西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候特征研究

 对西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候要素的季节变化、水平差异进行了观测研究,并对比分析了两个大小不同林窗内温度垂直分布状况、相对湿度差别。结果表明：大林窗内温度、湿度、光照的日变化均比林内大;大林窗中央光照强度为林内的10倍以上,太阳总辐射量、净辐射量为林内的5倍以上,大林窗中央的蒸发耗热量大于林内,且均占各自净辐射的较大比例(70％～80％),干季大林窗内温度、湿度日变化比雨季剧烈,大林窗内具有两个加热层(幼苗冠层、地表),小林窗仅有一个加热层(幼树冠层),且前者的加热强度大于后者,相对湿度日变化则是大林窗内较剧烈。     

林窗对长苞冷杉自然更新幼苗存活和生长的影响

 长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)林是我国西南亚高山针叶林的重要类型之一,分布于海拔3 200～4 200 m。目前对于该森林林窗对树苗更新的调节还很少了解。通过1997～2000年对20个林窗的连续观测调查,研究了滇西北白马雪山自然保护区西坡亚高山长苞冷杉林林窗大小和林窗位置对自然更新幼苗存活和生长的影响。长苞冷杉针叶林林窗大小分布为,面积大于100 m2的大林窗占20%左右,中等林窗面积为50～100 m2,占35%左右,小林窗面积小于50 m2,占45%左右。4个生长季节的连续观测结果表明：林窗与林下非林窗内的幼苗大小和幼苗存活数量差异明显。林窗由小到大,单位面积内的自然更新苗木数量逐渐增加,大林窗中更新苗为小林窗的1.5倍左右,而林下的更新苗很少,0.5 ind.·10 m-2。中等林窗和小林窗内的幼苗数量在从南到中心到北的位置上几乎没有明显的差异;大林窗中存在由南到北的位置差异,更新幼苗数量逐渐增加。从更新幼苗的生长来看,中等林窗内的幼苗,高度最大、生长最快,定居阶段的平均年高生长为(7.8±0.5) cm·a-1,小林窗次之,大林窗和林下幼苗个体最小,生长最慢。更新幼苗的基径随林窗大小的变化与高度变化相似。进一步从林窗位置来看,中、小林窗幼苗大小和年平均高生长量几乎无位置差异,大林窗则由南到北,幼苗由大变小,年高生长量逐渐减低。从幼苗存活数量、生长大小来看,中等林窗大小是长苞冷杉幼苗更新的适宜面积,这为该类型退化亚高山针叶林恢复提供了一定的参考。     

贡嘎山东坡亚高山针叶林的林窗动态研究

本文选择贡嗄山东坡亚高山针叶林的代表类型——麦吊杉群落和冷杉群落,从林窗的大小分布、林窗制造者（ＧＭ）的类型与特点、林窗更新的趋势与作用,以及林窗中优势种群的分布格局变化几方面,对亚高山针叶林的林窗动态进行了研究。结果表明：在麦吊杉和冷杉林中,林窗面积所占比例分别为３１．７％和３９．２％;但从林窗的平均大小来看,分别为１５８．５ｍ２和１２５．４４ｍ２,麦吊杉林的林窗要大于冷杉林。通过对４１个林窗的统计,共有ＧＭ９４个,平均每个林窗有２．３个。而林窗的形成主要是由于ＧＭ的根拔、枯朽或折倒作用。林窗的形成促进了优势种群的更新。各立木级分布格局的研究结果表明,林窗中麦吊杉和冷杉在发育过程中分布格局的动态变化是由集群分布过渡到随机分布。     

玉龙雪山自然保护区丽江云杉林林窗特征研究

研究了玉龙雪山自然保护区云杉坪典型丽江云杉林林窗干扰的基本特征．结果表明,滇西北亚高山丽江云杉林林窗占林分面积比例冠层林窗和扩展林窗分别为28．8％和42．5％,干扰频率以林窗密度计算,林窗出现的平均密度为35个·hm^-2左右．林窗大小分布为面积大于100m^2的大林窗约占25％,面积为50～100m^2的中等林窗占41％,面积小于50m。的小林窗占34％．形成林窗最重要的方式是干基和干中折断,其次是枯立滇西北亚高山丽江云杉林林窗形成木80％以上是丽江云杉,通常直径为40～50cm、高度为15～25m．每个林窗形成木数量多为1～2株,约占68．8％,5株以上很少,最多为6株．随着林窗面积由大变小,林窗中更新苗木的密度逐渐变大,小林窗中更新木密度约为大林窗的5倍．     

