生石灰、巴豆、茶粕清塘比较试验（附石灰带水清塘法）

我国池塘养鱼专业有着悠久的历史,饲养的种类有鲩（草鱼）,青,鲢,鳙,鲤,鳊,鲮等,通常称为“家鱼”,而生长在池塘里的其他鱼类如刺鳅（Mastacembelus aeuleatus),黄鳝（Monopterus albus),鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica),鲫（Carassius auratus),     

桐粮间作林带的配置方式与农作物产量关系的研究

以桐粮间作为例,研究了林带的不同配置结构、林带冠覆盖率及小麦产量之间的关系。结果表明,林带距（Ｘｄ）、小麦相对产量（Ｙ）及间作年（Ａ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝９０．３２９０－１．９９８２Ａ＋１．１９２４Ｘｄ－０．３３４９Ａ＾２＋０．２９１０ＡＸｄ－０．００３２ＡＸｄ＾２;林带冠覆盖率（Ｘｃ）与小麦相对产量（Ｙ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝－０．０４６Ｘｃ＾２＋１．１５３９Ｘｃ＋９８．１７３（Ｘｃ≤２８％）,Ｙ＝ｅ     

草鱼垂体生长激素分离纯化及其抗体制备的研究

应用碱性抽提,亲和层析,凝胶过滤和离子交换层析等技术从草鱼垂体中分离提纯出纯度高的草鱼生长激素（ｇｃＧＨ）用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测表明草鱼ＧＨ与大马哈鱼ＧＨ抗血清具有明显的免疫交叉反应,而与大马哈鱼催乳素（ＰＲＬ）抗血清没有交叉反应,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明草鱼ＧＨ为单一蛋白带,其分子量约为２２５００道尔顿,等电聚焦揭示出草鱼ＧＨ主要由等电点为４．７和５．０的两条蛋白带组成,用纯化的草     

主养青鱼高产池塘的初级生产力及其能量转化为鲢、鳙产量的效率

本文论述了主养青鱼高产池塘浮游植物初级生产力的测定结果,揭示了其垂直、季节变化及其与主要生态因子、鱼产量水平、鲢、鳙鱼产量的关系,分析了D/B、P_G/R_W、N/P的作用。研究查明:1米以上水柱的光合产氧量占水柱总产氧量的90％以上。水柱日毛产氧量变动在5.00—17.04克氧/平方米·日之间,水柱年产氧量达2063—2814克氧/平方米·年。初级生产量全年只有一个高峰,常出现在7—8月。主养青鱼型年净产鱼量7500、11250、15000公斤/公顷级池塘的浮游植物鲜重净产量分别为100 674.4、118 560、128 197.6公斤/公顷·年,青鱼、草鱼并重型年净产鱼量15000公斤/公顷级池塘的浮游植物鲜重净产量为137 323.2公斤/公顷·年。 4—11月,毛初级生产力对太阳辐射能的利用率为0.81—1.11％;鲢、鳙产量对浮游植物净产量的直接利用率为3.49—5.13％;太阳能转移为鱼产量的生态学效率为0.028—0.055％。     

几种氨基酸─铜（Ⅱ）配合物的超氧化物歧化酶活性

用四氮唑蓝光化学还原法对所合成的ＫＣｕ（ＩＤＡ）（Ｓｅｒ）·２Ｈ２Ｏ、ＫＣｕ（ＩＤＡ）（Ａｌａ）·Ｈ２Ｏ、Ｃｕ（ＩＤＡ）（ｅｎ）、ＫＣｕ（ＩＤＡ）（Ｇｌｙ）·Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｃｕ（ＩＤＡ）·２Ｈ２Ｏ（ＩＤＡ＝Ｎ（羧基甲基）－甘氨酸,Ｓｅｒ＝丝氨酸,Ａｌａ＝丙氨酸,ｅｎ＝乙二胺,Ｇｌｙ＝甘氨酸）等５种氨基酸─铜（Ⅱ）配合物进行了活性测定,发现它们均具有天然超氧化物歧化酶活性,其活性依次为０．３４、０．４５、０．５０、０．５４、０．７２Ｃｕμｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。     

