贡嘎山东坡的鸟类多样性和区系

经过7年5次野外系统调查并综合有关文献,贡嘎山东坡分布有鸟类336种,其中,留鸟204种(60.7%),夏候鸟89种(26.5%),冬候鸟18种(5.4%),旅鸟25种(7.4%);东洋界物种205种(61.0%),古北界物种105种(31.3%),广布种26种(7.7%);雀形目Passeriformes鸟类245种(72.9%);繁殖鸟类293种(87.2%)。本地区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类29种;横断山-喜马拉雅地区特有鸟类53种;CITES附录Ⅰ鸟类3种,附录Ⅱ鸟类25种;世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危鸟类1种,易危鸟类2种。研究发现,东洋界物种的海拔分布下限平均、上限平均、中点平均和海拔跨度平均都低于古北界物种,但仅海拔分布中点平均和上限平均差异有统计学意义(P0.05),体现了东洋界和古北界物种对高海拔环境适应能力的不同可能与其不同的生物地理演化历史有关;东洋界占优势的特有种(51/53)海拔分布下限平均、中点平均和上限平均显著高于非特有物种,体现出东洋界特有种对高山环境的适应也许与其特有化过程有关。贡嘎山东坡鸟类丰富度在中海拔1 800~2 800 m的落叶阔叶混交林和针阔叶混交林中最高,在高海拔和低海拔物种丰富度较低,物种丰富度呈中峰模式,鸟类生态群落随植物群落结构变化而呈现一定的垂直生态替代规律。     

四川察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性和区系分析

通过野外调查并结合相关文献,共记录四川察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区鸟类17目52科232种,其中,留鸟136种(58.62%),夏候鸟62种(26.72%),旅鸟29种(12.50%),冬候鸟5种(2.16%);古北界物种112种(48.28%),东洋界物种90种(38.79%),广布种30种(12.93%);世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录鸟类15种(濒危3种,易危4种,近危8种);国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类10种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类24种;中国特有鸟类14种。研究结果表明,在不同生境类型之间,Shannon-Wiener指数为灌丛最高(3.520),裸岩最低(2.548);在不同季节中,夏、秋季物种数目、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数均明显高于春、冬季,尤其在夏季,各项指数均达到最大值。鸟类群落多样性指数峰值均出现在海拔4 050～4 200 m,随着海拔升高,各项指数迅速下降,垂直分布格局呈现出明显的中峰模式。保护区具备多样的生境类型和丰富的鸟类物种多样性,其中还包括了相当数量的珍稀濒危物种和特有种,应加强调查研究和保护。研究保护区内鸟类多样性与区系,有助于了解其多样性分布现状和格局,为保护区管理提供科学参考。     

喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局

生物多样性的空间分布及其相关机制一直是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学研究的热点问题。山地生态系统生境异质性和生物多样性高, 适合研究生物多样性空间分布及其相关机制。喜马拉雅山脉位于青藏高原南缘, 是全球生态热点区域。其地形复杂, 海拔落差大(100-8,844 m), 具有明显的垂直气候带。本研究通过整合野外调查和文献资料, 系统地分析了10目23科160属313种喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性的垂直分布格局, 发现该区域哺乳动物总体及其子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局都为左偏倚的中峰格局, 物种多样性在海拔900-1,400 m之间最高, 不同物种子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局的模式有所不同。UPGMA聚类分析表明, 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物群落沿海拔梯度可以划分为5个聚类簇(海拔100-1,500 m、1,500-2,000 m、2,000-3,000 m、3,000-4,200 m以及4,200-6,000 m的地区), 大致与该地区植被的垂直带分布相吻合。喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性在中低海拔最为丰富, 可能跟东洋界与古北界生物群扩散后的交汇地带相关。喜马拉雅山区贯通南北的沟谷是生物扩散和迁移的通道, 沟谷内水热资源较好, 气候稳定性高, 为高山生态系统内各种生物创造了栖息条件。综上, 喜马拉雅山沟谷地区是生物多样性热点地区, 也是生物扩散和交流关键的“生态走廊”, 应加强对喜马拉雅山沟谷地区的保护, 以维系该区域较高的生物多样性。     

