治植物病毒病害以及研究转录后基因沉默机制具有意义.     

黄瓜花叶病毒卫星RNA致弱辅助病毒的机理

分析了卫星RNA致弱的黄瓜花叶病毒 (CMV)侵染的烟草叶绿体内的CP浓度与花叶症状的严重程度成正相关 .用番茄不孕病毒 (TAV)接种表达CMV卫星RNA的转基因烟草叶绿体中 ,TAV- CP含量明显比不含卫星RNA的TAV株系侵染的低 ,而在细胞质中TAV -CP含量无差别 .用完整游离叶绿体进行体外跨膜运输试验 ,CMV- CP能快速进入离体叶绿体 ,CP降低叶绿体动力学荧光光谱 .将CMV的CP基因与 1 ,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶小亚基引导肽基因进行体外拼接 .借助农杆菌转化烟草 .转基因烟草表现出黄化、根系发育受抑制 ,产生类似病毒侵染的症状 .     

抗病基因Bdv2抑制大麦黄矮病毒复制和运动的分子证据

小麦-中间偃麦草易位系YW642含有一个源于中间偃麦草7X染色体的抗性基因Bdv2,对大麦黄矮病毒GAV株系具有高度抗性。为有效控制该病毒和阐明抗黄矮病机制,采用半定量RT-PCR的方法,研究了大麦黄矮病毒GAV株系在YW642及其感病姊妹系YW641中积累浓度的差异。分别在接种病毒不同时间、不同部位上取样,用半定量RT-PCR的方法来检测GAV的积累浓度。在接种部位,抗病植株中病毒的浓度远远低于感病植株。在侵染的前5d,抗病植株YW642中病毒会有一定程度的复制和积累,但随后病毒浓度开始下降,接种14—16d时没有检测到病毒;而在感病株系中,病毒积累的浓度远远高于抗病植株,并一直维持一个较高的浓度。在未接种部位．感病植株中可检测到较高浓度的病毒,说明病毒能从接种点很快运动到未接种部位,并大量复制。而在抗病系YW642中,未接种部位始终未检测到病毒。实验结果从分子水平上证明,在抗病植株中BYDV的复制和运动均受到了极大的抑制：这是抗病基因Bdv2与BYDV互作后,激活了一系列防御基因的结果。另外还确定了防御基因诱导表达的时间,为从抗病植株中分离抗病相关基因、研究抗黄矮病机制提供了取样的依据。     

中蜂囊状幼虫病毒RdRp基因dsRNA干扰的研究

中蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus,CSBV)可以引起中蜂幼虫死亡,给中蜂的养殖造成严重的威胁。其RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRp)是病毒复制中必不可少的中心酶,控制着病毒的复制和翻译过程。本研究以CSBV RdRp基因为靶标,选取两个干扰区域RdRp-1和RdRp-2,并构建相应的dsRNA表达载体,获取dsRNA后进行RNAi实验,通过qRT-PCR检测CSBV RdRp基因的表达情况。实验结果显示:干扰片段RdRp-1不能显著下调RdRp基因的转录,而干扰片段RdRp-2可显著性下调RdRp表达并具有剂量依赖性,当添食2μg dsRdRp-2时,在72 h RdRp基因表达下调了85%,CSBV的衣壳蛋白VP1基因下调表达78%,幼虫死亡率降低60%,表明RdRp基因可以作为RNA干扰的靶标用于CSBV防治,本研究为后期在养蜂场进行蜜蜂病毒病的防治奠定了基础。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒基因间隔区转化的马铃薯抗病性研究

将本室合成、克隆的马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato Leafroll Virus, PLRV)中国分离株的基因间隔区(intergenic sequence, IS)双链cDNA以正、反向两种方式分别构建于转化载体pROK2中,通过致瘤农杆菌介导,以马铃薯叶圆片为转化材料,转化马铃薯栽培品种Desiree,获得了转基因植株.卡那霉素抗性分析和PCR检测目的基因,证明PLRV IS双链cDNA已经整合到转基因马铃薯的染色体基因组中.将转基因植株移栽网棚用蚜虫接种PLRV,观察症状并用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测转基因植株中PLRV含量.结果表明,表达PLRV IS正意和反意RNA的转基因植株,接种病毒后表现无症状或症状轻微,PLRV平均滴度均较未转基因对照植株低.表达正意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低43%～72%,表达反意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低72%～86%,由此可见,表达PLRV IS反意RNA的转基因马铃薯对PLRV抗性较强.     

