促性腺激素释放激素类似物对长臀wei脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响

采用离体灌流孵育技术和促性腺激素的放射免疫测定方法,对长臀wei(Cranoglanis bouderius)脑垂体碎片促性腺激素的分泌进行了研究。结果表明：持续的促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRH-A)能显著刺激退化期的长臀wei离体脑垂体碎片促性腺激素(GTH)的分泌,并且长臀wei脑垂体碎片对持续的GnRH-A刺激未表现出脱敏性,该结果与胡子鲇和鲇鱼相似,而与金鱼和鲤科鱼类不同;重复脉冲GnRH-A刺激对长臀wei脑垂体碎片GTH分泌具有促进作用,而且存在剂量依存关系,与鲇鱼和鲤科鱼类相类似。上述结果表明在长臀wei的人工繁殖中可以用持续高浓度GnRH-A刺激对长臀wei进行催熟和催产。     

促性腺激素释放激素类似物对长臀(鱼危)脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响

采用离体灌流孵育技术和促性腺激素的放射免疫测定方法,对长臀(鱼危)(Cranoglanis bouderius)脑垂体碎片促性腺激素的分泌进行了研究.结果表明:持续的促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRH-A)能显著刺激退化期的长臀(鱼危)离体脑垂体碎片促性腺激素(GTH)的分泌,并且长臀(鱼危)脑垂体碎片对持续的GnRH-A刺激未表现出脱敏性,该结果与胡子鲇和鲇鱼相似,而与金鱼和鲤科鱼类不同;重复脉冲GnRH-A刺激对长臀(鱼危)脑垂体碎片GTH分泌具有促进作用,而且存在剂量依存关系,与鲇鱼和鲤科鱼类相类似.上述结果表明在长臀(鱼危)的人工繁殖中可以用持续高浓度GnRH-A刺激对长臀(鱼危)进行催熟和催产.     

激素和人工诱导鱼类繁殖

鱼类在蓄养条件下,由于环境条件变化使脑垂体不能大量分泌产生促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ）因而通常不能自行产卵,必需进行人工催产,许多鱼类的ＧｔＨ分泌活动受神经内分泌双重调节,即促性腺激素释放激素刺激（ＧｎＲＨ）而多巴胺抑制ＧｔＨ的释放,因此,使用高少性的ＧｎＲＨ类似物和多巴胺拮抗物能十分有效地刺激养殖鱼类释放ＧｔＨ和诱导产卵。海水鱼类产卵习性和淡水鱼类不同,还需研制适合海水养殖鱼类生殖生理特性的催产术。     

奥利亚罗非鱼促性腺激素释放激素前体蛋白的克隆与表达

促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin—relying hormone,GnRH）是下丘脑分泌产生的神经激素,对脊椎动物生殖的调控起重要作用。为研究GnRH对性腺发育的作用,构建了GnRH cDNA的原核表达载体并进行融合表达。利用RT—PCR方法从奥利亚罗非鱼丘脑中扩增出长约400bp的目的序列GnRH基因,克隆至T载体中,经酶切鉴定和序列测定分析确认序列的正确性后将此片段克隆到表达载体pMAL—c2x中构建重组表达质粒pMAL—GnRH,并在大肠杆菌TB1中获得了高表达,目的蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的41．6％。菌体经溶菌酶裂解,制备无细胞抽提液,Amylose—sepharose柱层析后得到分子量为56kD单一条带的目的蛋白。目的蛋白经Factor Xa酶切裂解,Amylose—sepharose过柱纯化后得到纯化的GnRH前体蛋白。该研究为鱼类GnRH蛋白的控制性腺成熟和抗体制备打下了基础．是国内鱼类GnRH前体蛋白在原核细胞中成功表扶的首次报道．     

鱼类促性腺激素受体研究进展

促性腺激素FSH/LH在脊椎动物的生殖调控中占据中心地位,其生理功能主要通过其特异性受体FSH-R/LH-R所介导.研究表明,鱼类FSH-R和LH-R主要在性腺表达,也在脑、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等部位表达,主要调控生殖细胞的成熟和最后的排卵及排精.     

