不同倍性鱼肌间骨的比较分析

采用常规测量法和解剖法对野生鲫(Carassius auratus,2n=100)、彭泽鲫(Carassius auratus variety pengze,3n=162)、改良三倍体鲫鱼(Triploid crucian carp,即湘云鲫2号,3n=150)及其亲本改良二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var,改良红鲫,♀,2n=100)和改良异源四倍体鲫鲤(Allotetreploid hybrid,四倍体鲫鲤,♂,4n=200)5种不同倍性鱼肌间骨的数目、形态和分布进行研究.结果显示,野生鲫肌间骨数目在78~83之间,平均值为81根,彭泽鲫肌间骨数目在80~86之间,平均值为84,四倍体鲫鲤肌间骨数目在77~84之间,平均值为82,但是湘云鲫2号和改良红鲫的肌间骨数目比较少,湘云鲫2号在77~82之间,平均值为79,改良红鲫在58~77之间,平均值为71.考虑到不同倍性的鱼体大小和肌节数目的不同,进一步统计了每一肌节的平均肌间骨数目,野生鲫最多(0.721),彭泽鲫次之(0.673),改良红鲫最少(0.608),湘云鲫2号次之(0.633),四倍体鲫鲤位于中间(0.653),除了两组湘云鲫2号与四倍体鲫鲤、四倍体鲫鲤和彭泽鲫外,两两间都存在显著差异.5种鱼的各种肌间骨有"I"形、"卜"形、"Y"形、一端多叉形、两端两分叉形、两端多叉形和树枝形7种类型.肌间小骨越靠前端,形态越复杂.每条鱼左右两侧的肌间骨数目不完全相等,但总体上两侧肌间骨的数目接近.在保持鱼的营养、形态和活动等基本生理功能的前提下,湘云鲫2号的肌间刺数目比野生鲫和彭泽鲫都少,所以它的食用价值较高.本研究结果说明,改良二倍体红鲫和改良三倍体鲫鱼等人工培育的杂交鱼比野生鲫的肌间刺少,为鱼类骨骼发育生物学和鱼类遗传育种提供了形态学基础.     

团头鲂肌间骨发育的形态学观察

研究利用整体骨骼染色、形态学解剖和X光透射的方法, 对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)仔稚鱼肌间骨的出现时期、形态以及成鱼肌间骨数目、形态、分布和长度变化进行了观察与分析。结果表明: 团头鲂的肌间骨在孵出后20d (体长为1.33 cm)骨化出现, 首先出现在尾部, 然后向头部方向依次出现, 到第40天(体长为2.36 cm)基本全部出现; 肌间骨出现与分化的时间受生长发育的影响大于日龄的影响。团头鲂肌间骨数目在108129, 平均为119 根, 其中躯干部轴上肌中的肌间骨数目最多(4045根), 尾部轴上肌与轴下肌中的肌间骨数目相近(3239根)。肌间骨形态包括1形、卜形、y形、一端多叉形、两端多叉形和(形6种类型, 各种形态的肌间骨均是从1形发展而来; 肌间骨越靠鱼体前端形态越复杂。团头鲂躯干轴上肌中的肌间骨显著长于尾部肌肉中的肌间骨(P 0.05), 躯干轴下肌中的肌间骨最短, 并且肌间骨长度与个体体重与体长呈正相关。研究结果为今后揭示团头鲂肌间骨发生与发育的分子机制, 抑制团头鲂肌间骨骨化, 培育无肌间骨的团头鲂提供了形态学基础。       

不同鱼类肌间骨的骨化模式研究

为研究鱼类肌间骨的骨化模式, 采用整体骨骼染色方法, 对黄鳝(Monopterus albus)和泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) 2种处于不同进化地位且游动模式不同的鱼类肌间骨发生发育进行了系统观察。结果显示合鳃鱼目合鳃鱼科且游动模式属于鳗鲡模式的黄鳝在孵出后30d (体长40 mm)时, 其头部开始出现椎体小骨; 随后依次向尾部骨化, 在孵出后55d (体长约100 mm)时, 肌间骨相继出现完毕, 所有椎体小骨均为“I”形。鲤形目鳅科且游动模式为鲹科模式的泥鳅在孵出后27d (体长17 mm)时, 肌间骨开始在尾部出现, 包括髓弓小骨和脉弓小骨; 随后依次向头部骨化, 在孵出后40d (体长35 mm)时, 肌间骨全部出现, 形态包括“I”、“Y”和“卜”形。此外, 研究利用成骨细胞特异性转录因子绿色转基因荧光蛋白(Osterix GFP)斑马鱼品系, 通过观察此osterix GFP活体斑马鱼, 可发现斑马鱼肌间骨从尾部向头部依次骨化的过程。研究结果揭示鱼类肌间骨的骨化规律与其游动模式密切相关, 且肌间骨的形态种类的多态性与其游动模式和体型有一定的关系。     