黄瓜花叶病毒基因组不同部分及卫星RNA介导的对植株的保护及其作用机理

根据病原物介导的对自身抗性的理论,大量开展了将CMV基因组的单个或多个片断转入植物体内的研究,从而使该植株能够抵抗或延迟受CMV的侵染,CP,RP,MP基因是CMV基因组的重要组成部分,用来转化植株取得了不同程度的抗性效果,另外有些CMV株中存在着起致弱作用的卫星RNA,直接对植株接种含卫星RNA的CMV弱毒或用卫星RNA的cDNA转化植株都会减轻CMV强毒对该植株的侵害,CMV基因组不同组分进入植物体内后,它们对植株产生保护作用的机理不同,文中分别加以阐述。     

小麦Vp-1基因RNA干扰表达载体的构建及遗传转化

小麦成熟期穗发芽是世界性的自然灾害,严重影响小麦的产量和品质.Viviparous-1(Vp-1)是促进胚成熟和休眠的主要转录调节因子,与小麦穗发芽抗性有着密切的关系.本实验根据小麦Vp-1基因序列,以植物表达载体pAHC25为基础,成功构建了含有反向重复序列的RNA干扰表达载体pAHC-WVpRi.采用基因枪法轰击小麦品种新春9号幼胚材料1825个,共获得34株T0再生植株.利用Bar基因引物和干扰片段特异引物对再生植株进行PCR检测,获得Bar基因和干扰片段均为阳性的植株3株,转化率为0.16%.本研究为深入分析Vp-1基因功能,进而通过分子育种进行小麦穗发芽抗性的遗传改良提供了科学依据.     

利用转hpRNA基因水稻抗水稻矮缩病毒

具有发夹结构的双链RNA(hairpin RNA,hpRNA)能高效诱导转录后基因沉默的发生.以水稻(Oryza sativaL.)矮缩病毒(RDV)基因组中第八片段编码区128～754 bp的序列为臂构建hpRNA,并克隆到植物表达载体pROK-2上.通过农杆菌介导的方法转化水稻"中花11".Southern blot分析表明,共获得12株阳性转化体.用带有RDV的叶蝉(Nephotettix cincticeps)接种Tl代转hpRNA水稻,结果表明转基因水稻对RDV具有高抗性或表现为症状延迟.而相同序列的有义链的转基因水稻和空载体的转基因水稻表现为典型的RDV侵染症状.HpRNA在转基因水稻中对RDV高抗性发挥重要作用.     

Hairpin RNA derived from viral NIa gene confers immunity to wheat streak mosaic virus infection in transgenic wheat plants

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), vectored by Wheat curl mite, has been of great economic importance in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Recently, the virus has been identified in Australia, where it has spread quickly to all major wheat growing areas. The difficulties in finding adequate natural resistance in wheat prompted us to develop transgenic resistance based on RNA interference (RNAi). An RNAi construct was designed to target the nuclear inclusion protein ‘a’ (NIa) gene of WSMV. Wheat was stably cotransformed with two plasmids: pStargate‐NIa expressing hairpin RNA (hpRNA) including WSMV sequence and pCMneoSTLS2 with the nptII selectable marker. When T₁ progeny were assayed against WSMV, ten of sixteen families showed complete resistance in transgenic segregants. The resistance was classified as immunity by four criteria: no disease symptoms were produced; ELISA readings were as in uninoculated plants; viral sequences could not be detected by RT‐PCR from leaf extracts; and leaf extracts failed to give infections in susceptible plants when used in test‐inoculation experiments. Southern blot hybridization analysis indicated hpRNA transgene integrated into the wheat genome. Moreover, accumulation of small RNAs derived from the hpRNA transgene sequence positively correlated with immunity. We also showed that the selectable marker gene nptII segregated independently of the hpRNA transgene in some transgenics, and therefore demonstrated that it is possible using these techniques, to produce marker‐free WSMV immune transgenic plants. This is the first report of immunity in wheat to WSMV using a spliceable intron hpRNA strategy.     

Barley yellow dwarf virus, wheat, and Sitobion avenae: a case of trilateral interactions

We analysed interactions in the system of two Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) strains (MAV and PAV), and wheat (cv. Tinos) as host plant for the virus, and the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) as vector, in particular whether or not infection by the virus might alter host plant suitability in favour of vector development. By measuring the amino acid and sugar content in the phloem sap of infected and non‐infected wheat plants we found a significant reduction in the concentration of the total amount of amino acids on BYDV‐infected plants. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of honeydew and honeydew excretion indicated a lower efficiency of phloem sap utilisation by S. avenae on infected plants. In addition, S. avenae excreted less honeydew on infected plants. Both BYDV strains significantly affected aphid development by a reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase. Hence, infection by the virus reduced the host suitability in terms of aphid population growth potential on BYDV‐infected plants. However, more alate morphs developed on virus‐infected plants. These findings are discussed in relation to the population dynamics of S. avenae, and, as a consequence, the spread of BYDV.     