团头鲂促性腺激素β亚基cDNA的克隆和序列分析

本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE克隆了团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）脑下垂体中两种促性腺激素β亚基（GtHIβ和GtHIIβ）cDNA序列,并对其进行了结构和系统进化分析。团头鲂GtHIβ亚基cDNA全长567碱基对（bp）,5’端非翻译区26bp;3’端非翻译区148bp;开放阅读框（ORF）393bp,其编码含有130个氨基酸的蛋白质,包括由108个氨基酸组成的成熟肽以及22个氨基酸组成的信号肽。GtHII亚基cDNA全长564bp,5’端非翻译区43bp;3’端非翻译区95bp;ORF426bp,其编码含有141个氨基酸的蛋白质,包括由117个氨基酸组成的成熟肽以及24个氨基酸组成的信号肽。团头鲂GtHIβ亚基氨基酸序列与青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）等15种鱼类相比较,相似性为90%—31%,与湖蛙（RanaRidibunda）等5种四足类的相似性为38%—21%;GtHII亚基与青鱼等15种鱼类相比较,其相似性为95%—41%,与湖蛙等5种四足类的相似性为49%—36%,团头鲂GtHIβ和GtHII亚基与鲤科鱼类的相似性最高,显示出较为亲近的进化关系。另外,团头鲂GtHIβ和GtHIIβ亚基含有12个保守的半胱氨酸残基和1个N糖基化位点。     

大鼠垂体促性腺激素细胞内cAMP的改变对LHβ mRNA表达的影响

目的 分析大鼠LHβ mRNA表达的促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)受体后信号转导机制.方法 将体外培养的大鼠腺垂体促性腺激素(GTH)细胞用cAMP的兴奋剂FSK或抑制剂SQ22536处理后,再用高频GnRH脉冲刺激,然后用实时荧光定量PCR法测定细胞LHβ mRNA的Ct值,并与空白组比较.结果 LHβ mRNA的Ct值随着GTH细胞cAMP含量的增高而显著降低,随着cAMP含量的降低而显著增高.结论 cAMP是高频GnRH脉冲刺激所引起的LHβ mRNA表达的受体后的信号转导途径.     

雄烯二酮和甲基睾酮诱导雄性日本鳗鲡性腺发育的作用

多次埋植雄激素雄烯二酮（ADSD）或甲基睾酮（MT）均可促进雄性日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica)性腺发育成熟,明显提高脑和垂体mGnRH,垂体GtH含量,埋植3次后,MT处理组的GSI及垂体GtH含量显著高于ADSD处理组,MT处理组血清GtH含量在第1次埋植后显著升高,而ADSD处理组在第4次埋植后才显贰高于对照组。这些结果表明：埋植ADSD和MT可反馈作用于雄性日本鳗鲡脑和垂体,促进GnRH和TtH的合成和分泌,进一步诱导精巢发育。而且MT的作用效果较ADSD快。     

神经内分泌因子调控鱼类生殖和生长的相互作用

脊椎动物的生长与生殖活动有着密切的联系并相互作用。许多调节生长和代谢活动的内分泌因子对青春期或者性腺的发育产生影响。同样,调节生殖活动的许多激素亦同时对生长和代谢产生影响。近年来,我们和其他学者对鱼类生长和生殖的神经内分泌调节的相互作用进行了研究,主要的进展是：①在促进性腺的激素影响生长方面,发现促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）和多巴胺都能和脑垂体生长激素细胞的特异性受体结合而刺激生长激素释放,并能     

环境因素和促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A)对鲤促性腺激素(GtH)分泌和排卵的影响

环境因素对硬骨鱼类GtH的分泌和生殖活动起着重要的调节作用。本文为进一步探讨环境因素对鱼类生殖活动的调节作用机理的研究结果。       

促性腺激素释放激素类似物对长臀鮠脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响

采用离体灌流孵育技术和促性腺激素的放射免疫测定方法,对长臀鮠(Cranoglanis bouderius)脑垂体碎片促性腺激素的分泌进行了研究。结果表明：持续的促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRH-A)能显著刺激退化期的长臀鮠离体脑垂体碎片促性腺激素(GTH)的分泌,并且长臀鮠脑垂体碎片对持续的GnRH-A刺激未表现出脱敏性,该结果与胡子鲇和鲇鱼相似,而与金鱼和鲤科鱼类不同;重复脉冲GnRH-A刺激对长臀鮠脑垂体碎片GTH分泌具有促进作用,而且存在剂量依存关系,与鲇鱼和鲤科鱼类相类似。上述结果表明在长臀鮠的人工繁殖中可以用持续高浓度GnRH-A刺激对长臀鮠进行催熟和催产。     