异育银鲫A+系和F系肌间骨的比较分析

研究采用常规测量法和解剖法, 并结合CT透视, 比较分析了异育银鲫主养品种“中科3号”(A+系)和候选新品系F系的肌间骨的数目、形态和分布。结果表明, 6月龄和18月龄异育银鲫F系平均总肌间骨数分别为71.8±2.9和83.3±1.4, 均极显著少于相应月龄银鲫A+系总肌间骨数目(78.6±3.9和87.0±1.5)(P<0.01)。并统计了2个品系的每一肌节的平均肌间骨数目, 6月龄和18月龄异育银鲫F系的每一肌节的平均肌间骨数目极显著少于相应月龄银鲫A+系(P<0.01)。银鲫A+系和F系均有髓弓小骨和脉弓小骨, 没有椎体小骨。6月龄和18月龄银鲫F系髓弓小骨的平均数目为48.2±1.1和55.8±0.52, 均极显著少于相应月龄银鲫A+系的髓弓小骨(53.7±1.6和58.7±0.5)(P<0.01)。异育银鲫两个品系的脉弓小骨数目差异不显著; 2个品系均具有“I”形、“卜”形、“Y”形、一端多叉形、两端两分叉形、两端多叉形和树枝形7种类型的肌间骨, 髓弓小骨比脉弓小骨数量多且形状复杂。随着月龄的增长, 2个品系具有的总肌间骨数目以及复杂肌间骨数目均增加。6月龄和18月龄银鲫F系躯轴上肌节间的复杂“Y”形髓弓小骨数目均比相应月龄的银鲫A+系少, 而简单的“I”形髓弓小骨数目比相应月龄的A+系多, 表现出一种有利于食用的优势。研究结果为异育银鲫候选新品系F系提供了一个品质评价指标, 同时也为后续进行异育银鲫肌间骨遗传改良提供了形态学基础资料。     

鲌鲂F1、F2及其亲本肌间骨的比较分析

为研究新型鲌鲂杂交鱼的肌间骨,采用常规测量和解剖法对鲌鲂F1 (female Culter alburnus Basilewskymale Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)、鲌鲂F2 (self-crossing of F1 hybrid of female C. alburnusmale M. amblycephala)及其母本翘嘴鲌(C. alburnus)、父本团头鲂(M. amblycephala)肌间骨的数目、形态和分布进行统计分析,结果表明,翘嘴鲌肌间骨数目为134-139,平均为136.8根; 团头鲂的肌间骨数目为121-129,平均为124.2根; 鲌鲂F1肌间骨数目为129-134,平均为131.6根; 鲌鲂F2肌间骨数目为127-134,平均为130.1根; 鲌鲂F1、F2与翘嘴鲌、团头鲂之间肌间骨数目差异显著(P0.05); 鲌鲂F1每一肌节所含肌间骨数目最多,为0.8024; 鲌鲂F2最少,为0.7744; 翘嘴鲌和团头鲂介于鲌鲂F1和F2之间,分别为0.7953和0.7763。4种鱼均含有I形、卜形、Y形、一端多叉形、两端两分叉形、两端多叉形和树枝形7种类型肌间骨,髓弓小骨比脉弓小骨多且复杂; 鱼体左右两侧肌间骨的数目不完全相等,形态也不完全对称,但较为接近,且肌间骨越靠前端,形态越复杂; 研究获得的鲌鲂F1和F2在肌间骨总数、复杂型肌间骨数目和躯体轴下肌肌间骨数目均较母本有所减少,鲌鲂F2较F1还呈下降的趋势,且每一肌节所含肌间骨最少,表现出一种有利于提高食用品质和精深加工的优势。研究结果为鲌鲂属间远缘杂交培育少肌间骨新品种提供了基础资料。     

