动物乳腺生物反应器的应用与展望

应用转基因技术生产乳腺生物反应器可以获得高效、安全、足量的人类重组蛋白、药用蛋白及其目的蛋白.本文概述了制备转基因动物过程中目的基因选择、载体构建等技术环节的研究现状;通过叙述乳腺生物反应器的原理和应用现状来分析乳腺生物反应器的优势及特点,为乳腺生物反应器的发展和应用奠定理论基础.     

动物乳腺生物反应器的现状和趋势

利用转基因家畜的乳腺生产人类重组蛋白,可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白。本文针对乳腺生物反应器的成功研制,从目的基因的选择、载体构建、转基因技术等方面探讨了动物乳腺生物反应器的研究现状。分析了提高转基因效率和外源蛋白表达水平的技术途径,提出了降低总体成本的战略措施。特别探讨了利用Cre-loxP系统发展“体细胞打靶体细胞核移植技术体系”,高效生产乳腺生物反应器动物的可能性。     

利用动物乳腺生物反应器生产药用蛋白

动物乳腺生物反应器是利用动物乳腺特异性启动子调控元件指导外源基因在乳腺中特异性表达,并从转基因动物奶液中获取重组蛋白。应用动物乳腺生物反应器生产药用蛋白具有生产方式简单,产量大,蛋白能进行翻译后修饰等优点,是具有广阔前景的生物医药产业。本文仅就动物乳腺生物反应器的建立、检测、目的蛋白的分离纯化以及存在的问题等作一综述。     

动物乳腺生物反应器研究进展

利用转基因家畜的乳腺生产人类重组蛋白,可以高效获得安全、足量的药用蛋白。本在简要介绍乳腺生物反应器的基本原理及优越性的基础上,对其目的基因、表达载体和转基因技术在国内外的研究现状加以综述,着重探讨了体细胞核移植方法生产乳腺生物反应器的优越性及面临的技术问题。     

乳腺生物反应器的表达优化策略

乳腺生物反应器是指将外源基因导入动物基因组并在动物乳腺中特异性表达,利用动物乳腺合成、分泌蛋白的功能,在其乳汁中获得外源蛋白的技术。乳腺生物反应器凭借其高表达、低成本以及合成蛋白质的结构接近天然蛋白质等优势而被视为药用和营养蛋白生产的一次技术革新,然而由于外源基因随机整合以及重组蛋白表达不稳定等问题极大地限制了其应用。本文结合乳腺生物反应器的发展现状,从利用基因编辑技术、筛选合适的外源基因整合位点以及改进外源基因调控序列3个方面对乳腺生物反应器优化策略进行了综述,以期为提高乳腺生物反应器生产重组蛋白的表达提供理论借鉴。     

药用蛋白质乳腺生物反应器的制作技术及新方法进展

用乳腺生物反应器生产人类珍稀的药用蛋白已经构成了现代生物技术的一个重要领域.与其他的生物工程方法比起来,用乳腺生物反应器生产人类珍稀的药用蛋白具有更多的优点.这一生物技术的实际应用依赖于基因的时空表达调控操作和可靠的转基因动物制作方法.综述了这一技术的优点,概括描述了了乳腺生物反应器表达载体的构建方法,及转基因动物的制作方法.讨论了这些方法的优缺点及技术改进的发展方向,特别是介绍了最近出现的、有研究和应用价值的用精原干细胞制作转基因动物的方法.     

乳腺生物反应器的研究现状

乳腺生物反应器是将外源基因在哺乳动物的乳腺中特异表达,以转基因动物的乳腺组织生产药用蛋白。采用乳腺生物反尖器生产药用蛋白质是一种全新的生产模式,它已经成为生物技术领域发展的重要方面。乳腺生物反应器具有能够生产出具有完全生物活性的药用收白,纯化简单,投资少,成本低,对环境没有任何污染等优点,转基因动物生产药用蛋白可以获得巨额经济效益。     

基因打靶技术在乳腺生物反应器中的应用

利用转基因动物的乳腺生产人类重组蛋白,可以获得安全而有效的药用蛋白.目前采用的转基因技术由于其固有的局限性,未能使乳腺生物反应器的研究取得长足的进步.基因打靶克服了随机整合的盲目性和危险性,是一种理想的修饰、改造生物遗传物质的方法.简述了制备乳腺生物反应器过程中靶细胞、基因打靶的策略、打靶位点及问题,并对其发展方向进行了小结及展望.     

转基因动物生物反应器研究及产业化进程

<正>概述了生物反应器的概念与分类,介绍并比较了不同动物生物反应器的研究现状和发展前景,提出乳腺是生产结构和功能复杂的重组蛋白的最佳生物反应器,具有广泛的应用潜力,可在生产新型牛奶和药用珍稀蛋白等方面为人类做出巨大的贡献。同时指出了包括乳腺反应器在内的动物生物反应器存在的问题,对乳腺生物反应器的应用前景进行了展望。     

人凝血IX因子基因乳腺组织特异性表达载体的构建及其在奶山羊乳腺中的分泌性表达

血友病B(Hernophilia B)是由于人凝血IX因子(hFIX)缺乏所致的一种严重出血性疾病。常规治疗方法是通过输血或输入人浓缩凝血IX园子来实现的,因此患者很容易被肝炎病毒甚至爱滋病毒感染。近年来,人们期望通过转基因动物乳腺表达并从乳汁中分离生产hFIX蛋白,以解除血友病患者的痛苦。以转基因动物的乳腺组织即乳腺生物反应器生产外源蛋白具有原核生物,酵母以及离俸真核细胞生产系统所不具备的优点：生产的外源蛋白经过体内加工和修饰,特别是真核蛋白的转译后加工(如糖基化和羧基化)．其生化特性、生物学活性与天然蛋白完全相同^[1];另外从乳汁中生产外源蛋白不需要复杂的工厂设备。因此开展人凝血IX因子乳腺生物反应器的研究具有重要的经济意义和临床应用价值。转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的关键在于外源基因乳腺组织特异性表达载体的构建。我们利用小鼠MAR元件(Matrix attachment regions)．牛的β-casein基因调控顺序,hFIX mini-gene和hFIX cDNA分别建成两种乳腺组织特异性表达载体pMCIXm和pMCIX,经SA脂质体包埋载体DNA后直接转染奶山 羊乳腺小叶,hFIX蛋白在奶山革乳汁中获得瞬间分泌性表达,最高表达量为13.7ng/ml乳汁。其中含hFIX mini-gene的表达载体在奶山羊乳汁中的表达量高于含hFIX cDNA的表达载体．表明hFIX的in-tronl能够提高该基因在活体奶山羊乳腺中的表达。A7单抗和柠檬酸钡吸附检测表明乳汁中的hFIX 蛋白羧基化和活性比率都在90％以上。以上结果肯定了载体构建的正确性．不但为研制hFIX蛋白乳腺生物反应器提供了有效的表达载体,同时也表明利用阳离子SA脂质体包埋质粒DNA直接转染活体物乳腺可以作为验证乳腺表达载体构建正确性的快速检测手段。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.