中华花翅跳小蜂生物学特性和种群动态的研究

中华花翅跳小蜂Microterys sinicus Jiang是白蜡虫成虫产卵期的主要天敌。该蜂成虫喜在自然光下活动,取食和交配都在寄主树上进行。中华花翅跳小蜂每雌平均怀卵量34.39粒,产卵前期2～3天。产卵量、产卵率和产卵天数与温度密切相关,27℃时产卵量和产卵率最高。30℃时产卵天数最少。21～27℃卵孵化率达80%以上。幼虫共5龄。每头跳小蜂幼虫平均取食蜡虫卵数分别为：1龄14.6粒,2龄29.8粒,3龄69.4粒,4龄126.9粒。5龄幼虫不取食。全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.84℃和574.32日·度。补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命和产卵天数,提高雌虫产卵量。中华花翅跳小蜂成虫在田间有两个高峰期,分别发生在4月上中旬和5月中下旬。每粒虫囊内跳小蜂幼虫数与白蜡虫健卵百分率呈负指数关系,拟合方程为：Y=96.0829Exp(-0.1872x)。     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang在昆明地区一年发生5代,以3、4、5龄幼虫和蛹在白蜡虫雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.45℃和552.93日度。18 ℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为 66.87天、42.27天、35.56天 、30.84天和27.81天。成虫需取食蜜露或白蜡虫雌虫体液作补充营养。性比为1.75～2.88:1(平均2.25:1)。产卵前期2～3天。开始产卵后的2～5天产卵量占总产卵量的62.21%。 27℃的产卵量和产卵率分别为19.31粒和89.81%。18℃时仅4.37粒和18.56%。15℃时不产卵。补充营养、性别和产卵与否对成虫寿命有显著影响。幼虫共5龄。1～4龄以寄主体液和组织为食。5龄幼虫不取食,3～4天后化蛹。     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

条纹小斑蛾的生物学特性

条纹小斑蛾Thyrassia penangae(Moor)是乌蔹莓(Japanese cayratia)的重要害虫,在南昌1年发生4～5代,以老熟幼虫结茧越冬。由于该虫各世代总有极少部分个体进入滞育,少数进入越夏的个体1年只发生2代或3代。羽化时间多出现在上午7～10时,羽化后当日或次日下午交配,交配时间集中在下午3～6时,交配一般可持续12个h左右。成虫羽化后需取食花蜜做补充营养才能充分产卵。产配后次日即可产卵。第1代成虫常将卵数十粒聚产于幼嫩叶片的背面,以后各代主要聚产于花蕾上,平均每雌产卵量为43粒。幼虫为4龄。第1代主要取食叶芽、幼枝及嫩叶,以后各代主要取食花蕾。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期:卵为4～7d;幼虫为10～14d;非滞育的茧期(指幼虫结茧后的预蛹至成虫羽化的日期)为8～11d,越夏茧期为32～40d,越冬茧期为205～224d。成虫寿命为3～13d。     

粉虱小毛瓢虫Nephaspis oculatus(鞘翅目,瓢虫科)捕食功能反应与寄主植物选择(英文)

Nephaspisoculatus (Blatchley)属毛瓢虫亚科的小毛瓢虫族 ,专食粉虱。它源于中美洲 ,自七十年代初就在美国佛州被发现 ,是柑橘和蔬菜上白粉虱的重要天敌。本研究确定了该瓢虫各幼虫龄期和雌雄成虫在青菜 (col lard)叶上捕食银叶白粉虱BemisiaargentifoliiBellows&Perring卵在 6个密度的捕食功能反应及其成虫对 5种寄主植物的选择。结果表明 ,该瓢虫捕食率与白粉虱卵的密度呈线性相关。除第四龄幼虫其相关系数 (r2 )仅为0 .6 33外 ,其它各虫态的相关系数高达 0 .82 7～ 0 .94 4。根据该瓢虫各龄幼虫和雌雄成虫捕食量和白粉虱卵密度的关系 ,其捕食功能反应符合Holling圆盘方程的第二种反应模式。随着龄期的增加 ,幼虫捕食白粉虱卵的量也随之增加。第四龄幼虫捕食白粉虱卵量最多可达 312粒 ,其次为第三龄幼虫 2 2 9粒 ,第二龄幼虫 73粒 ,而第一龄幼虫捕食量仅为 34粒。雌成虫捕食白粉虱卵量 (32 1粒 )明显高于雄成虫 (2 37粒 )。雌成虫特别喜欢在青菜上活动、取食和产卵 ,而不喜欢番茄 ,大豆 ,茄子和甘薯。有 4 4 .9%的雌成虫在青菜上活动 ,只有 9.9% - 17.1%的雌成虫在其它植物上活动。雌成虫在青菜 ,甘薯和茄子上的产卵量占总产卵量的比率依次为 95 .8% ,2 .8%和 1.4 % ,而无任何卵产在番茄和大豆上。     

