大兴安岭紫貂食物组成分析

在大兴安岭地区, 从1995 年12 月至1996 年11 月在颈环遥测的4 只紫貂活动的范围内共收集紫貂粪样295个, 采用频率法和剩余物相对干重法进行分析, 得出紫貂全年食物组成及比例: 哺乳类(出现率72.09 % , 剩余物干重百分比84.06 %) , 植物浆果及种子(14.51 % , 11.09 %) , 鸟类(7.69 % , 4.24 %) 和昆虫(5.71 % , 0.96 %) 。其中红背　和棕背　构成紫貂食物的主要部分, 其次为松籽、越桔果和花尾榛鸡。紫貂食物组成季节性变化明显, 夏季食物种类丰富, 且比例较均衡; 冬季食物多样性低。文中还对两种粪样分析方法所得结果进行了比较,证明这两种方法在对主要食物种( 出现次数≥5) 的分析评述上是一致的, 无显著差异。     

黄喉貂日活动节律及食性的季节变化

2016年4月至2017年4月,采用红外相机技术和粪便分析法(频率法和剩余物干重法)对四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区内黄喉貂不同季节的日活动节律及食物组成变化进行了研究。结果显示:(1)黄喉貂主要在白天活动(昼间独立照片数占总独立照片数的85. 64%),不同季节黄喉貂日活动节律无显著差异(χ~2=126. 950,df=132,P=0. 608),但在不同季节其日活动高峰出现时间不同,春季的活动高峰在16:00~19:00(31. 65%),夏季活动高峰在15:00~18:00 (26. 32%),秋季活动高峰在13:00~16:00 (34. 31%),冬季活动高峰在11:00~14:00 (25. 00%),并且冬季夜间活动与其他季节相比明显增多;(2)黄喉貂取食食物有兽类、鸟类、昆虫类和植物类等,但兽类是黄喉貂最主要的食物来源,在一年中以兽类的出现频率最高,为95. 28%,兽类剩余物的总相对干重百分比达80. 99%,其次是植物、鸟类和昆虫;(3)黄喉貂对食物类别的利用表现出明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节黄喉貂粪便中兽类所占比重最多,春季鸟类出现频率较高,冬季黄喉貂粪便中植物所占比重明显增多。本研究表明,黄喉貂在不同季节其日活动节律和食性均表现出一定的差异,这可能与其繁殖特性和生理代谢需求有关。本研究揭示了黄喉貂的日活动节律及食性的季节性变化,充实了黄喉貂的生物、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料。     

北京市三个区域食肉类动物食性的比较分析

为了解北京地区捕食性动物的生存竞争关系,于2002年采用样线法收集北京松山、云蒙山、雾灵山3个区域的食肉动物粪便样品85份,并以食物残留物出现频率法进行了食性分析。粪样主要属于犬科的貉和赤狐、鼬科的黄鼬和猪獾、猫科的豹猫。粪样内容物的鉴定发现,此类动物的食物构成以小型哺乳类为主,鼠类的出现频率为82.4%,植物的出现率(54.1%)列为第二位,鸟类的出现率为31.8%,大型猎物的出现率仅为8.3%。犬科动物赤狐和貉的食物构成以棕背(50%)、植物(42.9%)和鼠科动物(40.5%)为主;猫科豹猫的食物构成中植物的出现率为72.4%,其次为鸟类(62.1%)和鼠科动物(48.3%),在生态旅游开发强度较大的区域塑料制品的出现率较高。通过对犬科动物和豹猫的食物生态位重叠度和生态位宽度的比较,讨论了捕食性动物的共存与竞争关系。     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉自然保护区4 种小型食肉目动物的食性构成的初步分析

为了解同域分布动物的食物竞争关系,采用样线法收集粪便样品,依据残遗物鉴别物种的方法,于2007年8 ～12 月对赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区的赤狐、狗獾、香鼬和豹猫的食物构成进行比较。结果表明:赤狐取食所有15 类食物,并捕食小型鼬类;在赤狐粪样(n =70) 中出现率较大的植物(32.6% )以重量比率计算时其贡献极大下降(0.02% ),而出现率较低的草兔和鸟类重量比率较高(草兔65.4% , 鸟类22.9% ), 相对重要值的计算表示,赤狐的食物构成均一。狗獾(n = 64)以取食昆虫和植物果实为主(出现率29.3% 和57.8% )。香鼬(n =14)集中取食鼠类(出现率73.7% ,相对重量99.8% ),豹猫(n = 11) 则以鸟类居多(出现率27.8% ,相对重量69.0% )。食物生态位的宽度以赤狐最大(0.2),其次为豹猫(0.07)。根据食物生态位的重
叠度分析,赤狐与狗獾(O = 0.99)和豹猫(O = 0.7)以及狗獾与豹猫(O = 0.6)的种间竞争较强, 但在主要食物上出现分离,实现捕食者之间的共存。赤狐对香鼬的捕食可能限制了其种群的发展。     

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月-2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究.采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分.研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%.木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%.冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05).     