诱导大鳍鱯和长吻鮠排卵过程中血清GTH水平的变化

繁殖期从嘉陵江收集性成熟的大鳍■ 和长吻 野生亲鱼,用Ｌｉｎｐｅ方法（即ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ加多巴胺Ｄ２受体拮抗剂地欧酮）或传统的ＬＨＲＨ—Ａ加脑垂体的方法进行催产,定时取血样,用放射免疫方法测定催产过程中血清ＧＴＨ水平的变化,进一步证实鲇形目鱼类ＧＴＨ的分泌受到下丘脑分泌的促性腺激素释放激素ＧｎＲＨ和多巴胺的双重调节;排卵和产卵也是以血清ＧＴＨ的急剧升高为先导的,而最终能否排卵还有赖于血清ＧＴＨ峰是否超过“排卵阈值”。尽管催产后的大鳍 和长吻 雄鱼血清ＧＴＨ水平也有一个高峰出现,但血清ＧＴＨ水平升高幅度都大大低于雌鱼,这种现象在硬骨鱼类可能具有普遍性。     

注射促黄体素释放激素类似物和地欧酮诱导大鳍■和长吻■排卵的研究

对于性成熟的大鳍Ｍｙｓｔｕｓｍａｃｒｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ（Ｂｌｅｅｋｅｒ）野生鱼,单独注射多巴胺的抑制剂地欧酮（ＤＯＭ）不能影响血清促性腺激素（ＧＴＨ）水平,也不能诱导排卵;单独注射类似物ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ,虽能使血清ＧＴＨ水平显著升高,但仅产生较低的排卵率;而当ＤＯＭ与ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ结合注射却显著增强ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ促进血清ＧＴＨ水平升高的作用,并诱导出较高的排卵率。对性成熟的长吻ＬｅｉｏｃａｓｉｓｌｏｎｇｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓＧｕｎｔｈｅｒ野生鱼,使用ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ＋ＤＯＭ作２次注射诱导排卵的效果也与注射ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ加脑垂体这一传统诱导排卵方法相似。Ｌｉｎｐｅ方法（ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ＋ＤＯＭ,作１次或２次注射）避免了采集、保存脑垂体不便给生产带来的麻烦,在科鱼类的人工繁殖中,具有较高的推广价值。     

Stimulatory effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on expression of gonadotropin subunit genes and release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in masu salmon pituitary cells early in gametogenesis

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been shown to be involved in pubertal activation of gonadotropin (GTH) secretion. The aim of this study was to determine if IGF-I directly stimulates synthesis and release of GTH at an early stage of gametogenesis. The effects of IGF-I on expression of genes encoding glycoprotein alpha (GPalpha), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta, and luteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunits and release of FSH and LH were examined using primary pituitary cells of masu salmon at three reproductive stages: early gametogenesis, maturing stage, and spawning. IGF-I alone or IGF-I + salmon GnRH (sGnRH) were added to the primary pituitary cell cultures. Amounts of GPalpha, FSHbeta, and LHbeta mRNAs were determined by real-time PCR. Plasma and medium levels of FSH and LH were determined by RIA. In males, IGF-I increased the amounts of all three subunit mRNAs early in gametogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, but not in the later stages. In females, IGF-I stimulated release of FSH and LH early in gametogenesis, whereas no stimulatory effects on the subunit mRNA levels were observed at any stage. IGF-I + sGnRH stimulated release of FSH and LH at all stages in both sexes, but had different effects on the subunit mRNA levels depending on subunit and stage. The present results suggest that IGF-I itself directly stimulates synthesis and release of GTH early in gametogenesis in masu salmon, possibly acting as a metabolic signal that triggers the onset of puberty.     

