大猿叶虫龙南种群的生物学特性

系统研究大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly江西龙南(24°9′N,114°8′E)种群生物学特性。结果显示,该虫仅在春季和秋季发生为害,以成虫在土中越冬和越夏。由于成虫滞育期的差异,该虫显示出生活史多样性,有些个体隔年繁殖;有些个体是一化性,仅在春季或秋季繁殖1代;有些个体是二化性,在春季和秋季各繁殖1代;有些个体是多化性的,春季1代,秋季2~3代,因此,在田间1年可发生1~4代。春季,滞育成虫于2月中旬至4月初陆续出土繁殖,羽化的成虫于4月上旬至5月中旬陆续入土越夏;秋季,滞育成虫于8月中旬至10月中旬陆续出土,羽化的成虫于9月中旬至12月中旬陆续入土越冬。成虫一生能多次交配,在25℃下,春季世代雌虫产卵期为8~29d,平均产卵量为776粒;秋季世代雌虫产卵期为9~39d,平均产卵量为1003粒。各虫态的发育历期:在18~28℃间,卵为8.66~3.85d,幼虫为19.37~7.92d,蛹为8.57~3.41d。卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为10.5、11.5和11.9℃。滞育成虫的寿命为5~28个月。     

高粱条螟在湘北地区的发生动态

用越冬幼虫及其后代研究了高粱条螟Procerasvenosatus (Walker)的年生活史和未成熟的发育分级特征。结果表明 :卵、幼虫、蛹分级分龄选用的特征比较明显、稳定 ;高粱条螟在湘北地区为兼性滞育昆虫 ,幼虫既能以滞育方式越冬、越夏 ,也能以滞育方式越冬连越夏或者越夏连越冬 ,每年发生 1～ 2代 ;各虫态历期为 :成虫产卵前期 2～ 3d ,卵期 7～ 1 0d ;1龄幼虫期 2～ 3d,2龄 6～ 7d ,3龄 5～ 7d,4龄 9～ 1 1d ,5龄 8～ 1 0d ,6龄 1 1～ 1 2d ,蛹期 9～ 1 1d。     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

大猿叶虫生活史的研究

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi是江西山区十字花科蔬菜上的重要食叶害虫,以成虫在土中越夏和越冬。由于成虫滞育期的差异,该虫的化性显示了明显的种内变异。有些个体隔年繁殖;有些个体是一化性的,仅在春季或秋季繁殖1代;有些个体是二化性的,春季和秋季各繁殖1代;有些个体是多化性的,春季1代,秋季2～3代。因此,大猿叶虫在田间一年可发生4代。在春季,滞育成虫于2月底至4月初陆续出土繁殖;在秋季,滞育成虫于8月中旬至10月初陆续出土繁殖。春季羽化的成虫于4月底至6月上旬陆续入土越夏,秋季羽化的成虫于9月中旬至12月底陆续入土越冬。大猿叶虫一生能交配多次,大多数雌虫的产卵期超过1个月,最长达67天。平均每雌产卵量：春季世代为644粒,秋季世代为963粒,最高达1.950粒。各虫态的发育历期：在15～30℃间,卵为13.78～3.14天,幼虫为22.83～6.95天,蛹为12.10～3.18天。发育阈值温度：卵为10.7℃,幼虫为8.8℃,蛹为9.6℃。非滞育成虫的寿命约为1～2个月,滞育成虫的寿命为5～38个月。滞育成虫均入土蛰伏,在土中的蛰伏深度为9～31 cm 。     

千屈菜一种新害虫——肾毒蛾

肾毒蛾Cifuna locuples Walker是2007年在武汉发现危害千屈菜(Lythrumsalicaria L.)的一种新害虫,幼虫能取食千屈菜叶片和花朵。室外观察和室内饲养结果表明,肾毒蛾在武汉市1年发生3代,以低龄幼虫越冬,次年3～4月开始为害。5月初越冬代成虫出现,6月下旬第1代成虫羽化,8月中旬第2代成虫羽化。成虫羽化1d后即可分多次产卵于叶背,卵粒数十几到两百多粒。幼虫有5龄,初孵幼虫群集为害,2龄以后分散取食,4～5龄取食量大。幼虫在叶背吐丝结稀疏的薄茧化蛹。     

椰心叶甲实验种群的生物学特性观察

自然温度条件下 ,椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima (Gestro) 1年可发生 3代以上 ,世代重叠 ,主要以成虫越冬。成虫平均寿命 1 5 6d ,最长达 2 3 5d ,雌雄性比为 1∶1 ;雌雄虫一生均可交配多次。成虫产卵期长 ,产卵不规则 ,单雌平均产卵 1 1 9粒 ,最多可达 1 96粒。飞行磨测定的初步结果表明 ,雌虫飞行能力比雄虫强 ,2 4h未取食成虫最远飞行距离可达 40 0多m ;成虫和幼虫均具有负趋光性、假死性。成虫 3～ 5d不取食、高龄幼虫 7d不取食仍存活。幼虫经历 4～ 5龄 ,在温度或寄主不适宜条件下 ,可进入 6～ 7龄 ,或提前化蛹 ,从卵到成虫羽化大约需 3 6～ 61d。     

