花生微卫星标记的研究进展

近年来花生微卫星标记的开发取得了一定的进展,初步揭示了花生在DNA水平上的遗传多样性。花生微卫星标记的开发途径主要包括通过构建小片段基因组文库开发基因组SSR标记,根据花生EST序列开发EST-SSR标记,根据豆科植物序列信息和SSR标记开发花生SSR标记,将SSR标记与其它分子标记结合开发新的DNA标记,以及基于SSR核心序列开发ISSR标记。花生微卫星标记主要应用于遗传多样性研究、遗传图谱与品种指纹图谱构建以及分子标记辅助育种等领域。本文综述了花生SSR标记开发研究的进展及应用。     

花生微卫星标记的研究进展

近年来花生微卫星标记的开发取得了一定的进展, 初步揭示了花生在DNA水平上的遗传多样性。花生微卫星标记的开发途径主要包括通过构建小片段基因组文库开发基因组SSR标记, 根据花生EST序列开发EST-SSR标记, 根据豆科植物序 列信息和SSR标记开发花生SSR标记, 将SSR标记与其它分子标记结合开发新的DNA标记, 以及基于SSR核心序列开发ISSR标记。花生微卫星标记主要应用于遗传多样性研究、遗传图谱与品种指纹图谱构建以及分子标记辅助育种等领域。本文综述了花生SSR标记开发研究的进展及应用。     

EST-SSR及其在植物基因组学研究中的应用

数量迅速增加的表达序列标签已经成为开发分子标记的重要资源。EST—SSR是基于表达序列标签开发微卫星的一种新型分子标记,与基因组SSR相比,EST-SSR具有在植物物种之间可转移性的优点。目前,EST—SSR被广泛应用于植物基因组学研究如遗传图谱构建、比较作图、遗传多样性评价、种质鉴定、系统发育与进化研究等方面。该文介绍了EST—SSR原理、引物开发、实验方法,并对其物种间通用性以及其在植物基因组研究中的应用进行了评述。     

禾本科植物EST的研究进展

禾本科作物与人类密切相关,对其分子水平上的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。EST技术的产生和不断完善为禾本科植物的研究带来了新的思路,迅速推动禾本科植物研究工作的进行。本文综述了EST技术在禾本科植物研究中的应用,包括EST分子标记、构建遗传学图谱、比较基因组学、发现与克隆新基因、基因表达研究以及DNA芯片技术等,并对EST在禾本科植物研究中存在的问题及应用前景进行了分析。     

植物表达序列标签(EST)标记及其应用研究进展

简要介绍了植物表达序列标签(EST)标记的研究现状,并对几种植物中利用EST建立分子标记的几种策略和EST标记在绘制遗传图谱、资源分析、品种鉴定及比较基因组学研究方面的应用等进行了综合评述。     

基于EST数据库进行SNP分子标记开发的研究进展及在猕猴桃属植物中的应用研究

对基于EST数据库开发SNP标记的特点、开发策略等进行了综述,并介绍了在中华猕猴桃复合体(Actinidia chinesis Planch.)中开发EST-SNP的基本思路和初步结果,为后续分子实验验证及其在自然居群中的应用奠定基础,并为其它相关物种的EST-SNP分子标记开发提供借鉴.     

小桐子EST-SSR分子标记的开发与种质遗传多样性分析

小桐子（Jatrophacurcm）适应性强,不择土壤,种子油脂性能适宜生物柴油的生产,是重要的生物柴油植物。基于小桐子种子发育过程中的EST序列,采用生物信息学方法,从4640个EST非冗余序列上鉴别了1009个SSR位点并分析其分布特征;开发了11对多态的EST—SSR分子标记,并利用这些分子标记调查了24个不同地理种源的遗传多样性,从每个位点的等位基因数目（2—3,平均为2．45）、期望杂合度（He为0．0887—0．5128,平均是0．2736）、多态信息含量（PIC为0．0847～0．4031,平均是0．2313）等方面反映了小桐子种质的遗传多样性低。进一步分析显示不同地理种源的遗传关系缺乏明显的地理结构。作者开发的EST—SSR分子标记不仅有助于小桐子种质的遗传多样性研究,也有助于小桐子种质间的遗传关系鉴别。     

EST-SSR标记在蔬菜遗传育种中的应用

EST-SSR标记技术是一种有效的功能分子标记方法,它是从EST序列中开发的SSR标记.该文简单综述了EST-SSR标记技术开发的基本原理、相对于其他分子标记技术的优点以及该分子标记在蔬菜作物遗传育种如遗传图谱构建、种质资源和遗传多样性分析、引物通用性、比较作图和品种鉴定、亲缘关系和物种起源进化方面的应用现状.最后指出了现阶段EST-SSR标记开发过程和应用中存在的几个问题以及应采取的相应措施,并对发展前景进行了展望.     