多马胺能药物对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH）分泌活动的影响

以珠江流域鲇鱼（silurus asotus)为实验材料,研究了多巴胺（DA）能药物（DA及其D－2型受体拮抗物 ,DOM）对鲇鱼促性腺激素（GtH)释放的影响,结果表明,在性腺发育的各个时期,单独注射DOM（5ug/g)均不能显著提高鲇鱼血液基础GtH水平,当DOM与LHRH－A联合注射时能显著增强LHRH－A刺激GtH释放的作用;DA只能抑制GnRH诱导的GtH释放,对基础GtH释放无抑制作用,这种生殖内分泌调节方式与鲇形目的革胡子鲇（Clarias gariepinus)和大鳍Hu（Mystus macropterus)相似,而与鲤形目的鲁科（Cyrpindiae)鱼类不同。     

Testosterone and estradiol potentiate the serum gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in goldfish

The effects of gonadal steroids on gonadosomatic index (GSI; gonad wt/total body wt x 100), pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) content, and serum GTH response to [D-Ala6,Pro9-Net]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-A) were investigated throughout the seasonal reproductive cycle of the goldfish. Gonad-intact female fish were implanted i.p. for 5 days with silastic pellets containing no steroid (blank), testosterone (T; 100 micrograms/g), or estradiol (E2; 100 micrograms/g). The serum GTH response at 6 h following i.p. injection of saline or 0.1 microgram/g LHRH-A was assessed. In blank-implanted, saline-injected animals, seasonal variations in GSI, pituitary GTH content, and serum GTH levels were evident; maximal and minimal levels were noted in the spring and summer months, respectively. In blank-implanted fish, LHRH-A effectively stimulated GTH release in females undergoing gonadal recrudescence (late autumn and winter) and in sexually mature (spring) females, but not in sexually regressed (summer and early autumn) females. Implantation of T or E2 raised serum steroid levels to those found during ovulation in goldfish. Steroid treatments did not affect unstimulated serum GTH levels at any time of the year. Testosterone effectively potentiated the serum GTH response to LHRH-A during the entire reproductive cycle, whereas the positive effects of E2 were evident in sexually regressed and post-spawning females only. Both T and E2 potentiated the GTH response to LHRH-A in male fish. To examine the involvement of T aromatization in mediating its actions on induced GTH secretion, male and female fish were implanted with T or the nonaromatizable androgens 5 alpha-dihydroxytestosterone (DHT; 100 micrograms/g) and 11-keto-testosterone (11-KT; 250 micrograms/animal). Testosterone potentiated the GTH response to LHRH-A in both males and females whereas DHT and 11-KT were without effect. Furthermore, the positive action of T on induced GTH secretion was blocked by 2-day pretreatment with the aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6-androstatrien-3,17-dione (100 or 300 micrograms/g). Multiple i.p. injections of hCG (0.2 microgram/g every 3 days for 39 days), probably through stimulation of endogenous T secretion, resulted in potentiation of the GTH response to LHRH-A in mature male goldfish. These results clearly demonstrate that T, through aromatization to E2, can increase pituitary responsiveness to exogenous LHRH-A in gonad-intact male and female goldfish.     

Homologous desensitization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the goldfish pituitary: effects of native GnRH peptides and a synthetic GnRH antagonist.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates release of gonadotropin hormone (GTH) through interaction with high affinity receptors in the goldfish pituitary. In the present study, we investigated desensitization of two native GnRH peptides, [Trp7, Leu8]-GnRH (sGnRH) and [His5, Trp7, Tyr8]-GnRH (cGnRH-II), using superfused fragments of goldfish pituitary in vitro. Pulsatile treatment with either sGnRH or cGnRH-II (2-min pulses given every 60 min) resulted in dose-dependent secretion of GTH from the goldfish pituitary; cGnRH-II had a greater GTH release potency and displayed a greater receptor binding affinity than sGnRH. Both sGnRH and cGnRH-II-induced GTH release were partially inhibited by concomitant treatment with either [D-Phe2, Pro3, D-Phe6]-GnRH or [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3.6]-GnRH. These antagonists had greater receptor binding affinities than the native peptides, with no stimulatory action on GTH release in the absence of the GnRH agonists. Continuous treatment with either sGnRH or cGnRH-II (10(-7) M), rapidly desensitized pituitary GTH release in a biphasic fashion; initially there was a rapid increase in GTH release of approximately 10-20-fold (phase 1), followed by a sharp decline in GTH release, reaching a stable concentration 2-3-fold above the basal level (phase 2). Further stimulation of the pituitaries with sGnRH or cGnRH-II (10(-7) M) (second treatment) after 60 min recovery resulted in a significantly lower sGnRH or cGnRH-II-induced GTH release compared to that observed during the initial treatment period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Regulation of gonadotropin beta subunit gene expression by testosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormones in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