麻疯树柄细蛾形态和生物学特性观察

麻疯树柄细蛾Stomphastis thraustica Meyrick是在我国新发现的麻疯树Jatropha curcas L.潜叶蛾类重要害虫。通过室内饲养与野外调查相结合对该虫形态、发育习性及生活史进行了研究。本文对麻疯树柄细蛾成虫、卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的形态及大小进行了详细描述。95.54%(n=426)的老熟幼虫在10点至18点结茧。89.19%（n=111）在夜间20点至次日凌晨6点羽化。交配在清晨进行, 持续30~210 min不等。87.53%（n=441）的卵在夜间20点以后至次日6点以前产出。卵多产于叶脉边缘与叶片形成的凹陷处。66.77%（n=8 266）的卵产于叶片背面, 其余产于叶片正面。每雌产卵平均60.03粒(n=32)。麻疯树柄细蛾在攀枝花全年均可发育。以成虫在每年2月至5月越冬。一年发生10代以上, 世代重叠明显。以6月室外平均气温25.15℃条件下, 全世代发育需18~20 d。卵期3~4 d, 1龄幼虫期1 d, 2龄幼虫期1~2 d, 3龄幼虫期1~2 d, 4龄幼虫期1~2 d, 5龄幼虫期2~3 d, 预蛹期1 d, 蛹期4~6 d, 成虫产卵前期1 d。     

白眉野草螟的生物学特性和监测防控对策

【目的】白眉野草螟Agriphila aeneociliella是近年来在山东莱州市、山西泽州县等地新发现的小麦害虫,对其生物学特性进行观察和研究,以期为有效监控提供科学依据。【方法】通过田间调查、网室观察、配对饲养和灯光诱测等方法,系统研究了白眉野草螟年生活史与田间生活习性。【结果】在我国黄淮海麦区,白眉野草螟1年发生l代,11月至翌年2月以低龄幼虫越冬,3月至4月为害麦苗,5月至8月以老熟幼虫结土茧滞育越夏,9月至10月化蛹羽化、交配产卵,并孵化出幼虫越冬。成虫具有趋光性,产卵在土壤颗粒缝隙中或土表;幼虫喜趋嫩为害,田间呈点片分布;越冬幼虫抗寒性强;滞育茧不耐水淹。【结论】秋季成虫羽化期、早春低龄幼虫为害始期、夏季滞育期是白眉野草螟监测防控的关键时期。     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

越冬代棉大卷叶螟的种群动态

对棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata Fabricius第5代、第6代室内种群饲养结果显示,该虫的有效越冬虫源为第5代滞育的老熟幼虫,滞育率24.4%～33.1%,第6代棉大卷叶螟的发生对第2年的种群基数影响不大。滞育老熟幼虫的越冬存活率为60.0%～71.9%。次年越冬代羽化的成虫雌虫少,雄虫多,单雌产卵量平均为163.4～198.8粒。     

Effect of different artificial diets on diapause induction under controlled temperature and photoperiod in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

ABSTRACT. Embryonic diapause of the silkworm, Bombyx mori , is generally induced by temperature and photoperiod during the egg stage of the previous generation and not in the larval stage. However, when silkworm larvae are reared on an artificial diet instead of mulberry leaves, their diapause is strongly affected by temperature and photoperiod experienced in the larval stage, with a distinct long-day response for diapause induction. Moreover when larvae which have been reared on artificial diet under long-day condition are fed mulberry leaves even for a short period of time, most of the resultant female adults lay diapause eggs. These results suggest that the photoperiodic response of larvae for diapause induction may be strongly suppressed by some components in mulberry leaves.     

哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的生物学特性

【目的】明确落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的发生规律及生物学特性。【方法】野外调查和室内饲养。【结果】在集宁市落叶松尺蠖1年1代,以卵越冬,越冬卵在翌年4月下旬、5月上旬孵化,6月中下旬开始入土化蛹,成虫于9月初羽化、产卵。在温度为20℃,RH=70%的条件下,落叶松尺蠖幼虫期(19.96±0.86)d,预蛹期(3.93±0.95)d,蛹期(108.4±13.17)d。蛹分布于树干基部30~90cm范围内,深度4~8 cm。雄虫在6:00—8:00及12:00—16:00羽化,早于雌性,雌虫在20:00—24:00羽化,羽化若干小时后可交尾,交配持续时间20~260 min,可多次交尾。20℃下交尾雌虫寿命为(5.56±1.47)d,雄虫为(3.95±0.95)d,产卵量为(162.2±69.9)粒;不交尾雌性为(8.03±2.90)d,雄性为(4.38±1.59)d,产卵量为(164.1±81.3)粒,但卵不能孵化;15℃条件下不交尾雌雄寿命分别为(14.48±6.67)d,(6.64±1.76)d,产卵量为(145.7±76.8)粒。【结论】落叶松尺蠖危害期短,蛹期较长,雌雄成虫羽化时间有差异;温度和交尾对寿命和产卵量都有显著影响。     

