花生微卫星标记的研究进展

近年来花生微卫星标记的开发取得了一定的进展,初步揭示了花生在DNA水平上的遗传多样性。花生微卫星标记的开发途径主要包括通过构建小片段基因组文库开发基因组SSR标记,根据花生EST序列开发EST-SSR标记,根据豆科植物序列信息和SSR标记开发花生SSR标记,将SSR标记与其它分子标记结合开发新的DNA标记,以及基于SSR核心序列开发ISSR标记。花生微卫星标记主要应用于遗传多样性研究、遗传图谱与品种指纹图谱构建以及分子标记辅助育种等领域。本文综述了花生SSR标记开发研究的进展及应用。     

微卫星DNA标记技术及其在植物研究中的应用

微卫星DNA(或简单重复序列,simplesequencerepeats,SSR)是继RFLP、RAPD等分子标记后出现的第二代分子标记技术。随着分子生物学的发展,微卫星标记技术在植物基因组中的应用越来越广泛。由于SSR具有多态性高,呈共显性遗传,遵守孟德尔式分离,在数量上没有生物学的限制,实验操作简单,对样品质量要求不高等特点,因此被广泛用于植物遗传图谱的构建、基因定位、构建指纹图谱、遗传多样性及物种进化与亲缘关系的研究等方面。     

基于PCR的SSR标记分离方法综述

SSR分子标记是目前应用最广泛的第二代共显性分子遗传标记。SSR标记具有物种特异性,要应用该方法需要提前开发相应物种的特异SSR标记,而获得微卫星标记的经典方法是通过构建基因组片段文库和特殊标记SSR探针杂交法获取,这些方法经济成本相对较高且耗时耗力。近年来,该领域的研究中积累了很多研究成果和技术改进,发展起来几种基于PCR简便易操作且节约成本的SSR标记分离方法,例如基于RAPD的微卫星分离方法、基于ISSR抑制PCR扩增法、序列标签微卫星分析法、选择性扩增微卫星分析法以及荧光ISSR-PCR分离微卫星和微卫星扩增文库法等。本文主要对这些方法逐一进行综述,旨在为各个物种SSR标记的开发提供参考。     

微卫星DNA标记开发技术进展及其在经济植物研究中的应用

微卫星分子标记技术被广泛应用于分子生物学研究中,具有多态性高、重复性好、共显性表达、杂合度高等特点,在种群遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建等领域发挥不可替代的作用。近年来,随着新一代高通量测序技术的进一步成熟,简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记的开发技术与应用得到了进一步的发展。现主要对基于高通量测序的微卫星分子标记最新开发技术进行介绍,并从遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建、品种鉴定及分子辅助育种等方面,总结近年来SSR标记技术在经济植物研究中的最新应用,最后对SSR技术的应用前景进行展望,以期为利用微卫星技术进行经济植物研究提供参考。     

ISSR标记技术及其在遗传多样性研究中的应用

ISSR(Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)技术是在PCR中直接使用微卫星序列进行DNA扩增的一种DNA分子标记。章主要介绍了ISSR标记的原理、方法、特点及其在遗传多样性研究中的应用。ISSR标记方法具有无需知道任何靶标序列的微卫星背景信息、遗传多态性高、检测快速等特点,在遗传多样性研究中具有广泛的应用前景。     

大豆SSR技术研究进展

微卫星DNA是重复单位少于6个核苷酸的简单重复序列。在大部分真核细胞的基因组中有着广泛分布,呈孟德尔式遗传。以此为基础发展起来的SSR标记是一种共显性分子标记,遗传多态性丰富。本文着重介绍近年来SSR技术应用在大豆遗传图谱构建、基因研究、品种鉴定和分子标记辅助育种等方面取得的进展,并初步预测该方法在大豆研究中的发展方向。     