表皮生长因子对肺泡巨噬细胞趋化性的调控

采用测定趋化性的方法,观察了表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）和纤维连接蛋白（ＦＮ）对肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ）趋化运动的影响。结果显示,ＥＧＦ能抑制ＡＭ的趋化性,量效关系显著（ｒ＝－０．９９１０,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＥＧＦ本身对ＡＭ并不表现趋化吸引作用。ＦＮ亦能抑制ＡＭ的趋化性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＥＧＦ和ＦＮ两者协同作用时,对ＡＭ趋化性的抑制程度大于各自的单独作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验证明ＥＧＦ具有调节ＡＭ趋化运动的非促丝裂功能。提示肺内的细胞因子ＥＧＦ和细胞外基质成分ＦＮ参与肺部炎症及免疫反应的调控。     

大鼠耐力运动后血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ与尿蛋白组分排泄的相关性研究

本实验测定了大鼠长时间游泳后即刻及恢复中尿中总蛋白（ＴＰ）、白蛋白（Ａｌｂ）、β微球蛋白（β＿２－ｍＧ）排泄率及血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）活性,分析了ＡⅡ与尿蛋白组分排泄率的相关性。结果表明：ＡⅡ活性与Ａｌｂ排泄率相关性较高（ｒ＝０．６６,Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＡⅡ活性与ＴＰ、β＿２－ｍＧ排泄率相关性较低（ｒ＝０．４２,Ｐ＞０．０５;ｒ＝０．３４,Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示ＡⅡ活性在运动后尿蛋白产生机制中与大分子量的Ａｌｂ排泄有较直接关系,而与ＴＰ及小分子量的β＿２－ｍＧ排泄无明显直接关系。     

包容生态因子的广义Logistic模型

以Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型为代表的种群（ｘ）生长模型,仅依赖于时间（ｔ）,Ｘ＝ｆ（ｔ）,它是表达某一环境下生物过程的数学模型,其增长率参数（μ）为常数。本文发展了一种包含生态因子的广义Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型,Ｘ＝ｆ（Ｐ,ｔ）,ｐ表示生态因子,认为增长率是与生态因子有关的参数：μ＝μ０ｆ（ｐ）,该模型可以概括在不同环境下种群增长的重复试验,使用作物分期播种资料,建立了水稻干物质积累过程与生育阶段（时间）、播种期、太阳辐射、温度之间的关系,结果表明：该模型可以解释干物重变异的９６．９％。     

鱼类培养细胞干扰素的诱导

对紫外线灭活的草鱼出血病病毒（ＧＣＨＶ）－Ｆ９株,在几种鲤科鱼类培养细胞中诱导产生干扰素的能力及影响干扰素产量的各因素进行了研究。纯化的ＧＣＨＶ在紫外线照射５分丧失感染性,但获得了在ＣＡＢ等５种鲤科鱼类培养细胞中高铲诱导产生干扰素的能力。干扰素的诱导需要病毒高复数感染细胞。干扰素主要在诱导后１４小时时内产生。培养上清中的新生牛血清对干扰素的产量有抑制作用。而在ＰＨ６．２－７．８范围内对干扰素产量无     

鳜鱼的耗氧率及其池塘养殖

本文较详细地报道了鳜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,并对鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼同池饲养的可能性进行了探讨。结果表明,鳜鱼耗氧量和体重正相关（ｒ＝０．９９）,耗氧率与体重反相关（ｒ＝－０．９７）;在水温２０℃,鱼种耗氧率约为０．１４ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．,成鱼约为０．１２ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．;耗氧量和耗氧率均与水温正相关（ｒ＝０．９０,ｒ＝０．９４）,水温１３—３０℃时,体重２３０±１１．７ｇ的鳜鱼。耗氧量为１４．３１—４２．１３ｍｇ／尾。ｈ．,耗氧率为０．０５９—０．１７５ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．;鳜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化与家鱼相反,黄昏至凌晨是高峰期,为０．１２—０．１５ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ．（Ｔ＝２０℃）,白天是低谷期,为０．０７—０．１０ｍｇ／ｇ．ｈ;;鳜鱼的窒息点与家鱼类较接近,变化范围为０．４５—０．７６ｍｇ／Ｌ;鳜鱼和作其饲料的鱼在同一池塘中饲养,既可持续不断地提供鳜鱼充足的适口饵料,又简单易行,成本低,效益高,有较大的价值。     

