旱后复水对东亚砂藓生理生化指标的影响

对经长期干旱的东亚砂藓（Racomitrium japonicum）材料按不同时间梯度复水处理,并测定游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等4项生理指标。结果表明,经长期干旱的东亚砂藓4项生理指标在复水后2d内恢复到对照水平,而在复水过程中变化趋势有所不同：可溶性蛋白含量经长期干旱后在植物体内积累,SOD活性较高,在复水过程中与游离脯氨酸含量变化趋势一致,呈现升高后降低的波动状态恢复到对照水平;而游离脯氨酸含量和POD活性经长期干旱后和对照一致,在复水过程中POD活性迅速升高而后很快恢复到对照水平。这4种生理指标从一定程度上反应了耐旱东亚砂藓具有不同于其它植物的旱后复水的特殊生理机制。     

干旱胁迫对大丽花生理生化指标的影响

以大丽花品种'粉西施'扦插苗为试材,研究不同程度干旱胁迫及复水处理对大丽花品种'粉西施'叶片生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加和时间的延长,大丽花叶片的相对含水量、水势和叶绿素含量显著下降;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著增加,质膜遭到损害,大量离子外渗,严重胁迫下质膜的损害最严重,复水后无法恢复到对照水平;可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量显著增加,脯氨酸含量在中度和重度胁迫后期增加显著,说明其对干旱亏缺的敏感性较低;可溶性蛋白呈降-升-降的变化趋势;抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性先上升后下降,3种酶对干旱胁迫和活性氧的响应存在一定差异,表现为相互协调的作用.     

化学调节物质浸种对不同水分条件下苦荞生长及其生理特性的影响

以‘黑丰一号’苦荞为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了硫酸锌、硫酸锰、水杨酸及脯氨酸等4种化学调节物质浸种对正常灌水及干旱胁迫下苦荞生长的影响,探索提高苦荞抗旱性的最佳化学调控物质.结果表明:(1)在正常水分条件下,用化学调节物质浸种可不同程度提高苦荞幼苗的叶面积、株高、总根长、根表面积、根体积、壮苗指数、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性以及光合速率;其中用硫酸锌的浸种效果最好,其次为水杨酸,二者与对照均达极显著差异,而叶片相对电导率、MDA含量较对照明显下降;硫酸锌和水杨酸浸种使苦荞比对照的单株穗数分别增加31.8％和21.0％,单株粒数增加38.0％和28.9％,百粒重提高8.9％和4.2％.(2)干旱胁迫与正常水分条件下相比,各调节物质浸种处理的苦养幼苗叶面积、茎粗、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根重、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性以及光合速率均有所降低,但不同处理的下降幅度不同,其中以清水浸种(对照)的下降幅度最大;但叶片相对电导率和MDA含量明显上升,而且以清水浸种的上升幅度最大.(3)干旱胁迫下,硫酸锌和水杨酸浸种与对照相比,二者分别使苦荞叶片SOD活性、POD活性、光合速率、叶面积、总根长、叶绿素含量、根系活力均极显著提高,其中叶片相对含水量分别提高79.9％和70.9％,游离脯氨酸含量分别提高32.2％和36.6％,可溶性糖含量上升66.0％和43.9％,株穗数、株粒数、百粒重分别增加38.6％和36.2％、40.4％和39.0％、10.7％和6.9％.研究表明,在正常水分条件和干旱胁迫下,利用化学调节物质浸种均可显著提高苦荞的光合生理特性及其抗旱性,而且硫酸锌和水杨酸的处理效果更好.     

辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

在遮雨网室选用抗旱性较强的农城椒二号和抗旱性较弱的陕蔬2001,研究辣椒在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下不同时间的生长、产量、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性的变化规律及其生理调节机制。结果表明:随干旱胁迫时间的延长,辣椒的株高、分枝数、叶面积、单位面积产量、叶绿素含量和叶片相对含水量的抗旱系数呈下降趋势,下降速率与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关,与品种的抗旱性呈负相关;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性相对值随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势;POD、SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白相对值随着干旱胁迫时间的延长先升高后下降,抗旱性强的材料增加幅度低于抗旱性弱的材料;可溶性糖含量的相对值在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下呈上升趋势,在重度干旱胁迫下呈上升—下降趋势,且抗旱性强的材料上升速度大于抗旱性弱的材料。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下,产量与株高、分枝数、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶片相对含水量抗旱系数呈显著正相关;与细胞膜透性、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量抗旱系数呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,用作辣椒抗旱性鉴定的主要指标是单株产量、株高、叶面积、分枝数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、MDA、叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性及叶片相对含水量,叶片POD、SOD、CAT活性、脯氨酸含量可做为辣椒抗旱性鉴定的次要鉴选指标。     