红腹柄天牛的生物学特性

红腹柄天牛是阔叶树的重要害虫之一。该虫在福建戴云山2a发生1代,当年以幼虫、次年以成虫在被害木虫道内越冬。雌成虫产卵盛期在5月下旬至6月上旬,6月中旬是产卵末期。卵期7—17d。幼虫共8龄,历期约为481d。成虫出孔后即可交配,每雌虫最大产卵量69粒,最少为20粒,在1株树上产卵量4—46粒不等。雌雄性比约为1：1。     

烟田蓼科杂草的重要天敌--褐背小萤叶甲的行为习性

褐背小萤叶甲主要以幼虫和成虫取食叶肉及幼嫩生长点控制杂草,幼虫中以3龄幼虫为主要取食虫态。成虫可以多次交配,呈不连续产卵。成虫产卵以及2、3龄幼虫偏好叶背面,而雌雄成虫的取食对叶片正、背面选择性不明显。雄成虫、2、3龄幼虫具有较强的负趋光性,而雌成虫对光照则不敏感。褐背小萤叶甲对植株不同部位的叶片嗜好性为：上部叶〉中部叶〉下部叶。     

云南省茶园茶谷蛾的发生及其习性观察

茶谷蛾Agriophara rhombata Msyr.是云南茶园一种重要的食叶害虫,属局部爆发性害虫。为明确其生物学特性,准确识别和防控该虫,通过田间调查和室内饲养,对茶谷蛾不同发育期的形态特征和生物学特性进行了系统观测。该虫在云南全年发生4代,在茶树成龄和老叶片上用虫丝和虫粪构筑成虫苞取食。卵散产或卵粒排列成卵块,卵块多为条形或椭圆形;在温度26℃、相对湿度65%条件下,卵期7~10 d,平均9.3 d;幼虫期26~35 d,平均33.1 d;蛹期分别为9~17 d,平均13.9 d;雌成虫发育历期5~11 d,平均8.3 d,雄成虫发育历期1~6 d,平均4.2 d;化蛹时间集中在16∶00-20∶00之间,成虫产卵期可持续1~7 d,成虫羽化高峰为17∶30-20∶30;观察到雌蛾产卵量19~168粒,平均达96.7粒。雌雄蛾触角有明显区别,雌蛾触角为丝状,雄蛾为双栉齿状。研究结果可为茶谷蛾的田间预测和科学防控提供依据。     

温度和寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫主要生物学参数的影响

观察研究了温度和寄主水果对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫主要生物学参数的影响。结果如下：(1)寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫的产卵前期影响无明显差异,而温度明显影响产卵前期。随温度增高,产卵前期逐渐缩短。取食杨桃的桔小实蝇雌虫在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下的产卵前期分别是41.1、29.1、13.8、12.9、15.6 d;(2)温度对桔小实蝇雄虫性成熟时间有明显影响。在温度15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下,桔小实蝇雄成虫的性成熟时间为21.4、15.7、12.8、1 1.5和10.8 d;(3)不同温度和寄主水果条件下成虫寿命也不同,从较低温时的140－190 d缩短到高温时的34－37 d;（4）不同的寄主植物对桔小实蝇成虫的产卵量影响较大,一般取食芒果和番石榴的雌虫产卵量显著高于其他几种水果。在25℃温度下,取食芒果、番石榴、香蕉、枇杷、青枣、杨桃、柑桔的桔小实蝇雌虫的产卵量分别是1634.3、1520.6、1309.1、1019.8、983.3、966.3和912.9粒/雌;(5)雌成虫性成熟并交配后开始产卵,2-3 d进入产卵盛期。分别建立了以柑桔和番石榴为食的幼虫发育成的桔小实蝇成虫日产卵量(粒)随羽化时间(d)变化的模型为:Y(fecundity)=-3.524+0.707T-0.00679T2和Y(fecundity)=-20.104+1.9827-0.0203T2;(6)推迟供给寄主明显影响桔小实蝇雌成虫的产卵量,推迟0、5、10、15、20、25 d供给寄主,取食杨桃的桔小实蝇雌虫在25℃下的平均产卵量分别为968.5、736.6、710.5、658.3、644.1和576.3粒/雌。     