Response of wheatgrasses and wheat × wheatgrass hybrids to barley yellow dwarf virus

Summary Resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), manifested by low enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) values in plants exposed to viruliferous aphids, was identified in several wheatgrasses (Agropyron spp.). ELISA results were similar for root and leaf extracts of infested plants. No difference in reaction to BYDV was found between plants grown in the field and those in the growth chamber. Interspecific hybrids were generated using pollen from single resistant plants of Agropyron spp. to pollinate soft red winter wheat spikes. Resistance in hybrids appeared to be at the level of virus replication rather than at the level of vector inoculation. The hybrids varied in their reaction to BYDV. Expression of BYDV resistance in hybrids was influenced not only by wheat genotype and Agropyron species but, in some cases, reaction varied even among hybrids between the same wheat genotype and Agropyron plant. Implications of these results are discussed.Contribution from the Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., West Lafayette, IN 47907, and USDA-ARS. The research was supported in part by Public Varieties of Indiana. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal No. 11656     

兼抗抗白粉病和黄矮病小麦育种材料的创造与鉴定

白粉病和黄矮病是小麦生产上的重要病害,近几年来这两种病害经常在我国一些小麦产区同时发生。为解决该问题,本研究通过杂交、回交方法将抗黄矮病的Bdv2基因（源自于YW642）和抗白粉病的Pm21基因（源自于CB037）聚合在一起,育成了兼抗黄矮病和白粉病的小麦新材料。通过田间抗病性鉴定与分子标记辅助选择相结合,得到聚合了Bdv2基因和Pm21基因的BC1代小麦22株,F2代小麦51株。农艺性状调查显示,这些含Pm21和Bdv2基因的双抗白粉病和黄矮病小麦新材料的农艺性状优于感病植株和原先的亲本,可以在小麦白粉病和黄矮病兼性抗病育种中作为优异种质资源加以利用。     

Rootstock‐to‐scion transfer of transgene‐derived small interfering RNAs and their effect on virus resistance in nontransgenic sweet cherry

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are silencing signals in plants. Virus‐resistant transgenic rootstocks developed through siRNA‐mediated gene silencing may enhance virus resistance of nontransgenic scions via siRNAs transported from the transgenic rootstocks. However, convincing evidence of rootstock‐to‐scion movement of siRNAs of exogenous genes in woody plants is still lacking. To determine whether exogenous siRNAs can be transferred, nontransgenic sweet cherry (scions) was grafted on transgenic cherry rootstocks (TRs), which was transformed with an RNA interference (RNAi) vector expressing short hairpin RNAs of the genomic RNA3 of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV‐hpRNA). Small RNA sequencing was conducted using bud tissues of TRs and those of grafted (rootstock/scion) trees, locating at about 1.2 m above the graft unions. Comparison of the siRNA profiles revealed that the PNRSV‐hpRNA was efficient in producing siRNAs and eliminating PNRSV in the TRs. Furthermore, our study confirmed, for the first time, the long‐distance (1.2 m) transfer of PNRSV‐hpRNA‐derived siRNAs from the transgenic rootstock to the nontransgenic scion in woody plants. Inoculation of nontransgenic scions with PNRSV revealed that the transferred siRNAs enhanced PNRSV resistance of the scions grafted on the TRs. Collectively, these findings provide the foundation for ‘using transgenic rootstocks to produce products of nontransgenic scions in fruit trees'.     

Life history of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae), on transgenic and untransformed wheat challenged with barley yellow dwarf virus

The life history of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was monitored on transgenic and untransformed (soft white winter wheat plants that were infected with Barley yellow dwarf virus (BLDV), noninfected, or challenged with virus-free aphids under laboratory conditions. Two transgenic soft white winter wheat genotypes (103.1J and 126.02) derived from the parental variety Lambert and expressing the barley yellow dwarf virus coat protein gene, and two untransformed varieties, virus-susceptible Lambert and virus-tolerant Caldwell, were tested. B. padi nymphal development was significantly longer on the transgenic genotypes infected with BYDV, compared with noninfected transgenic plants. In contrast, nymphal development on Lambert was significantly shorter on BYDV-infected than on noninfected plants. Nymphal development on noninfected Lambert was significantly longer than on noninfected transgenics. No significant difference in nymphal development period was detected between virus-infected and noninfected Caldwell. Aphid total fecundity, length of reproductive period, and intrinsic rate of increase were significantly reduced on BYDV-infected transgenic plants compared with BYDV-infected Lambert. In contrast, reproductive period, total adult fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase on noninfected Lambert were significantly reduced compared with noninfected transgenics. Transgenic plants infected with BYDV were inferior hosts for R. padi compared with infected Lambert. However, noninfected transgenics were superior hosts for aphids than noninfected Lambert. Moderate resistance to BYDV, as indicated by a significantly lower virus titer, was detected in the transgenic genotypes compared with the untransformed ones. Results show for the first time that transgenic virus resistance in wheat can indirectly influence R. padi life history.