大豆SSR技术研究进展

微卫星DNA是重复单位少于 6个核苷酸的简单重复序列。在大部分真核细胞的基因组中有着广泛分布 ,呈孟德尔式遗传。以此为基础发展起来的SSR标记是一种共显性分子标记 ,遗传多态性丰富。本文着重介绍近年来SSR技术应用在大豆遗传图谱构建、基因研究、品种鉴定和分子标记辅助育种等方面取得的进展 ,并初步预测该方法在大豆研究中的发展方向。     

基于磁珠富集法的绣线菊SSR分子标记分离与筛选

微卫星序列（SSR）具有多态性高、共显性遗传等特点,是一种极具价值的分子遗传标记。采用磁珠富集法从高山绣线菊基因组DNA中分离和筛选SSR标记。高山绣线菊基因组经限制性内切酶Mse I酶切后与接头连接,并与生物素标记SSR探针（AC）15和（AG）15杂交,然后通过链霉亲和素磁珠富集、洗脱、PCR扩增、克隆,完成微卫星文库构建。利用载体通用引物和探针序列引物进行PCR扩增,筛选重组克隆并测序,获得112条序列。随机挑选其中60条序列设计的引物,经初期筛选获得多态性引物16对。用所得16对引物对4个居群92个个体的蒙古绣线菊和高山绣线菊进行PCR扩增。统计分析PCR产物的毛细管电泳结果,发现4个居群的平均等位基因数、平均期望杂合度及平均观测杂合度都比较高。64个数据系列（4个居群×16个位点）中的26个显著偏离HardyWeinberg平衡,推测可能由于无效等位基因的存在所引起。分析显示研究开发的16对多态性SSR引物可以用于后续遗传多样性、物种进化与亲缘关系等方面研究,丰富了绣线菊遗传多样性研究的分子标记。     

微卫星DNA标记及其在鱼类遗传多样性研究中的应用

微卫星DNA作为第二代分子遗传标记是高等真核生物基因组中种类多、分布广、具有高度的多态性和杂合度的分子标记,由于其具有多态性检出率高、信息含量大、共显性标记、实验操作简单、结果稳定可靠等优点,已经成为种群遗传学研究中被广泛应用的分子遗传标记。微卫星DNA标记技术在鱼类的群体遗传结构的分析、物种遗传多样性的鉴定以及遗传基因连锁图谱的构建等方面已初步得到应用。该文就微卫星技术的原理方法,在鱼类遗传多样性研究中的应用概况以及应用范围和注意事项等方面进行综述。为微卫星技术在鱼类遗传多样性研究中应用提供了理论参考。     

基于表达序列标签的简单重复序列标记开发策略

作为一种新型分子标记,表达序列标签-简单重复序列(EST-SSR)来自表达基因,因此除具备来源于传统基因组的SSR标记的所有优势外,还与基因功能表达具有直接或间接的关系,从而强化了SSR标记在遗传研究中的应用。我们简要介绍了EST-SSR标记的开发策略、方法及其应用进展,总结了其中存在的一些问题,目的是为今后该领域的研究提供一定的参考。     

Exploiting EST databases for the mining and characterization of short sequence repeat (SSR) markers in Catharanthus roseus L

Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) (Family: Apocyanaceae) is a ornamental plants with great medicinal properties. Although it is represented by seven species, little work has been carried out on its genetic characterization due to non-availability of reliable molecular markers. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been widely applied as molecular markers in genetic studies. With the rapid increase in the deposition of nucleotide sequences in the public databases and advent of bioinformatics tools, it has become a cost effective and fast approach to scan for microsatellite repeats and exploit the possibility of converting it into potential genetic markers. Expressed sequence tags (EST's) from Catharanthus roseus were used for the screening of Class I (hyper variable) simple sequence repeats (SSR's). A total of 502 microsatellite repeats were detected from 21730 EST sequences of turmeric after redundancy elimination. The average density of Class I SSRs account to 1 SSR per 10.21 kb of EST. Mononucleotides was the most abundant class of microsatellite motifs. It accounted for 44.02% of the total, followed by the trinucleotide (26.09%) and dinucleotide repeats (14.34%). Among all the repeat motifs, (A/T)n accounted for the highest Proportion (36.25%) followed by (AAG)n. These detected SSRs can be used to design primers that have functional importance and should also facilitate the analysis of genetic diversity, variability, linkage mapping and evolutionary relationships in plants especially medicinal plants.     