四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区鸟类资源与多样性分析

通过野外调查并结合有关文献,四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区有鸟类15目53科260种,其中,留鸟169种(65.0%),夏候鸟57种(21.9%),冬候鸟18种(6.9%),旅鸟16种(6.2%);东洋界物种161种(61.9%),古北界物种70种(26.9%),广布种29种(11.2%)。保护区分布有IUCN红色名录鸟类6种,其中濒危(EN)1种,易危(VU)2种,近危(NT)3种;国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类4种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类20种;中国特有鸟类14种。分析表明,秋季优势物种4种,春季5种。秋季的鸟类多样性低于春季,但无论秋季还是春季,中低海拔阔叶林的鸟类多样性最高,针叶林和针阔混交林次之,河谷灌丛最低。秋季和春季鸟类群落相似性指数以及不同生境之间鸟类物种相似性指数皆低于0.50,说明时间和空间上群落组成差异较大。在保护区鸟类保护与管理中,建议注重维持多样的生境类型,同时应当重视保护中低海拔阔叶林。     

四川荥经大相岭繁殖期鸟类多样性与群落结构

经过4年8次野外系统调查并综合有关文献,四川荥经大相岭分布有鸟类18目62科302种;其中留鸟189种(62.6%),夏候鸟65种(21.5%),冬候鸟28种(9.3%),旅鸟20种(6.6%);东洋界物种187种(61.9%),古北界物种85种(28.2%),广布种30种(9.9%);雀形目Passeriformes鸟类214种(70.9%);繁殖鸟类254种(84.1%)。国家一级重点保护鸟类8种,国家二级重点保护鸟类43种;CITES附录Ⅰ鸟类2种,附录Ⅱ鸟类26种;世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)4种、近危(NT)5种、未认可(NR)4种;中国特有种15种。实际调查的145种鸟类中,常见种24种,稀有种81种,罕见种40种。荥经大相岭鸟类丰富度垂直分布格局呈中峰模式,在中海拔1 580～1 920 m物种丰富度最高。9种生境类型中针阔混交林生境的鸟类物种数最多,水域生境中物种数最低。生境分析结果表明,人工林与针阔混交林的鸟类群落相似性最高,居民区与水域的相似性最低。研究更新了大相岭近10年来的鸟类资料,为该区鸟类多样性保护提供了科学参考。     

四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区鸟类物种及垂直多样性研究

2016年12月—2018年6月采用样带法和样点法对四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查,根据调查并结合相关文献记录,统计出保护区分布有鸟类268种,隶属17目56科。其中,留鸟146种(54.5%)、夏候鸟91种(34.0%)、冬候鸟18种(6.7%)、旅鸟13种(4.9%),以繁殖鸟为主。繁殖鸟类中,以东洋界物种为主(67.5%)。保护区的珍稀濒危鸟类物种数量较多,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类16种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ1种、附录Ⅱ12种;列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)3种、近危(NT)2种;中国特有种14种。各生境类型中的鸟类丰富度为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌丛及灌草丛>高山灌丛草甸>水域;针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林之间的鸟类群落结构相似性最高,水域与其他生境的最低。保护区鸟类物种丰富度在2600~3000m的中海拔地区最高,在高海拔和低海拔较低,物种垂直分布呈中峰模式。本研究丰富了保护区和凉山山系的鸟类资料,为鸟类垂直多样性研究提供了重要案例。     