鲂属鱼类杂交子代肌间骨的形态学比较

本研究对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)与鲂属其他3种鱼类三角鲂(M.skolkovii)、广东鲂(M.terminalis)和厚颌鲂(M.pellegrini)正反交及其亲本自交共10种组合子代的肌间骨数目、形态、分布和长度进行了比较分析。10种不同繁育组合子代个体的肌间骨总数范围为96~134,平均值为119,各组合肌间骨的数目无显著性差异(P0.05),其中,厚颌鲂自交组合子代个体的肌间骨数目最少(平均值为114)。不同杂交组合子代体重和体长与肌间骨的长度均呈线性相关。不同部位肌间骨长度存在差异,其中躯干轴上肌的肌间骨长度显著大于躯干轴下肌、尾部轴上肌和尾部轴下肌三个部位的肌间骨长度(P0.05)。躯干轴下肌的肌间骨数目显著少于其他部位(P0.05),尾部轴上肌和尾部轴下肌的肌间骨数目无显著性差异(P0.05)。杂交鲂肌间骨形态复杂多样,分别为"1"形、"卜"形、"y"形、一端多叉形、两端多叉形和"("形6种类型,肌间骨越靠近鱼体前端形态越复杂,且与存在部位有一定的关系,躯干轴上肌的肌间骨形态最复杂。研究结果表明,鲂属鱼类近缘杂交子一代的肌间骨相关性状特征无显著改变。     

鲔鲂F_1、F_2及其亲本肌间骨的比较分析

为研究新型鲐鲂杂交鱼的肌间骨,采用常规测量和解剖法对鲌鲂F_1(female Culter alburnus Basilewsky×male Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)、鲌鲂F_2(self-crossing of F_1 hybrid offemale C.alburnus×male M.amblycephala)及其母本翘嘴鲌(C.alburnus)、父本团头鲂(M.amblycephala)肌间骨的数目、形态和分布进行统计分析,结果表明,翘嘴鲌肌间骨数目为134—139,平均为136.8根;团头鲂的肌间骨数目为121—129,平均为124.2根;鲌鲂F_1肌间骨数目为129—134,平均为131.6根;鲌鲂F_2肌间骨数目为127—134,平均为130.1根;鲐鲂F_1、F_2与翘嘴鲌、团头鲂之间肌间骨数目差异显著(P0.05);鲌鲂F_1每一肌节所含肌间骨数目最多,为0.8024;鲌鲂F_2最少,为0.7744;翘嘴鲐和团头鲂介于鲐鲂F_1和F_2之间,分别为0.7953和0.7763。4种鱼均含有"I"形、"卜"形、"Y"形、一端多叉形、两端两分叉形、两端多叉形和树枝形7种类型肌间骨,髓弓小骨比脉弓小骨多且复杂;鱼体左右两侧肌问骨的数目不完全相等,形态也不完全对称,但较为接近,且肌间骨越靠前端,形态越复杂;研究获得的鲌鲂F_1和F_2在肌间骨总数、复杂型肌间骨数目和躯体轴下肌肌间骨数目均较母本有所减少,鲌鲂F_2较F_1还呈下降的趋势,且每一肌节所含肌间骨最少,表现出一种有利于提高食用品质和精深加工的优势。研究结果为鲐鲂属间远缘杂交培育少肌间骨新品种提供了基础资料。     

刀鲚肌间骨新类型的发现

文章对刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的肌间骨数目、形态、分布特征及组织学结构进行了系统研究。结果表明刀鲚肌间骨的形态种类与普通鲤科鱼类没有显著差别,但其分布类别却有很大不同,刀鲚不仅有髓弓小骨、椎体小骨和脉弓小骨,且在其背部上方和腹部下方仍存在大量肌间骨,这两类肌间骨的形态为简单的"1"形和"("形,分别位于背部上方和腹部下方肌膈的皱褶部;在短颌鲚(C. brachygnathus)背部上方和腹部下方也发现这两类肌间骨的存在,统称为肌骨杆(Myorhabdoi)。刀鲚个体肌间骨数目范围为492—543,其中髓弓小骨为114—142 (■=133),椎体小骨为28—51 (■=42),脉弓小骨为138—153 (■=142),背上肌骨杆为92—135 (=■114),腹下肌骨杆为66—98 (■=89)。采用茜素红与阿利新蓝组织染色观察不同类型肌间骨的组织结构特征,结果显示肌间骨由肌膈结缔组织包被,在髓弓小骨和脉弓小骨两种类型中,肌间骨之间通过结缔组织相互连接。研究在鱼类背上肌骨杆和腹下肌骨杆的发现,是对我国鱼类肌间骨系统进化研究的进一步补充。     