浙江栉蝠蛾的生物学特性

浙江栉蝠蛾Bipectilus zhejiangensis Wang是我国南方地区重要的竹林地下害虫,其生物学特性尚未见报道。通过林间调查和室内试验对浙江栉蝠蛾危害竹子种类及生物学特性进行较为系统的观察。结果表明,浙江栉蝠蛾危害竹子种类多,主要以刚竹属竹种为主。浙江栉蝠蛾在浙江省1年发生1代,以2～3龄幼虫在土壤中越冬,翌年4月上旬幼虫开始化蛹,5月初成虫开始羽化,羽化主要集中在13：30～18：30之间,羽化当天便可交尾产卵,单雌平均产卵量可达290粒,成虫寿命雌虫平均4．2d,雄虫平均6．2d。卵经70d左右孵化,随即钻入土壤取食,准备越冬。     

Life Cycle of the Mulberry Longicorn Beetle,Apriona germari Hope on an Artificial Diet

Mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari, was reared on an artificial diet to investigate its life cycle. Average egg period was 17.95 days. Most larvae pupated at the 8th (33.3%) or 9th (33.3%) instars, but others emerged from the 7th to the 11th instars. The total duration of larval stage from the 1st to the end of the 9th and the 11th instars were 176.2 and 251.5 days, respectively. For terminatiopn of diapause and acceleration of pupation, low temperature treatment at 5°C for 60 days was highly effective. Average pupal period for female and male was 19.3 and 18.4 days, respectively. Average longevity of adults was similar with 40.5 days for female and 44.3 days for male. Mating had occurred from about 10 days after the adult emergence, and then a female adult laid one or two eggs per day. Average number of eggs oviposited by a female was approximately 47.7. Total life span of A. germari, when reared on an artificial diet in the laboratory, ranged broadly from 197.5 days to 331.5 days mainly depending on the larval period.     

沟眶象的生物学特性及行为观察

沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis(Olivier)是臭椿林木的主要害虫之一。在宁夏银川地区该虫1年发生1代,世代不整齐,以成、幼虫越冬。卵期7~10d,幼虫共有6龄,化蛹时间为4月下旬至5月和7月下旬至8月上旬,蛹经过10~14d羽化为成虫。成虫主要啃食椿树枝条幼芽和韧皮部,幼虫危害衰弱木,有时危害生长健旺的幼树韧皮部或木质部。成虫具有假死性,喜光,活动高峰在11~17时。雌、雄虫间的单次交配时间可持续10~20min;有重复交配现象,交配的时间间隔大约是20~40min;交配结束后,雄虫仍伏于雌虫背上达20~30min。雌虫蛀孔产卵,每产1粒卵约需15min左右,每雌平均产卵40粒左右。     

六种昆虫生长调节剂对葱蝇生长发育和繁殖力的影响

用灭蝇胺、氟铃脲等6种昆虫生长调节剂和对比药剂辛硫磷LC_40-50浓度处理葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫,观察对其生长发育和繁殖的影响;并且研究了葱蝇成虫取食药剂对其繁殖力的控制效应。结果表明：6种药剂中除虫酰肼外,其余都对葱蝇幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、成虫产卵前期、成虫寿命、产卵量有很大影响,对其生长发育和繁殖表现出显著不利性。其中灭蝇胺和氟铃脲处理1龄幼虫后,存活幼虫的历期和成虫产卵前期各延长3天,化蛹率降低26.7%～30.0％,成虫寿命缩短22.3～24.3天,产卵量降低35.5％～49.9％;处理3龄幼虫主要导致产生畸形蛹,且正常羽化的成虫寿命降低18.0～20.67天,产卵量降低45.7%～57.8％。成虫连续取食用牛奶稀释的２ 000倍的药液,能导致产卵前期延长、产卵量减少、卵孵化率降低,幼虫死亡率极高,达95%以上。结果提示,利用成虫补充营养的特性,将灭蝇胺和氟铃脲等混入牛奶或糖水中诱集成虫取食,可有效降低成虫的繁殖力,有助于实现对葱蝇的无公害治理。     

Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

Exposing larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), to sublethal ( 50% lethal dose) levels of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki at various stages of their development significantly increased development time to the pupal stage and reduced pupal size and number of eggs laid per female, but did not affect the proportion of embryonated eggs. The changes in larval development time, pupal weight and fecundity depended on the larval stage that was treated. Exposure of fourth instars delayed larval development and reduced only male pupal weights with no effects on fecundity. Exposure of sixth instars delayed larval development to a lesser extent than exposure of fourth instars but had a pronounced effect on weight of both male and female pupae. The effect on pupal weight was sex dependent, as males tended to be more affected than females. The reduction in male pupal weight did not appear to influence fecundity, because the effect of exposure was explained by the change in female pupal weight. Effects on larval growth and pupal weight were proportional to the dose that was ingested during exposure, and were observed at doses as low as one-tenth of the LD₅₀. Ingestion of an LD₅₀ caused a 29 or 45% delay in development of, respectively, female or male larvae when exposed as fourth instars and a 30% reduction in female pupal weight when larvae were exposed as sixth instars.     