DNA分子标记技术及其在水产动物遗传上的应用研究

随着DNA分子标记技术的发展,其在动物遗传上发挥了重大作用,使用DNA分子标记可以观察到整个基因组的遗传多样性。目前,在水产养殖种类中使用的遗传标记主要包括线粒体DNA、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、微卫星、SNP和EST标记。DNA分子标记的应用使得人们对水产养殖动物的遗传多样性、近亲繁殖、种类和品系鉴定以及遗传连锁图谱建立的研究都取得了很大进展,也加快了数量性状位点(QTL)基因的鉴定作为分子标记辅助选择(MAS)的研究。将这些标记技术在水产动物上的应用进行了论述,以及如何从人类基因组工程和斑马鱼这种模式鱼的研究中得到启发,更好的应用于水产动物基因组学和遗传学研究做一讨论。     

绵羊皮肤源EST-SSR标记的功能注释及染色体电子定位

为了深入研究绵羊皮肤源EST-SSR分子标记的潜在基因功能,文章采用比较基因组学和生物信息学方法对本实验室前期开发的9个绵羊皮肤源EST-SSR多态位点原始EST进行了功能注释和电子定位。研究结果表明,6个位点的原始EST与已知基因高度同源,其中3个基因可能对毛性状具有重要调控作用。通过与牛全基因组cDNA文库的比对,将8个位点初步定位于牛染色体上,并基于牛、绵羊已定位的共用标记计算了染色体间相似系数,分析构建了牛羊染色体NJ聚类图,以此为参考最终将绵羊皮肤源EST-SSR标记电子定位于绵羊染色体上。研究结果不仅可为后期标记的连锁定位及毛性状关键基因的电子克隆提供参考,同时有助于动物染色体的进化研究。     

Level of genetic differentiation affects relative performances of expressed sequence tag and genomic SSRs

Microsatellites, also called simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are markers of choice to estimate relevant parameters for conservation genetics, such as migration rates, effective population size and kinship. Cross‐amplification of SSRs is the simplest way to obtain sets of markers, and highly conserved SSRs have recently been developed from expressed sequence tags (EST) to improve SSR cross‐species utility. As EST‐SSRs are located in coding regions, the higher stability of their flanking regions reduces the frequency of null alleles and improves cross‐species amplification. However, EST‐SSRs have generally less allelic variability than genomic SSRs, potentially leading to differences in estimates of population genetic parameters such as genetic differentiation. To assess the potential of EST‐SSRs in studies of within‐species genetic diversity, we compared the relative performance of EST‐ and genomic SSRs following a multispecies approach on passerine birds. We tested whether patterns and levels of genetic diversity within and between populations assessed from EST‐ and from genomic SSRs are congruent, and we investigated how the relative efficiency of EST‐ and genomic SSRs is influenced by levels of differentiation. EST‐ and genomic SSRs ensured comparable inferences of population genetic structure in cases of strong genetic differentiation, and genomic SSRs performed slightly better than EST‐SSRs when differentiation is moderate. However and interestingly, EST‐SSRs had a higher power to detect weak genetic structure compared to genomic SSRs. Our study attests that EST‐SSRs may be valuable molecular markers for conservation genetic studies in taxa such as birds, where the development of genomic SSRs is impeded by their low frequency.     

基于表达序列标签的微卫星标记(EST-SSRs)研究进展

作为一种新型分子标记,EST-SSR来自表达基因,因而除具备传统基因组来源的SSR标记所有优势外,可能与基因功能表达具有直接或间接关系,从而强化了SSR标记在遗传研究中的应用.本文综述了近几年来EST-SSR用于遗传图谱构建、基因定位、比较基因组学及重要基因筛选和发掘等方面的研究.     

SSCP-SNP-based conserved ortholog set (COS) markers for comparative genomics in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz)

The ever increasing body of information on genomics and functional genomics from model plants, and new tools of comparative genomics, provide an opportunity to accelerate the development of molecular markers for increasing the efficiency of breeding of lesser studied crops, so-called “orphan crops.” Conserved ortholog set (COS) markers represent orthologous genes in widely divergent plant species, and are currently the principal tool of choice for comparative genomics. EST sequences of 3 drought tolerance related genes—chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DHRF) and drought responsive element binding factor 1 (DREB-1) fromMusa sp—were used to identify cassava EST homologs that were then scanned against the Arabidopsis genome database to identify them as COS markers. The CHS and DHRF ESTs were demonstrated to be COS markers, while the DREB EST was shown to belong to a gene family. The three genes were evaluated as single strand conformation polymorphism—single nucleotide polymorphism (SSCP-SNP) markers in the parents of an F1 mapping population and subsequently in the progenies. The DHRF COS marker mapped to linkage group R of the female-derived map while the DREB-1 EST mapped at an end of the male-derived linkage group K. The CHS COS marker could not be mapped because it was not polymorphic in the parents of the mapping population. These new marker tools should accelerate the development of markers associated with genes controlling traits of agronomic interest via the candidate gene loci (CGL) QTL-mapping approach.     