内蒙古东部地区狼的食性初步研究

本文采用粪便分析法和食痕分析法对内蒙古东部狼的食性进行初步研究。结果表明, 该地区狼的主要食物是大、中型有蹄类（出现频率53.8%, 相对生物量85.17%）, 粪便中家畜出现频率为40.3%, 相对生物量为75.67%。该地区狼的食性同黑龙江狼的食性相比, 存在地区差异。通过饲喂实验, 提出狼粪便中所含猎物的干重与鲜重间的线性回归方程为Y=2.76+0.02x（r=0.99）, 应用此方程可估计出狼消耗各种猎物的相对生物量和数量。在该地区狼对家畜危害比较严重, 要适当猎取同时也应保持其适当数量。     

普通长翼蝠食性结构及其回声定位与体型特征

在普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus)的捕食区内用灯诱法和网捕法调查潜在食物(昆虫)种类; 用粪便分析法鉴定普通长翼蝠的食物组成,发现其主要捕食体型较大的鳞翅目和鞘翅目昆虫,体积百分比分别为55%和38%.普通长翼蝠具有相对狭长的翼,翼展比为6.94 ± 0.13;翼载为(9.85 ± 0.83)N/m2,相对较大.飞行状态下普通长翼蝠的回声定位叫声为调频下扫型,声脉冲时程为(1.45 ± 0.06)ms,脉冲间隔为(63.08 ± 21.55)ms,主频较低,为(44.50 ± 2.26)kHz.研究表明,普通长翼蝠的形态特征和回声定位特征与其捕食行为有着密切的联系.     

江苏典型水域湖鲚食性对比分析

利用多目刺网于2017年9—11月在江苏典型水域长江南京段、高邮湖、洪泽湖、骆马湖及淮河江苏段采集湖鲚样品。通过胃含物鉴定以及测定摄食率、平均饱满指数、食物选择指数等指标,对比分析不同水域湖鲚的食性差异。结果表明:不同水域湖鲚皆为浮游动物食性,以枝角类和桡足类为主,偶尔出现轮虫和小型鱼虾;在摄食强度、食物选择性不同水域湖鲚并无显著性差异,但在食物组成上差异明显;洪泽湖湖鲚食物种类最多,高邮湖次之,长江最少;长江、洪泽湖、骆马湖水域湖鲚食物中,桡足类占优势,高邮湖中枝角类占优势;桡足类中,长江、高邮湖、洪泽湖水域湖鲚食物中以剑水蚤为主要优势种(数量百分比为29.2%～70.1%),骆马湖则以刺剑水蚤为主要优势种(数量百分比45.4%),淮河以剑水蚤、温剑水蚤为优势种(数量百分比18.6～18.9%);枝角类中高邮湖、洪泽湖、骆马湖、淮河水域湖鲚食物中象鼻溞为主要优势种,数量百分比76.9%～100.0%,长江水域湖鲚则以溞为主(数量百分比81.5%)。聚类分析表明,根据食性差异,5个不同水域湖鲚可以归为长江种群、高邮湖洪泽湖种群以及骆马湖淮河种群3个种群。     

荣成天鹅湖湿地越冬大天鹅食性分析

2005年12月～2006年3月以大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)为对象,研究其越冬期间的食性,利用粪便显微组织分析法定量调查其食物组成。结果表明,大天鹅的越冬食物主要为小麦(Triticum aestivum)、海带(Laminaria japonica)和大叶藻(Zostera marina),其中,小麦的比例最大,分别占冬季食物组成的99.67%和早春的90.17%。对冬季与早春的食物组成的差异进行分析,发现大天鹅在天鹅湖保护区发生了食物替代现象。结合以往资料,认为生态污染和湿地结构性破坏导致大天鹅传统食物减少,致使食物替代现象的发生。     