Host plant, oviposition behavior and larval ecology of a sawfly leafminer, Profenusa japonica (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

The host plant, oviposition behavior and larval ecology of Profenusa japonica Togashi are reported for the first time. Adults of P. japonica mated and oviposited on a polyantha rose, Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae), in April. Each female adult laid an egg on the edge of a leaflet. Hatched larvae consumed the parenchymatous layer of leaflets and in so doing created a mine. The larval stage comprised five instars. On average, 70.6% of the total area of a leaflet was consumed by one larva. Female adults of P. japonica laid eggs singly, probably to avoid larval competition for food.     

豚草条纹叶的生态学特性

在一定空间(7238厘米~3)的养虫器内,豚草条纹叶(虫甲)成虫的生殖力随密度的增加而下降。单对饲养的生殖力最高,平均产卵386.7粒;当密度为18和25头时,产卵仅157.6和50.4粒。幼虫期以及蛹期的死亡率,在不同空间中均随密度的增加而增加,随空间的增大,各密度下的死亡率相应减少。食料质量是影响幼虫存活的重要因素之一,用豚草上、中、下部叶片饲养幼虫,其死亡率分别为10％、70.3％和97.6％。幼虫期累计食叶量可达90.58毫克鲜重,随着日龄增加,近似消化力逐渐下降,摄入物质转换为体物质的效率和消化食物转换为体物质的效率随日龄的增加而增加。成熟成虫的取食量基本恒定,平均每48小时食叶28.01毫克鲜重,其近似消化力为64.2％。刚羽化出土的成虫,达到成熟进入生殖生长所需的食叶量约为213.22毫克鲜重。     

The effect of NeemAzal-T/S®, a commercial neem product, on different developmental stages of the common greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hom., Aleyrodidae)

The effects of NeemAzal-T/S^®, a commercial neem product, on different life development stages of the common greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hom., Aleyrodidae) were tested in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Treatment of eggs of T. vaporariorum did not affect either larval emergence or the time until larval emergence. However, the proportion of pupal formation (based on the numbers of emerged larvae) was significantly reduced after a treatment of the eggs 3, 5 and 7 days after oviposition, respectively. The proportion of emerged adults (based on the number of formed pupae) was only significantly reduced when eggs had been treated 5 and 7 days after oviposition. In all neem treatments the time until adult emergence was significantly delayed. A neem treatment of early larval instars of T. vaporariorum resulted in a significantly reduced proportion of pupal formation, but subsequent adult emergence (based on the number of formed pupae) was not affected. Treating early larval instars of T. vaporariorum significantly prolonged the time until adult emergence. A neem treatment of T. vaporariorum pupae significantly reduced the proportion of emerged adults but had no effect on the time until adult emergence. Exposing female whiteflies to fresh, 24-h-old and 72-h-old residues of NeemAzal-T/S^® had no effect on the mortality of the insects, though the number of eggs laid per female was significantly reduced in T. vaporariorum exposed to fresh neem residues. These findings are discussed within the context of integrated control of whiteflies in the greenhouse environment.     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

椰心叶甲天敌垫跗螋的生物学研究

垫跗螋Chelisoches morio (Fabricius)是入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima (Gestro)的一种本地天敌.为了了解垫跗螋的生物学习性和控害潜能,本文对垫跗螋的形态特征、生长发育、重要生物学习性以及对椰心叶甲的捕食选择性和捕食量进行了观察研究.垫跗螋雌成虫将产的卵堆积在一起,抱孵在体下,且不时用口器翻动重排卵,受到惊扰时会吃掉卵,甚至初孵的若虫.在室温条件下(20±2)℃,以椰心叶甲2龄幼虫为食料,垫跗螋从卵至成虫的平均发育历期为(107.9±15.2)d;平均每头雌虫产卵量为(138.7±59.5)粒;垫跗螋成虫对椰心叶甲2龄幼虫的日平均捕食量为(6.7±1.1)头.寄主龄期选择性实验表明,垫跗螋成虫和4龄若虫喜欢取食椰心叶甲的2龄幼虫;3龄和2龄若虫喜欢取食椰心叶甲的1龄幼虫.