A review of catfish genomics: progress and perspectives

Catfish is one of the lower teleosts whose genome research is important for evolutionary genomics. As the major aquaculture species in the USA, its genome research also has practical and economical implications. Much progress has been made in recent years, including the development of large numbers of molecular markers, the construction of framework genetic linkage maps, the identification of putative markers involved in performance traits, and the development of genomic resources. Repetitive elements have been identified and characterized in the catfish genome that should facilitate physical analysis of the catfish genome. A large number of genes or full-length cDNAs have been analysed using genomic approaches, providing information on gene structure, gene evolution and gene expression in relation to functions. Catfish genome research has come to a stage when physical mapping through BAC contig construction is greatly demanded, in order to develop regional markers for QTL analysis and for large-scale comparative mapping. The current effort in large-scale EST analysis and type I marker mapping should further enhance research efficiency through comparative mapping. Candidate gene identification is being accelerated through the use of cDNA microarrays.     

Mining and characterization of EST derived microsatellites in Curcuma longa L

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (Family: Zingiberaceae) is a perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plant often used as a spice since time immemorial. Turmeric plants are also widely known for its medicinal applications. Recently EST-derived SSRs (Simple sequence repeats) are a free by-product of the currently expanding EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) databases. SSRs have been widely applied as molecular markers in genetic studies. Development of high throughput method for detection of SSRs has given a new dimension in their use as molecular markers. A software tool SciRoKo was used to mine class I SSR in Curcuma EST database comprising 12953 sequences. A total of 568 non-redundant SSR loci were detected with an average of one SSR per 14.73 Kb of EST. Furthermore, trinucleotide was found to be the most abundant repeat type among 1-6-nucleotide repeat types. It accounted for 41.19% of the total, followed by the mononucleotide (20.07%) and hexanucleotide repeats (15.14%). Among all the repeat motifs, (A/T)n accounted for the highest proportion followed by (AGG)n. These detected SSRs can be greatly used for designing primers that can be used as markers for constructing saturated genetic maps and conducting comparative genomic studies in different Curcuma species.     

Wheat cytogenetics in the genomics era and its relevance to breeding

Hexaploid wheat is a species that has been subjected to most extensive cytogenetic studies. This has contributed to understanding the mechanism of the evolution of polyploids involving diploidization through genetic restriction of chromosome pairing to only homologous chromosomes. The availability of a variety of aneuploids and the ph mutants (Ph1 and Ph2) in bread wheat also allowed chromosome manipulations leading to the development of alien addition/substitution lines and the introgression of alien chromosome segments into the wheat genome. More recently in the genomics era, molecular tools have been used extensively not only for the construction of molecular maps, but also for identification/isolation of genes/QTLs (including epistatic QTLs, eQTLs and PQLs) for several agronomic traits. It has also been possible to identify gene-rich regions and recombination hot spots in the wheat genome, which are now being subjected to sequencing at the genome level, through development of BAC libraries. In the EST database also, among all plants wheat ESTs are the highest in number, and are only next to those for human, mouse, Ciona intestinalis (a chordate), rat and zebrafish genomes. These ESTs and sequences of several genomic regions have been subjected to a variety of applications including development of perfect markers and establishment of microcollinearity. The technique of in situ hybridization (including FISH, GISH and McFISH) and the development of deletion stocks also facilitated the preparation of physical maps. Molecular markers are also used for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs in several countries. Construction of a wheat DNA chip, which will also become available soon, may further facilitate wheat genomics research. These enormous resources, knowledge base and the fast development of additional molecular tools and high throughput approaches for genotyping will prove extremely useful in future wheat research and will lead to development of improved wheat cultivars.     

A comparative map of interstitial bovine chromosome 5 with human chromosomes 12 and 22

We have constructed a high-density comparative radiation hybrid map of the interstitial region of bovine chromosome 5 (BTA5) using a recently constructed 12,000-rad, whole-genome, cattle-hamster radiation hybrid (WGRH) panel. Sixty-two bovine EST markers were selected which have orthologous sequences on human chromosomes 12 and 22 (HSA12 and HSA22). Sixty markers were included in the multi-point framework map at LOD 3.0. Our comprehensive RH map contains more than twice as many markers (88) than previous generation maps. Because of a higher marker density and increased resolution of the RH(12,000) panel, all markers were placed into a single linkage group based on two-point analysis at a LOD score 6.0. As a result, this new comparative map reveals new blocks of synteny and extensive gene order alterations between species. Breakpoints of synteny are located with high accuracy. Overall, this work reveals widespread chromosomal rearrangements between bovine, human and mouse genomes.