长白山暗针叶林林隙一般特征及干扰状况

对长白山暗针叶林林隙一般特征和干扰状况进行了研究。结果表明：长白山暗针叶林林隙的线状密度为２１．１５个／ｋｍ,扩展林隙所占的面积比例为２９．４５％,冠空隙所占的面积比例为１５．８１％;冠空隙的年干扰频率为０．２４％,干扰轮回期为４１６．７ａ左右;冠空隙的大小变化在１７．９—３４０．３ｍ＾２之间,＜１００ｍ＾２的冠空隙个数较多,冠空隙的平均面积为９３．６０ｍ＾２;扩展林隙的大小变化在４３．６—４８２．３ｍ＾２之间,５０一２００ｍ＾２之间的扩展林隙个数较多,扩展林隙的平均面积为１７４．３４ｍ＾２;暗针叶林林隙形成的主要方式是风倒;在长白山暗针叶林中,大多数林隙是由２—６株形成木形成,其中由３株形成木形成的林隙员多,单株或７株以上形成木形成的林隙数量很少;在暗针叶林中,１０一４０ａ前这段时间形成的林隙较多,特别是２０一３０ａ期间形成的林隙员多。其它阶段形成的林隙较少;暗针叶林的林隙大多是由臭冷杉、落叶松和鱼鳞云杉形成。径级在１０一３０ｃｍ之间,高度在２５—３０ｍ之间的主林层树木形成林隙的可能性最大。暗针叶林林分组成、林隙干扰方式和程度随海拔高度的变化而变化。     

宝华山主要植被类型土壤种子库初探

落叶常绿阔叶混交比和落叶阔叶林的土壤种子库分别有４９种和３３种植物,其中,前者有草本４２种,灌木３种,乔木４种,密度为２５５粒／ｍ＾２,后者有草本２９种,灌木１种,乔木３种,密度为１４５粒／ｍ＾２,两植被类型的土壤种子库组成与其现存地上植被的组成相似性极小。落叶常绿阔叶混交林林窗的土壤种子库有３３个种,密度为４１３粒／ｍ＾２,与非林窗区域的土壤种子库组成仅有５３．１％的相似性。     

银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)林林窗更新的研究

银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａ ａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ）在林窗内和非林窗群落内均占有最大的重要值,说明银杉是典型的林窗更新方式．银杉个体在林窗内呈集群分布,林窗边缘往往集中了较多的银杉植株。林窗内银杉直径分布中,出现胸径〉８ｃｍ 及胸径〈３ｃｍ的高峰和３～７ｃｍ的低谷。对最近１０ａ银杉幼树每年高生长量的研究发现,林窗内和荫蔽要完下的结果差异显著,林窗内的幼树高生长快于荫蔽林冠下。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林林窗分布格局及其成因

林窗数量特征及其空间分布格局对南亚热带森林生态系统的动态变化、物种共存及生物多样性的维持等具有重要意义。本文基于鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 ha动态监测样地2015年的植被调查数据,结合无人机航拍图像处理技术和地理信息系统,分析了样地内林窗的几何特征和空间分布格局。结果表明:该样地的林窗空隙率为13.72%,密度为35.75个/ha,平均面积38.37 m~2。具体特征有:(1)区域内林窗数量随林窗面积的增加呈负指数分布,整体表现为小林窗多、大林窗少的规律。(2)不同成熟度林分中,过熟林林窗平均面积大于成熟林;成熟林更能体现出小林窗多而大林窗少的特点。(3)各生境林窗分布与大样地整体表现出基本一致的规律,但低谷与其他生境差异显著,林窗平均面积、林窗空隙率等都大于其他生境,而山脊林窗也在林窗空隙率与林窗密度方面低于其他生境。(4)林窗面积和地形因子显著相关:与海拔和凹凸度呈显著负相关;与坡度和坡向呈显著正相关。据此提出建立利用无人机进行森林群落林冠变化与格局的监测体系,是实现林窗与林下群落动态变化同步监测的新手段。     

太阳坪米心水青冈林林窗更新动力学的初步研究

研究了太阳坪米心水青冈林中林窗的特征和更新行为。在５０００ｍ＾２的研究样地中,观察到林窗１０个,林窗面积占研究面积的４０．１％,平均大小２０１ｍ＾２。探讨了林窗的形成原因,米心水青冈的更新成分与林窗的大小呈正相关性。米心水青冈的更新是在由一个或几个林冠层树种死亡后形成的林窗中进行的。     

红松阔叶混交林林隙大小对土壤水分空间异质性的影响

2011年8-10月采用嵌套的网格化方法布点,利用土壤时域反射仪连续测定了小兴安岭阔叶红松混交林不同大小林隙内不同深度的土壤水分,并根据地统计学原理与方法分析其空间异质性.结果表明:研究区中林隙的土壤含水量最丰富,其次是大林隙和小林隙;大林隙空间样点的土壤水分极差最大,其次是中林隙和小林隙;大、中、小林隙各深度土壤含水量的块金值分别为0.001～0.404、0.001 ～0.273、0.001 ～0.261.随机部分引起的土壤水分异质性和系统总的空间异质性程度依次为大林隙＞中林隙＞小林隙.中林隙土壤水分的空间分布格局最复杂,大林隙土壤水分格局变异的空间依赖性最强;中林隙高等级土壤水分斑块(土壤含水量为50％～60％)占据的面积最大,其次是大林隙,小林隙没有最高等级斑块的分布.对于相同月份、相同深度的土壤含水量,小林隙等级分布最简单,大林隙和中林隙则相对复杂;土壤含水量最大值随着林隙的增大而增大.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.