Development and evaluation of microsatellite markers in Phoenix dactylifera L. and their transferability to other Phoenix species

Forty one simple sequence repeats were isolated from two microsatellite enriched libraries of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). After screening, 17 selected microsatellite loci were characterized and evaluated on a set of 31 cultivars and clones from Algerian and Californian germplasm. All primer pairs produced an amplification product of the expected size and detected high polymorphism among the analysed samples. These nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are expected to be a very effective tool for evaluating genetic diversity in date palm germplasm. Acrosstaxa amplification showed the usefulness of most SSR markers in 14 other species across the genus Phoenix.     

Genetic diversity of Eucalyptus hybrids estimated by genomic and EST microsatellite markers

The knowledge of breeding impacts on the genetic diversity of hybrids of Eucalyptus is crucial to the exploration of genetic resources. We estimated genetic polymorphic parameters of 112 hybrids of Eucalyptus spp. using 10 genomic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and 10 expressed sequence tags (EST) microsatellite markers. According to Student’s t-test, there were no significant differences between genomic SSR and EST-SSR markers. Our results also revealed high polymorphism in the hybrids analyzed, indicating that both markers are appropriate for use in genetic breeding programs.     

Identification and characterization of expressed sequence tags‐derived simple sequence repeats markers from robusta coffee variety ‘CxR’ (an interspecific hybrid of Coffea canephora × Coffea congensis)

SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers derived from ESTs (expressed sequence tags), commonly called EST‐SSRs or genic SSRs provide useful genetic markers for crop improvement. These are easy and economical to develop as by‐products of large‐scale EST resources that have become available as part of the functional genomic studies in many plant species. Here, we describe for the first time, nine genic‐SSRs of coffee that are developed from the microsatellite containing ESTs from a cDNA library of moisture‐stressed leaves of coffee variety, ‘CxR’ (a commercial interspecific hybrid between Coffea congensis and Coffea canephora). The markers show considerable allelic diversity with PIC values up to 0.70 and 0.75 for Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, respectively, and robust cross‐species amplification in 16 other related taxa of coffee. The validation studies thus demonstrate the potential utility of the EST‐SSRs for genetic analysis of coffee germplasm.     

Development,Characterization and Cross Species Amplification of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers from Expressed Sequence Tags of Turmeric (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Curcuma longa</Emphasis> L.)

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were used for the screening of type and frequency of Class I (hypervariable) simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A total of 231 microsatellite repeats were detected from 12,593 EST sequences of turmeric after redundancy elimination. The average density of Class I SSRs accounts to one SSR per 17.96 kb of EST. Mononucleotides were the most abundant class of microsatellite repeat in turmeric ESTs followed by trinucleotides. A robust set of 17 polymorphic EST–SSRs were developed and used for evaluating 20 turmeric accessions. The number of alleles detected ranged from 3 to 8 per loci. The developed markers were also evaluated in 13 related species of C. longa confirming high rate (100%) of cross species transferability. The polymorphic microsatellite markers generated from this study could be used for genetic diversity analysis and resolving the taxonomic confusion prevailing in the genus.     