三江源查旦乡夏季大中型兽类与鸟类物种多样性和垂直分布格局

查旦乡位于三江源腹地,生态地位极其重要,但兽类和鸟类本地资源尚未明确。本研究采用样线和样方结合法对该区域夏季兽类与鸟类多样性进行调查。共记录到到大中型兽类9种,隶属于5目5科8属,其中国家重点保护兽类4种。西藏野驴、藏原羚在区内为优势种,分别占兽类个体总数的45.5%和21.6%;鸟类11目26科44属52种,其中国家重点保护鸟类11种。鸟类中雀形目为优势种,占鸟类个体总数的81.0%。样区内兽类与鸟类物种数在不同海拔间存在显著差异（兽类：P＜0.001;鸟类：P＜0.001）,兽类的垂直分布随海拔增加呈递减趋势,在海拔4800~4849 m段生物多样性水平最高;鸟类垂直分布格局符合向左偏移的“中峰模式”, 物种多样性指数随海拔增加而先增加后减小。本次研究掌握了查旦乡样区内夏季鸟兽组成情况,丰富了三江源保护区和唐古拉山脉的鸟兽资料,同时为相对较小尺度下物种空间分布格局的研究提供案例。     

四川省甘洛县鸟类多样性

甘洛县位于四川省凉山彝族自治州北部的小相岭山系,有丰富的鸟类多样性,但长期以来缺少鸟类基础调查资料。为了解甘洛县的鸟类多样性,本研究于2018—2021年采用样线法和红外相机陷阱法进行了调查。结合调查数据和历史资料,甘洛县鸟类共计有15目52科263种,其中,国家一级重点保护鸟类4种,国家二级重点保护鸟类38种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录Ⅰ4种,附录Ⅱ16种。8种生境类型中鸟类多样性最高的是常绿与落叶阔叶混交林,其次是灌丛,草甸最低;鸟类多样性垂直分布呈中峰模式,峰值出现在海拔1 660～1 940 m。本研究丰富了甘洛县和凉山山系的鸟类多样性数据,为当地生物多样性保护提供了参考。由于该地区鸟类基础调查研究薄弱又位于黑颈鹤Grus nigricollis迁徙路线,后续应加强珍稀雉类、夜行性和迁徙鸟类的调查和研究。     

四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性

鸟类多样性是区域生物多样性价值和保护管理成效评价的重要指标。2015—2019年利用样线法和样点法对四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性进行调查,结合红外相机数据和文献资料,统计出保护区鸟类16目54科286种。其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类3种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类21种。世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录列为濒危的1种、易危3种、近危2种;划分的5类生境(常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林和亚高山灌丛或草甸)中,鸟类多样性最高的是常绿阔叶林,其次是常绿落叶阔叶混交林,最低的是亚高山灌丛或草甸。群落组成相似性结果显示,针阔混交林与亚高山针叶林中的鸟类群落相似性最高;鸟类多样性的垂直分布格局呈中峰模式,峰值出现在海拔1 600～2 400 m。建议保护区加强对珍稀鸟类和迁徙鸟类的调查监测力度,增加对重点生境的巡护,加强在保护区周边乡镇的宣传力度,提高当地居民的生态保护意识。     

四川王朗国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性与区系组成

生物多样性编目与监测是我国各级自然保护区的基础工作。本研究收集整理了四川王朗国家级自然保护区2004-2019年基于实地调查与观测的鸟类记录,数据来源包括公众科学活动、红外相机调查和自动录音记录。共记录鸟类16目55科271种,其中,东洋界物种147种(54.24%),古北界物种94种(34.69%),广布种30种(11.07%);留鸟165种(60.89%),冬候鸟14种(5.17%),夏候鸟67种(24.72%),旅鸟22种(8.12%),迷鸟3种(1.11%);国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物5种:鸡形目Galliformes雉科Phasianidae斑尾榛鸡Tetrastes sewerzowi、红喉雉鹑Tetraophasis obscurus、绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii和鹰形目Accipitriformes鹰科Accipitridae胡兀鹫Gypaetus barbatus、金雕Aquila chrysaetos;国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物23种;列入世界自然保护联盟红色名录的10种,列入中国脊椎动物红色名录的34种。结果表明,保护区鸟类区系组成总体上具有南北混杂的过渡特征,兼具东洋界与古北界成分,物种多样性丰富,记录鸟种数占四川省有记录鸟种总数(708种)的38.28%,在鸟类多样性保护中有重要价值。本研究为保护区管理以及未来的鸟类监测和研究提供了基础资料。     