Seasonal Synchronization of Diapause Phases in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

In temperate areas, population dynamics of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus are strongly affected by winter. The work we present here analyzes the adaptive synchronization of the diapause process in the wintry generation of A. albopictus, where the egg stage is exposed to adverse winter conditions. The seasonal pattern of egg laying activity of a French Mediterranean population of the Asian tiger mosquito was monitored weekly for 2 years with ovitraps. The field diapause incidence and the critical photoperiod (CPP, i.e. the maternal day length inducing diapause in 50% of the eggs), were determined by hatching experiments on the collected eggs. The period of diapause termination was estimated by a field survey of the first hatchings for both years. The CPP is equal to 13.5 hours of light and occurs in the field on the 25^th of August. Thus, it is on September 11^th, 17 days after the CPP, that 50% of the eggs are in a prediapause stage in the field. The egg diapause rate increases rapidly during September, whereas the mean number of eggs laid decreases sharply after mid-September. Surprisingly, after having reached a peak of 95% at the end of September, from mid-October the diapause incidence declined and stayed below 50%. Indeed, both years the diapause initiates before the rapid decrease of the environmental temperature. This leaves a sufficient period of time to the complete development of one generation of A. albopictus with effective induction of diapause in the laid eggs. The very first larvae hatched were sampled both years in the first half of March. With 20 to 26 weeks in the egg stage and about 7 weeks in the larval stages, the first annual generation spends a long time in immature stages. On a practical point of view, this long development time represents a wide window for eggs and larvae control in early spring.     

The life history and host range of Ectagagarcia, a biological control agent for Lantana camra and L. montevidensis in Australia

The life cycle and host specificity of Ectaga garcia were investigated. Moths emerge in the morning and are inactive during the day. Eggs are laid and larvae feed on the undersurface of leaves of Lantana camara and L. montevidensis. Larvae spin protective cocoons from which they feed and in which they pupate. Development from egg to adult takes approximately 48 days. Forty-five plant species were tested to determine host specificity. Females laid eggs only on L. camara and L. montevidensis. In no-choice trials, neonate larvae fed but failed to complete development on nine test species. E. garcia was subsequently approved for release in Australia.     

草地螟阿格姬蜂的滞育诱导和滞育茧的低温贮藏

为了阐明环境因子对草地螟阿格姬蜂Agrypon flexorium (Thunberg)滞育诱导作用, 测定了5个光周期和4个温度处理对阿格姬蜂的滞育诱导和该蜂感受光周期的敏感虫态以及不同时间段低温贮藏对滞育虫茧的影响。结果表明： 在17~23℃、 光照时间10~14 h范围内, 随着温度的降低和光照时间的缩短, 滞育率明显提高。高温能抵消短光照对滞育诱导的影响, 在26℃下, 短光照不能诱导滞育。因此, 低温和短光照是诱导草地螟阿格姬蜂滞育的主要因子。草地螟阿格姬蜂感受滞育信号的敏感虫态为卵和1龄幼虫。卵和1龄幼虫感受滞育信号以后, 需要在滞育环境中发育到老熟幼虫才能全部进入滞育。将室内诱导的滞育茧在4℃左右环境条件下冷藏80 d, 成蜂的羽化率和寄生能力与没有冷藏的非滞育茧差异不显著, 冷藏120 d, 滞育茧仍有71.7%可以正常羽化。结果说明,可在17℃,光周期8L∶16D条件下对寄生后3 d内的草地螟Loxostege sticticalis幼虫进行滞育诱导, 滞育后的虫茧最佳贮藏时间为80 d, 不宜超过120 d。本研究为室内扩繁、 防止蜂源退化、 控制寄生蜂发育时间以便适时释放提供了参考依据。     

Genome‐wide microarray screening for Bombyx mori genes related to transmitting the determination outcome of whether to produce diapause or nondiapause eggs

The bivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) exhibits a maternally controlled embryonic diapause. Maternal silkworms decide whether to lay diapause or nondiapause eggs depending on environmental factors such as the temperature and photoperiod during the egg and larval stages, and then induce diapause eggs during the pupal stage. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism that conveys the outcome of whether to produce diapause or nondiapause eggs from the egg or larval stages to the pupal stage. This study used microarray analysis to investigate differentially expressed genes in the larval brains of diapause‐ and nondiapause‐egg producers, to which bivoltine silkworms were destined by thermal or photic stimulation during the egg stage. The cytochrome P450 18a1 and Krüppel homolog 1 genes were upregulated in producers of diapause eggs compared with those of nondiapause eggs under both experimental conditions. Cytochrome P450 18a1 encodes a key enzyme for steroid hormone inactivation and Krüppel homolog 1 is an early juvenile hormone‐inducible gene that mediates the repression of metamorphosis. The upregulation of these genes during the larval stage might be involved in the signaling pathway that transmits information about the diapause program from the egg stage to the pupal stage in the silkworm.