硬化蛋白基因在淇河鲫成鱼不同肌间骨相邻肌组织的表达差异分析

为探究硬化蛋白(sclerostin, SOST)基因在淇河鲫肌间骨不同分布位置中的作用,以淇河鲫成鱼为研究对象,对其肌间骨的形态与分布进行了统计,并在此基础上利用qRT-PCR技术检测SOST基因在淇河鲫背部和尾部肌肉中的mRNA表达,通过Western印迹和免疫组织化学技术检测SOST蛋白的表达定位情况。结果显示：淇河鲫肌间骨包括髓弓小骨和脉弓小骨,髓弓小骨为56～58根,位于淇河鲫背部肌肉的肌隔中,脉弓小骨27～28根,分布于泄殖孔之后的肌隔中。背部肌肉SOST的mRNA表达水平显著高于尾部肌肉（P < 0.05）。与mRNA表达水平相比,背部肌肉和尾部肌肉中SOST蛋白呈现相同表达趋势。免疫组织化学结果显示SOST在肌隔组织中特异性表达,并且在背部肌肉中的表达强烈,尾部肌肉中没有阳性反应。上述结果表明,SOST在淇河鲫肌间骨的背部和尾部肌肉中存在差异性表达,从而影响肌隔组织中肌间骨的骨化,对背部和尾部肌间骨形态发生产生影响。     

鱼类肌间骨发育分子调控机制及遗传选育研究进展

鱼类的肌间骨(Intermuscular bones, IBs), 又称肌间小骨, 是分布于鱼体两侧肌隔中及连接在椎体上的小骨, 仅存在于低等真骨鱼类中。随着鱼类的系统演化, 肌间骨的数目和形态也发生着由无到多再到无、由简单到复杂再到简单的变化。中国的大宗淡水鱼类都存在一定数目的肌间骨, 严重影响了其食用和加工价值。鉴于鱼类肌间骨重要的系统进化科学研究价值及产业意义, 近年来国内外水产研究者围绕鱼类肌间骨分子调控机制和遗传育种开展了系列研究, 文章对此进行了系统的阐述, 并对其发展前景进行了分析, 可为肌间骨发生发育分子机制及少/无肌间骨鱼类新品种的遗传选育研究提供基础资料。     

雌酚酮体外影响骨生长的形态学研究

目的：从组织形态学角度综合考察雌酚酮在体外对骨吸收和骨形成的影响。方法：１６ｄ胎龄雌性小鼠尺骨在含有雌酚酮的ＢＧＪｂ培养基中旋转培养４８ｈ后,测量骨总长和骨干长度;Ｈ．Ｅ染色,光镜下计数破骨细胞和肥大软骨细胞。结果：当雌酚酮浓度为１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,长骨总长和骨干长均比对照组显著增加;破骨细胞减少,肥大软骨细胞增加。结论：雌酚酮在体外可抑制骨吸收,促进骨形成。     

A Procedure for Preparing Undecalcified and Unembedded Bone Sections for Light Microscopy

We have developed a procedure for light microscopic investigation of undecalcified and unembeddedbone sections. Biopsy samples of human metatarsus and femur and rat femur were fixed in aldehydes and sectioned with a cutting machine equipped with a diamond saw blade. Free sections 100-150 μm thick, stained with toluidine blue and von Kossa, did not show artifacts following the cutting, and the spatial relations of mineralized and nonmineralized components remained intact. Compact and trabecular bone, bone marrow and all cell types appeared well preserved and easily recognizable. Our procedure provides a simple and rapid method for preparing bone sections which undergo no chemical treatment other than fixation. This method is a useful alternative to standard histological protocols for studying bone specimens.     

Scaling of Haversian canal surface area to secondary osteon bone volume in ribs and limb bones