广西鲮鱼的生物学及其养殖

本文对鲮鱼的食性、年龄、生长和繁殖进行了研究,并对渔业生产提出了建议。鲮鱼以浮游植物为主要食料。在水温14.6—29.4℃时食欲旺盛。当水中溶氧量0.24—0.65毫克/升时,绝大部分个体停止摄食,而溶氧量在0.99毫克/升以上时,摄食强度很大。见到的最大个体:雌鱼体长595毫米,体重4,100克,10龄;雄鱼体长580毫米,体重3,850克,9龄。鲮鱼能在大王滩水库中自然繁殖。鲮鱼人工繁殖季节以5月初至6月中旬较适宜;催产时水温以22—29℃为好,注射催产剂的效应时间一般为4.5—6小时。见到的性成熟最小个体:郁江鲮鱼雌体长273毫米,体重525克,雄体长275毫米,体重415克;池养鲮鱼雌体长247毫米,体重366克,雄体长235毫米,体重291克。根据群众经验,一般池塘中鲮鱼每亩放养1,000尾,鲮与鲢的放养比例以3∶1较好,以鲮鱼为主体的池塘则每亩放养1,500—2,000尾较好。       

Performance of different fish species for controlling weeds in rainfed lowland rice field

A field experiment was conducted during wet season to evaluate the performance of different fish species for biocontrol of weeds in rainfed waterlogged rice fields with fingerlings of three exotic carps – grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes), silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes) and common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes) – and three Indian major carps – rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes), catla, Catla catla (Ham.) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes), mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes). A total of 13 major weeds under the categories of grassy, sedges, broadleaf and aquatic weeds were observed in the rice fields. Grass carp reduced maximum weed biomass (weed control efficiency [WCE] 63% at 60 days after transplanting [DAT] and 62% at 100 DAT) followed by silver barb and common carp. Among the Indian carps, only rohu was effective in control of weeds (WCE, 23% at 60 DAT). The grain yield of rice (variety Varshadhan) slightly increased (4.2–4.5 t/ha), but straw yield was significantly higher (10.2–10.7 t/ha) under rice-fish farming. Fish yield was significantly higher in exotic carps (270–288 kg/ha/90days) due to higher specific growth rates (1.8–2% body weight/day). The study indicated that exotic carps (grass carp, silver barb and common carp in order) were more effective than Indian carps for control of weed in rainfed lowland rice fields and among the Indian carps, rohu showed potential for weed control.     

Structural conservation and food habit-related liver expression of uncoupling protein 2 gene in five major Chinese carps

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be 149.4 +/- 15.6 (common carp), 127.4 +/- 22.1(mud carp), 96.7 +/- 12.7 (silver carp), 94.1 +/- 26.8 (bighead carp) and 63.7 +/- 16.2 (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detritus-eating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorous fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.     

几种鲤鲫鳞片色素细胞和体色发生的观察

通过普通鲫、红鲫、水晶彩鲫、普通鲤、蓝鲤、荷包红鲤和锦鲤的不同色彩鳞片色素细胞和体色发生过程观察,确定组成鳞片的色素细胞有4种:红色素、黄色素、黑色素和鸟粪素细胞,分布在鳞片的上层和下层,由于组合不同、大小不同和形状不同,就形成了多种多样的不同体色。本研究描述了不同品种鲤、鲫鱼从出苗到体色形成的发生过程,总结和归纳了不同时期体色变化的异同点,以期为鱼类的体色研究提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of production performance in carp polyculture with different stocking densities and species combinations

Experiments were conducted in eight ponds of 0.08 ha each for a period of 6 months to evaluate the production performance combinations of Indian major carps and exotic carps at varied stocking densities and species. The four different treatments evaluated were stocking densities of 5000 and 10 000 fingerlings/ha with three Indian major carps (catla, rohu, mrigal) and combination of three Indian major carps with three exotic carp species (silver carp, grass carp and common carp) in replicate ponds. The mean net production levels recorded in different treatments were 1791 kg/ha, 2385 kg/ha, 2532 kg/ha and 3472 kg/ha in 6 months in treatments with three species combinations at 5000/ha, six species at 5000/ha, three species at 10 000/ha and six species at 10 000/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, the mean growth, survival and feed conversion ratios recorded in four treatments were 432 g, 84.7% and 1.49; 567 g, 86.2% and 1.47; 318 g, 82.1% and 1.69; and 444 g, 80.4% and 1.67, respectively.     