Influence of crop type,heterogeneity and woody structure on avian biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Agriculture is a primary factor underlying world-wide declines in biodiversity. However, different agricultural systems vary in their effects depending on their resemblance to the natural ecosystem, coverage across the landscape, and operational intensity. We combined data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey with remotely sensed measures of crop type and linear woody feature (LWF) density to study how agricultural type, woody structure and crop heterogeneity influenced the avian community at landscape scales across a broad agricultural region of eastern Canada. Specifically, we examined whether 1) avian diversity and abundance differed between arable crop agriculture (e.g., corn, soy) and forage (e.g., hay) and pastoral agriculture, 2) whether increasing the density of LWF enhances avian diversity and abundance, and 3) whether increasing the heterogeneity of arable crop types can reduce negative effects of arable crop amount. Avian diversity was lower in landscapes dominated by arable crop compared to forage agriculture likely due to a stronger negative correlation between arable cropping and the amount of natural land cover. In contrast, total avian abundance did not decline with either agricultural type, suggesting that species tolerant to agriculture are compensating numerically for the loss of non-tolerant species. This indicates that bird diversity may be a more sensitive response than bird abundance to crop cover type in agricultural landscapes. Higher LWF densities had positive effects on the diversity of forest and shrub bird communities as predicted. Higher crop heterogeneity did not reduce the negative effects of high crop amount as expected except for wetland bird abundance. In contrast, greater crop heterogeneity actually strengthened the negative effects of high crop amount on forest bird abundance, shrub-forest edge bird diversity and total bird diversity. We speculate that this was due to negative correlations between crop heterogeneity and the amount of shrub and forest habitat patches in crop-dominated landscapes in our study region. The variable response to crop heterogeneity across guilds suggests that policies aimed at crop diversification may not enhance avian diversity on their own and that management efforts aimed at the retention of natural forest and shrub patches, riparian corridors, and hedge-rows would be more directly beneficial.     

上海城市绿地冬季鸟类群落特征与生境的关系

2005年11月至2006年2月对上海市区绿地鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类34种,隶属5目16科。研究发现冬季鸟类群落结构相对稳定,优势种为麻雀(Passer montanus)和白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)。冬季鸟类群落多样性受多种因素的影响,其中绿地面积、乔木盖度和栖息地类型多样性是影响鸟类多样性的关键因子。聚类结果表明,面积大、生境类型丰富及人为干扰相对较少的绿地,鸟类多样性高。因此提出如下建议:(1)增加城市中植物种类,特别是乡土物种,适当提高冬季常绿乔木以及乔、灌、草的比例;(2)在绿地中尽可能多地保留自然生境;(3)在城市绿地中适当开辟湿地生境,以吸引水鸟栖息。     

陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落初步研究

1998～2008年,采用直接计数法对陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落组成、鸟类物种多样性及数量变化进行了调查.在预先设置的5条调查样带中共记录到鸟类14目33科117种.观察结果表明,该地区鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为4.497和0.654.栖息地可分为人工渔塘、芦苇沼泽、滩涂湿地、农田和人工林5种类型.这些生境中鸟类组成及物种多样性差异均较大,其鸟类多样性指数分别为2.826、3.571、3.202、1.205、2.496,以芦苇沼泽中的鸟类多样性指数最高,滩涂湿地中鸟类数量最多,农田中鸟类优势度最高.通过对该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性分析研究以及黄河湿地冬季鸟类栖息地现状评价,为湿地鸟类资源的保护提供科学依据.     

西双版纳部分地区鸟类多样性初步考察

１９９２年１２月,１９９３年１１月及１９９４年４～５月,对西双版纳自然保护区内外的数个工作点进行了鸟类物种多样性的调查,共记录鸟类１９０种。分析表明雀形目鸟类物种多样性状态尚佳,而非雀形目鸟类类群（科种）多样性及物种多样性状态均恶化趋势,保护区内鸟类物种多样性状态明显较好,傣族墓葬地之龙山因依傍村落,农田及其他多种生境而具有相当丰富的鸟类物种多样性,是保护鸟类物种多样性不可忽视的一个方面,研究表明     

