蜘蛛的繁殖

蜘蛛为雌雄异体,雌蛛必须经过交配授精后才能产受精卵,只有受精卵才能孵化为幼蛛。有些种类的雌蛛虽不经交配亦可产卵,但不能孵化。求偶蜘蛛在性成熟后即要寻找异性交配产卵繁殖后代。现已查明,在昆虫中是以释放性激素来招引同种异性个体进行交配,而蜘蛛关于这一点目前还不清楚。蜘蛛在交配的过程中多数雄性表现主动。但是,由于蜘蛛的种类不同,雄蛛接近雌蛛的方式也不一样。如温室希蛛(Archearanea tepidariorum)的雄蛛到雌蛛网的旁边,用前对步足或触肢弹动网丝,以试探雌蛛是     

真水狼蛛幼蛛各龄期的形态特征和生长发育

幼蛛在蜘蛛的种群中占有很大比例。通过室内饲养。获得了不同龄期的真水狼蛛幼蛛。其体重、体长、背甲宽、步足长、眼域宽以及中斑下的条形纵斑长度都随着龄期的增大而增加。背甲宽和中斑下的条形斑纹长度可用来判断真水幼蛛的龄期。雌蛛的取食量大于雄蛛,高龄幼蛛大于低龄幼蛛。幼蛛在蜕皮时不取食,蜕皮后,取食量明显增加。     

茶园异质性栖境对狼蛛科蜘蛛群落结构的影响

茶园生态系统中蜘蛛既是重要的天敌类群, 又是改善生态系统服务的指示标志。为更好地保护与利用天敌蜘蛛进行生态防治, 对亚热带丘陵地区不同栖境茶园的狼蛛科蜘蛛进行调查, 并对其种类、年龄结构、性别比例等进行分析。结果表明：复杂栖境茶园(JZ)与简单栖境茶园(CK)间狼蛛科蜘蛛数量特征组成存在显著差异 (P＜0.001); 狼蛛科蜘蛛优势种JZ茶园有3种, CK茶园有4种; JZ茶园雌蛛、雄蛛和幼蛛个体数分别是CK茶园的4.36倍、3.63倍和7.91倍。JZ茶园狼蛛科的年龄结构、性别比例等数量特征影响较大,总个体数量发生动态显著高于CK茶园(P＜0.05)。主成分分析表明, JZ茶园明显向家福穴狼蛛(Houa jiafui)、幼豹蛛(Pardosa pusiola)和旋囊脉水狼蛛(Venonia spirocysta)等群落数量分布较多的方向偏移, 而CK茶园则向数量减少方向偏移。研究表明, 基于茶园异质性栖境管理, 采用多样性种植方式来保持生态平衡, 对保护和利用狼蛛科蜘蛛来增强害虫自然控制能力有深远意义, 还有利于成为一种可持续改善茶园生态系统的管理方式。     

黑腹狼蛛和拟环纹豹蛛各龄期的比较

黑腹狼蛛和拟环纹豹蛛为我国农田的重要害虫天敌。两种蜘蛛成蛛外形较易区别,但其各龄幼蛛形态变化较小,容易混淆。本文将这两种蜘蛛幼蛛各龄形态特征进行了比较。     

雌性和雄性虎纹捕鸟蛛粗毒蛋白质含量比较分析

自然界虎纹捕鸟蛛雌蛛数量远多于雄蛛数量,为了探究雌、雄蛛粗毒的差异,用不同方法比较了单个虎纹捕鸟蛛雌、雄蛛粗毒的特征.雌蛛单次螫毒量为(26.5±2.47)μL,冻干后粗毒质量为(5.01±0.78)mg,明显高于雄蛛单次螫毒量(10.83±1.35)μL,冻干后粗毒质量(2.05±0.17)mg;用Lowry法和Bradford法测定雌蛛和雄蛛粗毒的蛋白质含量,两种方法均表明雄蛛粗毒中蛋白含量高于雌蛛.用反相高效液相色谱分离雌蛛和雄蛛粗毒蛋白,并215 nm检测色谱图,发现大部分洗脱峰重叠,而雄蛛色谱图中多两个主峰.Tricine SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明雌蛛粗毒相对分子质量小于10 kD的蛋白质含量较高;而Tris SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明雌蛛粗毒相对分子质量大于10 kD的蛋白质含量较低,基于雌蛛和雄蛛粗毒蛋白含量的差异,有必要对虎纹捕鸟蛛雌、雄蛛粗毒进行独立研究.     

迷宫漏斗蛛生物学特性研究

迷宫漏斗蛛(AgelenalabyrinthicaClerck,1758)在湖北武汉地区每年发生一代。以卵越冬,卵期长达152.00天;幼蛛期148.14天;成蛛寿命雌蛛84.00天,雄蛛38.60天。雌蛛一生最多可产3个卵袋,单头雌蛛最高产卵量244粒。卵的平均孵化率为92.82%。     

中国隅隙蛛属Tegecoelotes 1新种(蜘蛛目:暗蛛科:隙蛛亚科)

记述了采自中国吉林省长白山地区的隅隙蛛属Tegecoelotes 1新种:弱齿隅隙蛛,新种T. dysodentatus sp. nov. .本新种近似于亚隅隙蛛T. secundus (Paik, 1971) (Wang, 2002:133, f. 375～380),但生殖器有如下区别:(1) 雄蛛膝节突末端向外侧弯曲;(2)引导器末端向背侧弯曲且与中突的间距较大;(3)盾板突较钝;(4)盾板外侧边缘的薄片较宽;(5)雌蛛外雌器齿弱且间距宽;(6)纳精囊头较后者细.本新种以雌性副模外雌器齿较弱而得名.     

三突花蛛捕食速度的初步研究

本文研究了三突花蛛Misumenops tricuspidatus在不同条件下对果蝇的捕食速度.结果表明,蜘蛛的捕食速度与蜘蛛的步足长度、身体长度无关,而与性别、温度、饥饿程度有显著关系.25 ℃为三突花蛛捕食的最适温度,14 ℃和34 ℃即温度过低或过高时,它的捕食速度显著减慢;三突花蛛在饥饿3～4 d时的捕食速度最快;雄蛛的捕食速度显著大于雌蛛.蜘蛛的共存,如雌蛛-雌蛛、雄蛛-雄蛛、雌蛛-雄蛛共存,对捕食的速度也存在着一定的影响:2雄蛛共存时,各自的捕食速度显著减慢;2雌蛛共存时,各自的捕食速度变化不显著;1雌蛛1雄蛛共存时,雌蛛的捕食速度降低不显著,而雄蛛的捕食速度显著降低.     

花腹盖蛛的蛛网及其交配习性的初步观察

花腹盖蛛Nereine radiatia(Walckenaer,1841)的蛛网为皿状网,分上、下两层。雄蛛略小,雄蛛较雌蛛一般提早成熟3～5d。雌蛛交配后3～5d开始产卵。     

云南伪遁蛛雌蛛的首次记述

首次记述了云南伪遁蛛Pseudopoda yunnanensis(Yang ＆ Hu,2001)的雌蛛,重新绘制了雄蛛触肢器的结构图,并给出了雌雄个体外形图和触肢器、外雌器的数码照片.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.