减毒沙门氏菌作为抗肿瘤及肿瘤基因治疗载体的研究进展

减毒沙门氏菌在作为疫苗用于预防疾病的同时,其抗肿瘤特性及作为肿瘤基因治疗载体的研究已成为研究热点。对沙门氏菌的抗肿瘤作用、减毒沙门氏菌的抗肿瘤研究及减毒沙门氏菌作为肿瘤基因治疗载体的相关研究进展等进行了较系统的综述。     

活菌疫苗载体的研究与应用

目前在疫苗研究中,要求新型疫苗不仅能够激发高效持久的免疫应答,而且应易于接种、生产费用低。减毒或无毒的活微生物作为疫苗载体能够激起持久的系统和黏膜免疫反应,批量制备成本较低,且具有良好的安全性,近年来已成为疫苗研究领域的热点。本文综述了几种活菌疫苗载体,包括沙门氏菌、卡介苗、耶尔森菌等的研究状况及其在疫苗载体方面的应用。     

以沙门氏菌作为载体菌苗表达系统的研究进展

疫苗在疾病预防中的地位日益重要,口服疫苗,尤其是利用基因工程构建的多价口服活菌苗,制备简单,使用方便,可提供针对多种病原体的免疫保护作用,是疫苗发展的一个重要方向。以减毒的沙门氏菌作为异源抗原基因的载体用作口服活菌苗的研究是近几年来的一个热点,利用质粒来表达外源抗原基因并将其导入减毒的沙门氏菌活菌苗中存在不少缺点,许多研究者相继构建了不同的染色体整合系统,将外源抗原基     

减毒沙门氏菌作为DNA疫苗载体的研究进展

随着沙门氏菌基因组学的深入研究以及DNA重组技术的发展,使得对沙门氏菌进行精确的不可回复性的基因缺失减毒成为可能。减毒沙门氏菌可作为DNA疫苗载体,特异性地将其携带的质粒DNA靶向性的传递给巨噬细胞、树突细胞等抗原递呈细胞,从而有效激发相应的体液与细胞免疫应答。减毒沙门氏菌已作为疫苗载体在针对细菌、病毒、寄生虫等的DNA疫苗研究中得以广泛应用。     

以减毒沙门氏菌为SARS-CoV N DNA口服疫苗载体的初步研究

目的:以减毒沙门氏菌为载体运送SARS-CoV N DNA疫苗至小鼠体内,研究其诱导的免疫应答情况,评价减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌作为口服疫苗的免疫效果。方法：将含SARS-CoV N基因的pcDNA-N质粒导入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CS022中,采用口服和滴鼻相结合的方法免疫BALB/c小鼠,以ELISA检测不同时间免疫小鼠血清中抗体及其亚型;以MTT法测定特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应;ELISPOT检测细胞因子;流式检测T细胞亚型。结果：pcDNA-N DNA疫苗口服免疫后2周就可以诱生特异性IgG抗体,且以IgG2a占优势;诱导了较高水平的淋巴细胞特异性增殖反应和IFN-γ,主要以Th1免疫为主。结论：减毒沙门氏菌可以有效运送pcDNA-N重组质粒并诱导产生特异体液和细胞免疫应答,为减毒细菌作为DNA疫苗运送载体的研究提供了参考依据,也为SARS疫苗研究开辟了新方法。     

以减毒沙门氏菌作为重组疫苗载体的研究进展

用减毒沙门氏菌作为重组疫苗的载体具有安全、免疫方式类似自然感染途径等优点,有关研究日益广泛,可供作肠道疾病及多种细菌、病毒及真核微生物疾病重组疫苗的研制。本文介绍常用沙门氏菌载体的种类、表达及应用现状和有待克服的问题。     

以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的小鼠肝炎病毒DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫原性

目的：构建以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的小鼠肝炎病毒DNA疫苗,研究该疫苗的免疫原性。方法：以小鼠肝炎病毒S1基因的重组真核表达质粒pVAX1—S1免疫BALB／c小鼠,ELISA检测其诱导抗体产生情况;再将重组质粒pVAX1—S1电转化到减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL7207中,构建运送S1基因的重组减毒沙门氏菌SL7207（pVAX1—S1）,口服免疫BALB／c小鼠,间接免疫荧光试验鉴定减毒沙门氏菌运送的DNA疫苗的免疫原性。结果：与pVAX1空载体对照组相比,重组真核表达质粒pVAX1—S1免疫组二免及三免后抗体水平分别存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）和极显著性差异（P〈0．01）。减毒沙门氏菌运送的DNA疫苗SL7207（pVAX1—S1）诱导小鼠产生了特异性的血清抗体。结论：构建的重组减毒沙门氏菌SL7207（pVAX1—S1）具有良好的免疫原性,可诱导小鼠产生特异性的体液免疫应答。这为进一步研制冠状病毒新型基因疫苗奠定了基础。     