Environmental correlates of avian diversity in lowland Panama rain forests

Aim The composition of communities is known to be influenced by biogeographical history, but also by local environmental conditions. Yet few studies have evaluated the relative importance of the direct and indirect effects of multiple factors on species diversity in rich Neotropical forests. Our study aims to assess drivers of change in local bird species richness in lowland tropical rain forests. Location Thirty‐two physiographic subregions along the corridor of the Panama Canal, Panama. Methods We mapped the distributions of all forest‐dwelling bird species and quantified the environmental characteristics of all subregions, including mean annual rainfall, topographic complexity, elevational variability, forest age and forest area. Plant species richness, believed to be correlated with structural complexity, was estimated by interpolation through kriging for subregions where data were unavailable. Results The study region has a strong rainfall gradient across a short distance (65 km), which is also accompanied by steep gradients in plant and bird species diversity. Path analysis showed that precipitation strongly affected plant species diversity, which in turn affected avian diversity. Forest age and topography affected bird diversity independently of plant diversity. Forest area and its proportion occurring in the largest two fragments of each subregion (habitat configuration) were also positive correlates of bird species richness. Main conclusions Our results suggest that plant species richness, known to be influenced in part by biogeographical history and geology, also affects bird species assemblages locally. We provide support for the hypothesis that bird species richness increases with structural complexity of the habitat. Our analysis of the distributions of the region's most disturbance‐sensitive bird species showed that subregions with more rainfall, more complex topography and older forests harboured not only richer communities but also more sensitive species; while subregions with the opposite characteristics usually lacked large fractions of the regional forest bird community and hosted only common, widely distributed species. Results also emphasize the importance of preserving forest diversity from habitat loss and fragmentation, and confirm that larger, continuous forest tracts are necessary to maintain the rich avian diversity in the region.     

Mapping Global Diversity Patterns for Migratory Birds

Nearly one in five bird species has separate breeding and overwintering distributions, and the regular migrations of these species cause a substantial seasonal redistribution of avian diversity across the world. However, despite its ecological importance, bird migration has been largely ignored in studies of global avian biodiversity, with few studies having addressed it from a macroecological perspective. Here, we analyse a dataset on the global distribution of the world’s birds in order to examine global spatial patterns in the diversity of migratory species, including: the seasonal variation in overall species diversity due to migration; the contribution of migratory birds to local bird diversity; and the distribution of narrow-range and threatened migratory birds. Our analyses reveal a striking asymmetry between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, evident in all of the patterns investigated. The highest migratory bird diversity was found in the Northern Hemisphere, with high inter-continental turnover in species composition between breeding and non-breeding seasons, and extensive regions (at high latitudes) where migratory birds constitute the majority of the local avifauna. Threatened migratory birds are concentrated mainly in Central and Southern Asia, whereas narrow-range migratory species are mainly found in Central America, the Himalayas and Patagonia. Overall, global patterns in the diversity of migratory birds indicate that bird migration is mainly a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. The asymmetry between the Northern and Southern hemispheres could not have easily been predicted from the combined results of regional scale studies, highlighting the importance of a global perspective.     

Relationship between the presence of House Sparrows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Passer domesticus</Emphasis>) and Neotropical bird community structure and diversity

Invasive exotic species pose an important threat to biodiversity worldwide. However, there is little information on the effects that specific exotic bird species have on native biota. The House Sparrow is an excellent ecological model to evaluate the effect that an invasive exotic species has on native bird communities. Our study describes the relationship of the presence and abundance of House Sparrows with the structure, diversity, and composition of native bird communities in West Mexico. We used two approaches to compare House Sparrow invaded and non-invaded bird communities: (1) at a small geographic-scale that allowed us to evaluate shifts in avian communities with presence of the House Sparrow under similar environmental conditions; and (2) at the landscape-level to evaluate the effect of this species under a scenario of greater environmental heterogeneity. Results from both approaches show that areas invaded by House Sparrows have heavily-dominated avian communities with low species richness, while non-invaded areas exhibit highly-even and species-rich bird communities. Species turnover analysis indicates that the decrease in the number of bird species in House Sparrow invaded areas is caused by species loss, rather than a shift in species composition. Our results indicate that the invasion of an area by the House Sparrow, through synergistic interactions with human activities, determines the composition, structure, and diversity of native bird communities.     