贺兰山同域分布高山麝和阿拉善马鹿秋季食性的比较研究

对贺兰山同域分布的高山麝和阿拉善马鹿秋季的粪便进行采集,利用粪便显微分析法对二者秋季食性进行了研究。分别采集高山麝和阿拉善马鹿活动区域内粪样和植物样本,分别获得两种动物40个复合粪便样本,采用频率转换法对数据处理计算,得到贺兰山同域分布的高山麝和阿拉善马鹿秋季的食性组成及组成比例。结果显示,高山麝秋季共取食植物20科30种(属),其中蓝锭果忍冬(11.96%)、秦氏黄芪(10.17%)、密齿柳(8.32%)、折枝绣线菊(6.82%)、内蒙野丁香(6.18%)组成了高山麝的主要食物;阿拉善马鹿秋季共取食植物12科29种(属),其中针茅(22.15%)、灰榆(21.14%)、早熟禾(16.90%)、小叶金露梅(11.62%)、山杨(10.00%)为阿拉善马鹿秋季的主要食物。高山麝和阿拉善马鹿共有9种食物重叠,生态位重叠指数为83.75%。秋季高山麝取食的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pieou均匀性指数、食物生态位宽度指数和最大的物种多样性指数均高于阿拉善马鹿。     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子(SLAM)的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒(CDV),分别命名为HT-P(貉源)、THDI(貉源)、HD(貂源)、LN(貂源)和HB(狐源).5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50 分别为2×10-308～4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用.5株CDVH和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P(貉源,山东青岛)与THDI(貉源,山东潍坊)的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%.5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高(99.8%),分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD(貂源,山东青岛)同源性较高(99.0%以上)外,其他分离株之间同源性低.与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低(90.9～93.5%).此外,HD和LN(貂源,辽宁大连)发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB(狐源,河北沦州)具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异.分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异.可能与CD免疫失败有关.     

The food and feeding habits of the goatfish, Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede), from Aqaba, Jordan

The food habits of the goatfish, Parupeneus barberinus , from Aqaba were studied. A total of 166 fish over a range of 15 to 27.7 cm and representing five age groups were examined. The major dietary components, based on occurrence, were crustaceans (82.6%), sand (71.1%), foramniferans (55%), detritus (52.3%) and polychaetes (49%). Based on gravimetric analysis, crustaceans and sand were the major food components comprising 54.4% and 23.3% of the total food weight respectively. The food consumption decreased from 1.5% of body weight in the 2-year group to 0.3% of body weight in the 6-year group. Seasonal variations were observed in relation to food consumption, percentage weight composition and intensity of feeding.     

Climate and reproductive seasonality in two free-ranging island populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto)

We gathered data over a 3-year period (1988–1990) on two free-ranging, island populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)to test hypotheses concerning birth seasonal asynchrony and the relationship between climate and reproductive seasonality. Rhesus macaques from Kashmir, India, were translocated to Key Lois in 1973 and from Key Lois to Raccoon Key in 1978. Both sites are low-lying mangrove islands in the Florida Keys. Floral diversity and abundance are greater on Raccoon Key than on Key Lois. Average maximal and minimal temperatures per month did not vary significantly between Raccoon Key and Key Lois over the 3-year period. Average minimal temperatures per month on Key Lois, but not Raccoon Key, varied significantly between years. There were no significant variations in either the amount or the dates of rainfall over the 3-year period for the study area. A combined total of 1524 births was recorded for Raccoon Key (N = 879) and Key Lois (N =645). The birth season on Raccoon Key began 6 weeks earlier than on Key Lois. Births were associated with warmer, rainier months on both islands. Conceptions were associated with cooler, drier months at both study sites. No significant correlations were found between the date of the onset of the summer rains and either median conception or median birth dates on Raccoon Key or Key Lois. Our results do not substantiate the hypothesis that the onset of rainfall, within the temporal period set by photoperiod, regulates seasonal reproduction in rhesus macaques. We suggest that reproductive seasonality in the study populations may be influenced by a variety of factors.     

The interactive effects of temperature,food level and maternal phenotype on offspring size in Daphnia magna

Invertebrate offspring are usually larger in colder environments. To test for possible effects of covariates (e.g. maternal phenotype and feeding conditions) on this pattern, we performed a laboratory experiment to look at the effect of temperature on newborn weight in the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. Three tempèratures (12°C, 16°C and 22°C) and two food levels (10,000 cells ml^–1 and 150,000 cells ml^–1) were used, and offspring were examined from the first five clutches of mothers that had been maintained under the constant experimental conditions for three generations. Preliminary analysis suggested that newborn weight was significantly affected by temperature although patterns in the data were not clear cut. In addition, the covariates mother weight and clutch size were positively and negatively correlated with newborn weight, respectively; and later clutches tended to contain heavier offspring. Therefore, in an effort to control for the effects of the covariates, repeated-measures analysis of covariance was performed using ratio values of newborn weight/mother weight (relative newborn weight) as the dependent variable, clutch size as the covariate and clutch number as the repeated measures term. Now, temperature as a main effect in an ANCOVA model did not significantly influence relative newborn weight. The repeatedmeasure term clutch number also became nonsignificant, indicating that when differences in mother weight due to age were accounted for there were no overall differences in relative newborn weight between clutches from a particular mother. Temperature effects on relative newborn weight were only significant as part of interaction terms with food concentration and with clutch number. Thus there were different weight responses to temperature within food levels, and between clutch numbers within food levels. Under the low-food conditions newborn were heaviest at 16°C, lightest at 12°C and intermediate at 22°C. Conversely, under the high-food condition newborn were lightest at 16°C, heaviest at 12°C and again intermediate at 22°C. However, newborn tended to be heavier under the low food condition, and food concentration was highly significant as a main effect. Mother growth rate showed no significant relationship with newborn weight. It is concluded that direct temperature effects on relative newborn weight are marginal and nonsignificant. Temperature effects through interactions with food concentration and clutch number are important determinants of newborn weight, but relatively speaking account for only a small proportion of observed variance in newborn weight (25%), compared with the direct effect of food concentration (67%).     