鲮鱼的微卫星位点筛选和群体遗传多样性初步分析

利用鲤科鱼类微卫星引物在鲮鱼中进行扩增,结果在24对引物中,13对引物能成功扩增,且在鲮鱼中的扩增产物表现稳定,其中11对有较高多态性,等位基因数在2—7个之间,扩增的条带符合孟德尔遗传规律。随后利用筛选的微卫星座位对鲮鱼野生和养殖群体遗传多样性进行了初步分析。分析结果显示鲮鱼野生群体的平均等位基因数5.2个;观测杂合度在0.25与0.8之间,平均观测杂合度(Ho)是0.61±0.2 ,平均期望杂合度(He)是0.8±0.09 ;群体座位平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.72±0.1。相比之下,养殖群体的平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)都低于野生群体,分别是0.59±0.2、0.75±0.1。两群体间的遗传相似度为0.7774、遗传距离为0.2518。研究表明用其他鱼类分离出的微卫星引物可以快速筛选到适用于鲮鱼遗传分析的微卫星座位。     

长江中游不同江段四大家鱼幼鱼孵化日期和早期生长的比较研究

2008年和2009年从东洞庭湖区和长江、监利、鄂州和武穴江段采集青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus (178尾)、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella (341尾)、鳙Aristichthys nobili (6尾)和鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (390尾)幼鱼, 通过耳石日轮分析确定2008年和2009年这些幼鱼的孵化日期分别为5月16日至8月20日和5月14日至8月9日。与三峡建坝前相比, 四大家鱼的繁殖时间明显推迟。洞庭湖和监利江段幼鱼在仔鱼阶段形成的耳石日轮宽度较鄂州和武穴江段幼鱼同期形成的日轮宽度窄, 表明前者仔鱼阶段的生长速度小于后者, 这可能是前者离三峡大坝距离较近、受大坝影响更加显著造成的。三峡大坝下泄水温较低、营养物质较少是影响坝下四大家鱼繁殖和早期生长的重要因素。繁殖季节推迟和早期生长速度下降可能导致坝下四大家鱼早期生活史阶段死亡率增大, 从而影响其资源补充和种群数量变动。       

老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库研究

扼要介绍了老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库的结构,并根据老江河故道水域生态系统的结构和功能特点,提出了四大家鱼的放养量应在重视种质质量的基础上,合理调控其放养结构和密度,此外文中还就保护和合理利用长江四大家鱼种质资源的有效途径以及维持老江河四大家鱼天然资源库健康运行的关键进行了分析探讨。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Russian common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) breeds inferred from RAPD markers

Polymorphic components of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. genome were examined by means of polymerase chain reaction with random primers (RAPD-PCR). Using four primers, genetic diversity estimates were obtained for 12 populations and seven strains of Russian common carp breeds, as well as for European Hungarian common carp and Amur wild common carp (N = 87). The highest number of polymorphic loci was revealed in Angelinskii common carp, as well as in the samples of Altai common carp and Amur wild common carp (P = 23.8-18.7%), while the lowest number of polymorphic loci was in the BB strain of Ropsha common carp. The index of genetic diversity, H, was high (11%) in Amur wild common carp, as well as in Altai and Angelinskii common carps. In the remaining breeds, the value of this index varied from 4 to 8%. Based on summarized RAPD profile (132 bands), a dendrogram of genetic differences was constructed. In this dendrogram, all breeds examined grouped into two clusters. One of the clusters was formed by Hungarian and Angelinskii common carps, and the three samples of Altai common carp. The second cluster was formed by the group consisting of the representatives of Cherepetskskii, Stavropol, and Ropsha common carps, along with the differing from them Amur wild common carp. The observed differentiation was confirmed by the analysis of the polymorphic markers variance by the method of principle components. Evolutionary history and the reasons for genetic differentiation of Russian common carp breeds are discussed.     

传统稻鱼系统中“田鲤鱼”的形态特征

稻田养鱼是一种重要的传统农业系统,养殖在稻田中的鲤鱼,在长期的自然选择和人工选择下逐渐形成了适应于稻田浅水环境的“田鲤鱼”.本研究以具有千年历史的全球重要农业文化遗产系统“青田稻鱼共生系统”和“从江稻鱼鸭系统”的青田田鱼和从江田鱼为范例,通过采样对两种“田鲤鱼”进行传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析;采用线粒体基因构建系统发育树;通过数据库数据提取和采样测量对两种“田鲤鱼”和其他常见鲤鱼种群或品系进行传统形态学聚类分析.传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在形态上存在差异,与青田田鱼相比,从江田鱼尾部长而窄,体型较细长,尾部长度占身体长度比例小.对这两种田鱼及养殖于其他水体的其他鲤鱼种群进行系统发育树分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传上是独立的种群;但形态聚类分析表明,这两种田鱼归为一类,明显不同于其他鲤鱼种群或品系,与其他鲤鱼种群的差异主要表现在背鳍和尾鳍上.这些研究结果说明,长期生活在稻田环境的青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传和形态上均明显不同于其他水体养殖鲤鱼种群,且青田田鱼和从江田鱼之间形态上存在差异.