干旱胁迫及复水对喀斯特地区柏木幼苗活性氧清除系统的影响

为了解喀斯特地区适生物种柏木对“干旱-复水”环境的适应机制,以柏木实生苗为材料,研究干旱条件下其活性氧清除系统及复水后的修复能力.结果表明:随干旱处理时间的延长,柏木幼苗相对含水量下降,可溶性蛋白含量先增加后降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;胁迫初期(2周)复水后,MDA含量下降到对照水平,而胁迫中期(4周)和末期(6周)的严重干旱复水后不能降至对照水平;干旱胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)均持续上升,复水后,SOD活性有所下降,但仍高于对照,POD和CAT在轻度干旱下复水降至对照水平,而重度干旱后复水则下降幅度较小.轻度胁迫能够提高柏木幼苗可溶性蛋白含量,抑制膜脂过氧化,抵抗水分胁迫,且具有很强的自我修复能力,但严重干旱会使其膜结构严重受损,无法完成自我修复.     

荒漠区不同微生境下齿肋赤藓对一次降雪的生理生化响应

耐旱苔藓广泛分布于干旱半干旱荒漠地区, 对荒漠生态系统稳定性与功能多样性具有重要作用。齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮层的优势物种, 生于不同的微环境中。古尔班通古特沙漠冬、春季降雪频繁, 并能形成稳定的积雪层。目前关于降雪与微生境对齿肋赤藓生理生化特征影响的研究极为缺乏。该研究探讨了初冬一次降雪前后活灌丛、死灌丛和裸露地3种微生境下齿肋赤藓相关生理生化特征。结果表明, 与降雪前相比, 降雪后各微生境下齿肋赤藓植株的含水量、荧光活性、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有明显提高, 但脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量有不同程度的降低。微生境对齿肋赤藓的生理指标有不同程度的影响, 而且与降雪具有显著的交互作用(脯氨酸除外)。降雪前后, 活灌丛下的齿肋赤藓具有较高的含水量和光合活性, 以及较低的保护酶(POD和SOD) 活性, 裸露地则表现出完全相反的特点。表明前者面临的胁迫最小, 生理活性最大, 但抗性较弱; 而后者具有更大的抗胁迫能力, 但生理活性低。降雪后, 脯氨酸、MDA、POD及SOD均与植株含水量呈显著负相关, 而荧光活性、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量与植株含水量为显著正相关, 表明降雪降低了齿肋赤藓的水分胁迫程度, 改善并促进了生理活性与光合作用, 而且初冬的低温也起到了促进作用。     

水分胁迫对太阳扇扦插苗形态和生理特征的影响

采用持续干旱和淹水处理,测定太阳扇的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶体系等指标的变化,分析太阳扇对不同程度水分胁迫响应特征的差异及形成的机制.结果表明:水分胁迫初期(5 d)内,太阳扇受害指数和大部分生理生化指标与对照差异不显著;随着干旱胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长,太阳扇产生较严重的伤害直至最后死亡,其受害指数、脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性均急剧上升,叶绿素含量明显减少,而丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量呈先减少而后增加的趋势;淹水胁迫下,太阳扇可溶性糖和叶绿素含量呈先下降到实验后期有所上升,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白含量呈降-升-降的趋势,SOD、POD活性实验初期增加然后有所减少,CAT活性和脯氨酸含量均呈持续上升趋势;持续干旱和淹水胁迫对太阳扇形态和生理特征造成严重影响,太阳扇对淹水胁迫的响应不及干旱胁迫,持续干旱对扦插苗伤害较大,太阳扇基本丧失自我调节适应不良环境的能力.     