Diet of the raccoon dog <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nyctereutes procyonoides</Emphasis> — a canid with an opportunistic foraging strategy

We examined the raccoon dog’s Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) diet in two agricultural landscapes of Germany and compared these results with other diet studies from its native and introduced ranges. The diet composition was influenced as well by the landscape structures as by the seasons: in the waterrich study area 2 amphibians (54.1%) and fish (10.8%) occurred more frequently in the samples. In study area 1 amphibians (19.0%) and invertebrates (69.4%) gained more significance in the diet in summer, whereas in winter samples maize (32.8%) was an important food item. The diet composition shifted according to the availability of different food items. Raccoon dogs, ability to feed temporarily on one food source may possibly cause a serious problem to endangered small populations of birds and amphibians. The review of 81 data sets from nine countries showed that seasons and locality affected the occurrence of most food items. However, comparable to the present study, small mammals, insects and plants were identified as important food items both in native and introduced ranges of the raccoon dog. In regard to its diet composition, gathering foraging strategy and inactivity during winter, the raccoon dog probably preys less often on game animals and birds than the native red fox Vulpes vulpes.     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析（英文）

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子（SLAM）的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒（CDV）,分别命名为HT-P（貉源）、THD1（貉源）、HD（貂源）、LN（貂源）和HB（狐源）。5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2～-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50分别为2×10-3.8～-4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用。5株CDV H和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P（貉源,山东青岛）与THD1（貉源,山东潍坊）的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%。5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高（99.8%）,分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD（貂源,山东青岛）同源性较高（99.0%以上）外,其他．分离株之间同源性低。与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低（90．9～93．5％）。此外,HD和LN（貂源,辽宁大连）发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB（狐源,河北沦州）具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异。分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异,可能与CD免疫失败有关。     

Feeding habits of raccoon (Procyon lotor) (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in a coastal,tropical wet forest of Costa Rica

Raccoon (Procyon lotor) food habits were studied at Manuel Antonio National Park, a tropical rain forest in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica from May to December 1987, from September to December 1989 and from January to April 1990. A 134 feces sample size was used to assess the most important items in raccoon diet: two crab species (Gecarcinus quadratus and Cardisoma crassum) with a relative frequency of 0.94 in the rainy season of 1987, 0.76 in the rainy season of 1989 and 0.65 in the dry season of 1990. Fruits were the second category in importance, with relative frequencies of 0.09 for 1987, 0.32 for 1989 and 0.44 for 1990.     

Body composition at vaginal opening in mice as influenced by food intake and photoperiod: tests of critical body weight and composition hypotheses for puberty onset

To determine if photoperiod and food intake influenced age and body composition at vaginal opening (VO), 80 mice were exposed to either 18L:6D (LL) or 6L:18D (SL) and fed either 3.64 g/mouse per day (HIGH) or 2.73 g/mouse per day (LOW) of Wayne Lab-Blox. Treatments began at weaning (21 to 23 days of age). Mice were killed at VO and analyzed for fat, water and protein content. Mice fed the HIGH ration were younger (P less than 0.01; 35.9 vs. 41.1 days) and heavier (P less than 0.001; 17.8 vs. 15.4 g) at VO than mice fed the LOW ration. Neither age nor weight at VO were affected by photoperiod. Fat content at VO was greater (P less than 0.001) for HIGH than LOW. Differences in fat percentage at VO between diet groups were greater for LL (9.7 vs. 7.0%) than for SL (9.1 vs. 8.6%), resulting in a photoperiod X ration interaction (P less than 0.01). Percent water and protein at VO were not significantly affected by photoperiod or diet. Within-group correlations between body weight and age at VO were not significant. Body water/body weight was inversely proportional to age at VO. This resulted from increased fat deposition in older animals of the LL-LOW group and increased percent protein in older animals of other groups. We concluded that dietary intake did not influence age at VO by affecting age at which a critical body weight or fat content were attained. A photoperiod of 18L:6D did not affect age at VO relative to 6L:18D.