作为疫苗和疫苗载体的减毒细菌

减毒细菌不但能作为疫苗,而且已被证实是理想的疫苗载体,尤其是在研制基因工程疫苗方面显现了独特的优越性,减毒细菌作为载体可激发强烈的体液免疫、细胞免疫和黏膜免疫。主要就沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、李斯特菌和BCG等细菌作为疫苗和疫苗载体的研究进展进行综述,以期为新型疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

以减毒沙门氏菌为载体山羊痘病毒P32基因真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的：构建以减毒沙门氏菌为载体山羊痘病毒P32基因真核表达载体。方法：以pMD-18T-P32/LD为模板,通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增出山羊痘病毒P32基因片段,定向插入真核表达载体pVAX1中,再重组表达质粒pVAX1-P32/LD。转入DH5α,再转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,通过双酶切、PCR及插入片段序列测序对质粒进行鉴定。结果：携带山羊痘病毒P32基因片段的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗S7207/pVAX1-P32/LD已成功构建。结论：为山羊痘基因工程疫苗的研制及诊断方法的建立奠定了基础。     

恶性疟原虫74肽抗原基因在减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的表达和家兔免疫应答

利用减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌来表达外源抗原并制备口服活菌苗,是疫苗研究的一个新的突破。作者已在减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌SL3261以β—半乳糖苷酶(GZ)融合蛋白的形式表达了人工合成的恶性疟原虫74肽基因HGFC。现报道用活菌SL3261(pWRC)(C组)、SL3261(pWR450-1)(R组)分别免疫新西兰家兔,研究其在家兔体内免疫应答的结果。     

减毒沙门氏菌介导的血小板第四因子活性片段的放射保护作用研究

目的:观察减毒沙门氏菌携带的血小板第四因子活性片段PF417 70 的放射保护作用。方法:通过口服途经喂饲小鼠携带PF4活性片段的减毒沙门氏菌,在第 2次喂饲后小鼠接受 70 0cGy全身照射,然后观察PIRES2 EGFP PF417 70 在小鼠体内的表达,并观察小鼠的造血恢复情况。结果:在小鼠的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、小肠、外周血及骨髓均能检测到GFP的表达和转基因的整合。与对照组比较,实验组小鼠的生存期明显延长,照射后第 7d和 1 4d骨髓有核细胞数、骨髓培养的CFU GM和HPP CFC数量明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。结论:首次应用减毒沙门氏菌SL32 61为载体来介导PF4活性片段的生物学作用,并证实通过口服途径可以保护小鼠免受放射损伤,并促进放射损伤后小鼠的造血恢复。     

幽门螺杆菌感染的防治研究进展

幽门螺杆菌 ( HP)的发现使慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡发病学和防治学面临着一场革命 ,HP与胃癌关系也十分密切。随着对 HP研究的不断深入 ,从分子水平对 HP的致病机理有了更深的了解。常规的治疗方法如抗生素虽然可以暂时控制 HP的感染 ,但是由于易产生耐药性等许多新的问题 ,因此迫切需要研究新的防治策略。利用 HP抗原与佐剂联合使用或用减毒的沙门氏菌来表达HP的抗原 ,进行口服免疫防治 HP的感染是目前研究的热点。动物模型试验结果证明这种策略是行之有效的     

Salmonella carrier state and biological characteristics of the infectious agent

Salmonella carrier state (42.6%-S. enteritidis and 34.4%-S. dublin) was demonstrated in subjects after acute salmonellosis as well as in healthy persons infected with salmonella as a result of occupational exposure to poultry (8.8% in humans exposed to chickens and 6.1% in those exposed to ducks) and sheep (2.8%). The carrier state was accompanied by intermittent pain in the epigastrium, diminished appetite, diarrhoea etc. Most of the carrier subjects with a history of salmonellosis exhibited, upon rectoromanoscopy, a varying degree of proctosigmoiditsi. The etiological role of S. typhimurium was proved beyond doubt, as well as its ability to cause salmonellosis outbursts, sporadic cases of the disease and the carrier state. When large industrial facilities specializing in poultry processing were investigated, the salmonella carrier state was revealed in practically healthy poultry--in 16% of chickens and 12% of ducks. The salmonella organisms isolated from carrier persons had, with some exceptions, typical properties, being virulent in that they caused death of experimental animals, seeded their internal organs and induced pathogenicity-associated enzymes. Multiple resistance to antibiotics was demonstrated in salmonella isolated from poultry; also determined was its plasmid nature. Pronounced resistance of the above salmonella subtypes to tetracycline-related antibiotics and streptomycin may be due to the fact that these drugs are used in poultry raising.     