Validation and comparison of microsatellite markers derived from Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) genomic and expressed sequence tags libraries

In this work, we tested 100 potential new microsatellites (SSRs) equally derived from expressed sequence tag (EST) and enriched genomic-DNA libraries from Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup), a valuable cultured flatfish species. A final set of 69 new polymorphic microsatellites were validated after a population analysis, 37 of which corresponded to the first EST library constructed for Senegalese sole (EST-SSR). Although differences were not significant, EST sequences provided a higher proportion of quality markers (74%) than anonymous ones (64%). Most of the rejected anonymous SSRs (17 loci) were discarded because they did not generate PCR products; only one was monomorphic. On the contrary, all EST-SSRs gave PCR products, although monomorphism was more frequent (26%). Altogether, the number of alleles per locus was fairly similar in both SSR types, ranging from 2 to 19. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.105 to 1 and from 0.108 to 0.937, respectively. The main difference between the two sets was the percentage of annotated loci, being higher in EST-SSRs, as expected. Within the EST-SSRs, 46% of them showed flanking regions that significantly matched with EST sequences from other three flatfish species; however, the microsatellite itself was present only on half of these cases. These two new SSR sets constitute a suitable tool for fingerprinting, gene flow, genetic diversity, genome mapping studies and molecular-assisted breeding in this species.     

Development and characterization of microsatellite markers from tropical forage Stylosanthes species and analysis of genetic variability and cross-species transferability

A limited number of functional molecular markers has slowed the desired genetic improvement of Stylosanthes species. Hence, in an attempt to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, genomic libraries from Stylosanthes seabrana B.L. Maass & 't Mannetje (2n=2x=20) using 5' anchored degenerate microsatellite primers were constructed. Of the 76 new microsatellites, 21 functional primer pairs were designed. Because of the small number of primer pairs designed, 428 expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences from seven Stylosanthes species were also examined for SSR detection. Approximately 10% of sequences delivered functional primer pairs, and after redundancy elimination, 57 microsatellite repeats were selected. Tetranucleotides followed by trinucleotides were the major repeated sequences in Stylosanthes ESTs. In total, a robust set of 21 genomic-SSR (gSSR) and 20 EST-SSR (eSSR) markers were developed. These markers were analyzed for intraspecific diversity within 20 S. seabrana accessions and for their cross-species transferability. Mean expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity values with gSSR markers were 0.64 and 0.372, respectively, whereas with eSSR markers these were 0.297 and 0.214, respectively. Dendrograms having moderate bootstrap value (23%-94%) were able to distinguish all accessions of S. seabrana with gSSR markers, whereas eSSR markers showed 100% similarities between few accessions. The set of 21 gSSRs, from S. seabrana, and 20 eSSRs, from selected Stylosanthes species, with their high cross-species transferability (45% with gSSRs, 86% with eSSRs) will facilitate genetic improvement of Stylosanthes species globally.     

Characterization and comparison of microsatellites derived from repeat-enriched libraries and expressed sequence tags

The construction of high-density linkage maps for use in identifying loci underlying important traits requires the development of large numbers of polymorphic genetic markers spanning the entire genome at regularly spaced intervals. As part of our efforts to develop markers for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we performed a comparison of allelic variation between microsatellite markers developed from expressed sequence tag (EST) data and anonymous markers identified from repeat-enriched libraries constructed from genomic DNA. A subset of 70 markers (37 from EST databases and 33 from repeat enriched libraries) was characterized with respect to polymorphism information content (PIC), number of alleles, repeat number, locus duplication within the genome and ability to amplify in other salmonid species. Higher PIC was detected in dinucleotide microsatellites derived from ESTs than anonymous markers (72.7% vs. 54.0%). In contrast, dinucleotide repeat numbers were higher for anonymous microsatellites than for EST derived microsatellites (27.4 vs.18.1). A higher rate of cross-species amplification was observed for EST microsatellites. Approximately half of each marker type was duplicated within the genome. Unlike single-copy markers, amplification of duplicated microsatellites in other salmonids was not correlated to phylogenetic distance. Genomic microsatellites proved more useful than EST derived microsatellites in discriminating among the salmonids. In total, 428 microsatellite markers were developed in this study for mapping and population genetic studies in rainbow trout.