冬小麦幼苗根系适应土壤干旱的生理学变化

采用盆栽试验对冬小麦幼苗根系适应土壤干旱的生理学变化进行了初步研究。结果表明，随干旱胁迫的加剧，洛麦9133和济麦21幼苗根水势、根相对含水率和根系活力均降低，饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性以及SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明，在干旱胁迫下，冬小麦幼苗根系通过降低水势、相对含水率和根系活力，增加渗透调节物质可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和增强SOD、POD活性等生理上的变化以提高抗旱性，从而使冬小麦幼苗适应干旱逆境。     

模拟干旱胁迫对枣树幼苗的抗氧化系统和渗透调节的影响

用不同浓度的PEG-6000对抗旱性不同的1年生枣树(Zizyphus jujuba)幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理后,研究了不同抗旱性品种枣树幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果显示,干旱胁迫下3种枣苗叶片的相对含水量(RWC)均降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性均增加.在30%PEG胁迫下除骏枣1号的SOD活性降低外,3个品种枣苗在干旱胁迫下SOD和POD活性都增加;狗头枣2号的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在胁迫下明显增加,而木枣1号和骏枣1号的CAT活性均随着胁迫程度的增加而逐渐下降;木枣1号和骏枣1号的APX活性随着胁迫程度的增加先增加后降低,而狗头枣2号明显增加.干旱胁迫下,除骏枣1号的脯氨酸(Pro)含量和木枣1号的可溶性糖含量在30%的胁迫水平下降低(P>0.05)外,3种干旱胁迫水平下3个品种枣苗的Pro和可溶性糖含量均增加.总之,干旱胁迫下,枣苗叶片相对含水量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性、渗透调节物质Pro和可溶性糖含量均为:狗头枣2号>木枣1号>骏枣1号,而MDA含量和膜透性均为骏枣1号>木枣1号>狗头枣2号,表明3个品种的抗旱性为:狗头枣2号>木枣1号>骏枣1号,研究结果与其品种的实际抗旱性一致.     

山杜英和黧蒴幼苗对干旱胁迫(PEG)的生理响应

以山杜英(Elaeocarpus sylvestris)和黧蒴(Castanopsis fissa)幼苗为试验材料,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)人工模拟水分胁迫环境,设置三个胁迫强度处理(轻度、中度、重度)、三个胁迫持续时间处理(12h、24h、36h),以不加PEG-6000的1/2Hoagland营养液中的苗木作为对照,对2个树种幼苗的叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和可溶性糖含量进行了测定,研究了水分胁迫对这2种幼苗的影响。结果表明:随着水分胁迫强度的加深及持续时间的延长,2种幼苗叶片相对含水量出现下降趋势,黧蒴的含水量下降更为显著;2种树种幼苗叶片内相对电导率呈波动性上升,黧蒴在轻度胁迫时相对电导率有大幅增加;2种幼苗的脯氨酸含量显著增加,叶绿素含量呈小幅波动,SOD活性先升后降,可溶性糖含量呈现波动性上升;山杜英叶片的MDA含量增加较缓慢,而黧蒴叶片的MDA含量大幅度增加。研究表明幼苗山杜英比黧蒴抗旱性强,叶片相对含水量、相对电导率和MDA含量可作为评价这2种苗木抗旱性的依据。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

On the Microanatomy of the Brain and the Innervation and Homologues of the Cephalic Appendages of Hesionidae and Syllidae (Polychaeta)

Abstract Earlier papers dealing with the anatomy of the hesionids and syllids were studied. Thereby it was found that information about the structure of the central nervous system was meagre. As a result, the anterior end appendages, especially the large, laterloventral ones of the Syllidae, have been differently interpreted. This prompted a re-investigation. The circum-oesophageal connectives, the brain commissures and the innervation of the alimentary canal and the cephalic appendages of a number of hesionid and syllid species were studied. The results, summarized in schematic diagrams, were compared with corresponding observations in other polychaete families. Among other things, it was concluded that not only the latero-ventral cephalic appendages of the hesionids but also those of the syllids are homologous with the palps of the nereids and of many other “errant” and “sedentary” families.     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.