Effect of Chlortetracycline Feeding on the Salmonella Reservoir in Chickens

An experimental model was developed to study the influence of antibiotic feeding on the salmonella reservoir in chickens. This model had the features of being very sensitive, allowing for the recovery of very low numbers of infecting salmonella, and, as was the case in the first experiment, closely simulated natural conditions in permitting the spread of salmonella from non-medicated carrier birds to their penmates. The data from both experiments demonstrate clearly that feeding a sub-therapeutic level of chlortetracycline did not increase the numbers of salmonella being shed into the environment. In fact, the salmonella pool was significantly reduced in chickens fed chlortetracycline at 200 g/ton. In the first experiment, conducted under more natural conditions, not only did the continuous use of chlortetracycline markedly reduce the spread of salmonella to a non-inoculated population of broiler chickens but it failed to cause the emergence of chlortetracycline-resistant salmonella. In the second experiment, where medicated feed was administered 6 days before the birds were individually infected with large numbers of salmonella, resistant organisms did appear; however these conditions did not lead to increased numbers of salmonella being shed.     

Intracellular bacteria as targets and carriers for vaccination

In this review we discuss intracellular bacteria as targets and carriers for vaccines. For clarity and ease of comprehension, we focus on three microbes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella, with an emphasis on tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death from infectious disease. Novel vaccination strategies against these pathogens are currently being considered. One approach favors the use of live attenuated vaccines and vaccine carrier strains thereof, either for heterologous antigen presentation or DNA vaccine delivery. This strategy includes both the improvement of attenuated vaccine strains as well as the 'de novo' generation of attenuated variants of virulent pathogens. An alternative strategy relies on the application of subunit immunizations, either as nucleic acid vaccines or protein antigens of the pathogen. Finally, we present a short summary of the vaccination strategies against tuberculosis.     

Advances in the development of Salmonella-based vaccine strategies for protection against Salmonellosis in humans

Salmonella spp. are important human pathogens globally causing millions of cases of typhoid fever and non-typhoidal salmonellosis annually. There are only a few vaccines licensed for use in humans which all target Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Vaccine development is hampered by antigenic diversity between the thousands of serovars capable of causing infection in humans. However, a number of attenuated candidate vaccine strains are currently being developed. As facultative intracellular pathogens with multiple systems for transporting effector proteins to host cells, attenuated Salmonella strains can also serve as ideal tools for the delivery of foreign antigens to create multivalent live carrier vaccines for simultaneous immunization against several unrelated pathogens. Further, the ease with which Salmonella can be genetically modified and the extensive knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen means that this bacterium has often served as a model organism to test new approaches. In this review we focus on (1) recent advances in live attenuated Salmonella vaccine development, (2) improvements in expression of foreign antigens in carrier vaccines and (3) adaptation of attenuated strains as sources of purified antigens and vesicles that can be used for subunit and conjugate vaccines or together with attenuated vaccine strains in heterologous prime-boosting immunization strategies. These advances have led to the development of new vaccines against Salmonella which have or will soon be tested in clinical trials.     

Combined Vaccines—The European Contribution

Abstract. Efforts to develop new vaccine combining as many immunogens as possible have stimulated researchers of most European vaccine manufacturers to contribute with new vaccine designs. Besides the conventional combinations the following approaches are under development: new carrier systems for inactivated antigens; new adjuvants for subunit antigens; live attenuated combined vaccines; vector combined vaccines; synthetic polypeptide combined vaccines. The availability of new combined vaccines will greatly facilitate immunization programmes for the control of many diseases around the world. The whole of modern society in general is moving towards prevention—for example on safety issues—as well as in medicine, where prophylactic approaches are medically, scientifically, ethically, and morally more justifiable as well as being more cost-effective. Besides improving the health and overall quality of life of the world's population, the use of combined vaccines will further reduce already overstretched health care budgets.     

Overproduction of AgfA subunit of Salmonella enteritidis as a MBP-fusion protein in E. coli

To study the characteristics of recombinant thin aggregative fimbriae of salmonella and to develop a vaccine for salmonella infections, the AgfA subunit gene was amplified from Salmonella entiritidis using PCR. Maltose binding protein (MBP)-AgfA fusion protein was over-produced in E. coli and purified. Antibody against MBP-AgfA was prepared and its immunogenicity was studied.