Sex steroids differentially regulate gonadotropin (GTH) beta subunits (FSHbeta and LHbeta) gene expression in the pituitary of goldfish: a strong in vivo inhibitory effect on FSHbeta mRNA production, but a weak stimulatory effect on LHbeta in sexually immature and recrudescent fish. In the present study, to examine a direct effect of testosterone (T) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the mRNA levels of FSHbeta and LHbeta subunits in the pituitary, in vitro experiments were performed using dispersed pituitary cells of sexually immature, recrudescent, mature and regressed goldfish. T treatment in vitro did not significantly decrease FSHbeta mRNA levels, but increased that of LHbeta only in the cells of immature fish. Salmon-type GnRH increased FSHbeta mRNA levels in cells of mature fish, but decreased the levels in cells of sexually regressed fish. From these results, it was suggested that: (1) in vivo effect of sex steroids on gene expression of GTH beta subunits is not always exerted on the pituitary; and (2) the different responses of GTH beta subunits by sex steroids between in vivo and in vitro are partly due to a complex pathway through hypothalamic factors, such as GnRH, in the case of in vivo.     

Catecholamines and pituitary-function. V. Effect of low-dose dopamine infusion on basal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulated gonadotropin release in normal cycling women and patients with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea

To verify the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the control of gonadotropin secretion in normal and hyperprolactinemic women, we examined the gonadotropin response to GnRH (100 micrograms i.v.) administration in both basal conditions and during low-dose dopamine (DA, 0.1 microgram/kg/min) infusion. Hyperprolactinemic women, either with microadenoma or without radiological signs of pituitary tumor, showed significantly enhanced LH and FSH responses to GnRH in comparison with normal cycling women. 0.1 microgram/kg/min DA infusion did not result in any appreciable suppression of serum gonadotropin levels but significantly reduced the LH and FSH responses to GnRH in both normal and amenorrheic hyperprolactinemic women. Although both LH and FSH levels remained higher in hyperprolactinemic patients than in normal women after GnRH, the gonadotroph's sensitivity to DA inhibition was normal in the hyperprolactinemic group, as both control subjects and patients with hyperprolactinemic showed similar per cent suppression of GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin release during DA. These data confirm that hypothalamic DA modulates the gonadotroph's responsiveness to GnRH. The increased LH and FSH responses to GnRH in hyperprolactinemic patients and their reduction during low-dose DA infusion seem to indicate that endogenous DA inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin release is reduced rather than enhanced in women with pathological hyperprolactinemia.     

Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist on gonadotropin levels in Masu salmon and Sockeye salmon

The salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) is considered to be involved in gonadal maturation via gonadotropin (GTH) secretion in salmonid fishes. However, there is no direct evidence for endogenous sGnRH-stimulated GTH secretion in salmonids. In this study, to clarify whether endogenous sGnRH stimulates GTH secretion, we examined the effects of the mammalian GnRH (mGnRH) antagonist [Ac-Delta(3)-Pro(1), 4FD-Phe(2), D-Trp(3,6)]-mGnRH on luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in 0-year-old masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. First, the effects of the GnRH antagonist on LH release were examined in 0-year-old precocious male masu salmon. GnRH antagonist treatment for 3 hr significantly inhibited an increase in plasma LH levels that was artificially induced by exogenous sGnRH administration, indicating that the GnRH antagonist is effective in inhibiting LH release from the pituitary. Subsequently, we examined the effect of the GnRH antagonist on LH synthesis in 0-year-old immature sockeye salmon that were pretreated with exogenous testosterone for 42 days to increase the pituitary LH contents; the testosterone treatment did not affect the plasma LH levels. GnRH antagonist treatment slightly but significantly inhibited an increase in the testosterone-stimulated pituitary LH content levels. However, no significant differences in the plasma LH levels were observed between the GnRH antagonist-treated and control groups. These results suggest that endogenous sGnRH is involved in LH secretion in salmonid fishes.