基于物种落差分析的公园鸟类多样性提升设计——以湖南常德螺湾湿地公园为例

随着城市化发展,许多公园鸟类栖息环境遭受破坏,导致当前的鸟类多样性与历史上的和周边的都存在较大差异,为此,我们从项目区域的当前-周边-历史三者间在鸟类物种及其栖息地上的落差分析入手,以此确定目标物种及其栖息地,并加以归类,从而有针对性地进行相关设计。2016年5月至2017年3月在湖南常德柳叶湖螺湾湿地公园开展的鸟类多样性提升设计中,通过实地调查并结合文献查阅,记录到项目区域16种,周边79种,历史上146种鸟类,运用三者间的物种落差分析法确定主要的21种可恢复目标物种和4种栖息地类型,结合项目区域及周边空间特点,将项目区域划分为4个区域,在各区域内设计并营建相应的栖息地,再配套采用多种鸟类招引措施。至2017年3月,项目区鸟类已可实地观察到39种,并于2017年12月吸引到超过2000只的野鸭群来此越冬。以上实际效果表明,设计有效地提升了湿地公园鸟类多样性且增加了景观要素,可充分发挥生物保护功能。     

Vertical stratification of an avian community in New Guinean tropical rainforest

Vertical stratification of avian communities has been studied in both temperate and tropical forests; however, the majority of studies used ground-based methods. In this study we used ground-to-canopy mist nets to collect detailed data on vertical bird distribution in primary rain forest in Wanang Conservation Area in Papua New Guinea (Madang Province). In total 850 birds from 86 species were caught. Bird abundance was highest in the canopy followed by the understory and lowest in the midstory. Overall bird diversity increased towards the canopy zone. Insectivorous birds represented the most abundant and species-rich trophic guild and their abundances decreased from the ground to canopy. The highest diversity of frugivorous and omnivorous birds was confined to higher vertical strata. Insectivorous birds did not show any pattern of diversity along the vertical gradient. Further, insectivores preferred strata with thick vegetation, while abundance and diversity of frugivores increased with decreasing foliage density. Our ground-to-canopy (0–27 m) mist netting, when compared to standard ground mist netting (0–3 m), greatly improved bird diversity assessment and revealed interesting patterns of avian community stratification along vertical forest strata.     

Increase in size and shrub cover improves bird functional diversity in Neotropical urban green spaces

Latin American cityscapes are growing fast, posing risks to many bird communities and ecosystem services (e.g. seed dispersal and arthropod population control), but few studies have addressed how bird functional diversity respond to urbanization in Neotropical cities. In this study, we tested which biotic (i.e. vegetation characteristics and human and pet disturbances) and abiotic variables (i.e. area size, number of vehicles, and glass panes) influence functional diversity indices of insectivores, frugivores-nectarivores, migrants, residents, and total bird community at urban green spaces in São Paulo megacity, southeastern Brazil. A rich avian community (235 species) from 25 studied sites was recorded. Generalized linear models (GLM) analyses showed that large-sized areas of urban green spaces and shrub cover are the main characteristics that drive high bird functional diversity. Small-sized sites were less favourable for preserving bird functional diversity. We showed that these areas were related to some negative impacts for bird species (e.g. absence of shrub layer, heavy traffic and massive presence of glass panes, and domestic animals), thus causing declines in avian functional diversity. Off-leash and homeless dogs and cats may cause declines in bird ecological functions (e.g. insect control, seed dispersal and pollination), which are essential to sustain biodiversity. Therefore, as management actions to improve bird diversity and better provisioning of ecosystem functions, we recommend that urban planners and managers should prioritize large-sized areas with high shrub cover. Additionally, we highlight the need to mitigate the negative impact on birds caused by glass panes, traffic of vehicles, and off-leash and homeless dogs and cats.