Studies of secondary osteons in ribs have provided a great deal of what is known about remodeling dynamics. Compared with limb bones, ribs are metabolically more active and sensitive to hormonal changes, and receive frequent low‐strain loading. Optimization for calcium exchange in rib osteons might be achieved without incurring a significant reduction in safety factor by disproportionally increasing central canal size with increased osteon size (positive allometry). By contrast, greater mechanical loads on limb bones might favor reducing deleterious consequences of intracortical porosity by decreasing osteon canal size with increased osteon size (negative allometry). Evidence of this metabolic/mechanical dichotomy between ribs and limb bones was sought by examining relationships between Haversian canal surface area (BS, osteon Haversian canal perimeter, HC.Pm) and bone volume (BV, osteonal wall area, B.Ar) in a broad size range of mature (quiescent) osteons from adult human limb bones and ribs (modern and medieval) and various adult and subadult non‐human limb bones and ribs. Reduced major axis (RMA) and least‐squares (LS) regressions of HC.Pm/B.Ar data show that rib and limb osteons cannot be distinguished by dimensional allometry of these parameters. Although four of the five rib groups showed positive allometry in terms of the RMA slopes, nearly 50% of the adult limb bone groups also showed positive allometry when negative allometry was expected. Consequently, our results fail to provide clear evidence that BS/BV scaling reflects a rib versus limb bone dichotomy whereby calcium exchange might be preferentially enhanced in rib osteons. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:230–244, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Regional program for bone allograft harvesting following multiorgan procurement in Pomeranian Academy of Medicine in Szczecin

In Poland, up to 1999, the bones for allograft preparations had been procured only in mortuaries of forensic medicine departments. The increasing demand for bone transplantations greatly exceeds the supply resulting in a long waiting time for bone allografts. In November 1999, for the first time in Poland, the group of orthopedic surgeons from the Pomeranian Academy of Medicine started the regional program for bone harvesting following vascularized organ procurements. The aim of this paper is to present the technical details and limitations of bone harvesting that occurred in 10 out of 25 multiorgan procurements. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Therapeutic potentials and modulatory mechanisms of fatty acids in bone

Bone metabolism is a lifelong process that includes bone formation and resorption. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the predominant cell types associated with bone metabolism, which is facilitated by other cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), osteocytes and chondrocytes. As an important component in our daily diet, fatty acids are mainly categorized as long‐chain fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFAs), saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs), medium‐/short‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs/SCFAs) as well as their metabolites. Fatty acids are closely associated with bone metabolism and associated bone disorders. In this review, we summarized the important roles and potential therapeutic implications of fatty acids in multiple bone disorders, reviewed the diverse range of critical effects displayed by fatty acids on bone metabolism, and elucidated their modulatory roles and mechanisms on specific bone cell types. The evidence supporting close implications of fatty acids in bone metabolism and disorders suggests fatty acids as potential therapeutic and nutritional agents for the treatment and prevention of metabolic bone diseases.     

The influence of plane of section on the identification of bone tissue types in amniotes with implications for paleophysiological inferences

The proportion of woven bone (WB) to parallel-fibered bone has been extensively used to infer bone growth rates and resting metabolic rates of extinct organisms. The aim of this study is to test in a variety of amniotes how reliably WB content can be measured using transverse sections. For this, we analyzed femoral transverse mid-diaphyseal thin sections of 14 extant and extinct taxa and the corresponding longitudinal sections for comparative purposes. We used the following characters to identify WB in transverse sections because they are known to be distinct from those observed in parallel-fibered bone: an isotropic bone matrix at tissue scale; an anisotropic microlamellar arrangement in former osteoblast secretory territories at cellular scale; no alignment between osteocytes; and canaliculi running radially from large irregular osteocyte lacunae. Our null hypothesis predicts no differences between the amount of WB quantified in the transverse and longitudinal sections of a given long bone. Qualitatively, when a stripe or a patch of WB was identified in a transverse section, the corresponding stripe or patch of WB was always found at the same location in the corresponding longitudinal section. Quantitatively, a Wilcoxon signed-rank nonparametric paired test did not detect a significant difference in the WB content of the two section planes. Thus, the null hypothesis is not rejected. Considering that paleohistology is a destructive method, we recommend a workflow to efficiently establishing the proportion of WB: quantifying it in transverse sections; preparing and analyzing longitudinal sections only in cases where an ambiguity remains; reanalyzing the corresponding transverse sections.     

Bone strain magnitude is correlated with bone strain rate in tetrapods: implications for models of mechanotransduction

Hypotheses suggest that structural integrity of vertebrate bones is maintained by controlling bone strain magnitude via adaptive modelling in response to mechanical stimuli. Increased tissue-level strain magnitude and rate have both been identified as potent stimuli leading to increased bone formation. Mechanotransduction models hypothesize that osteocytes sense bone deformation by detecting fluid flow-induced drag in the bone''s lacunar–canalicular porosity. This model suggests that the osteocyte''s intracellular response depends on fluid-flow rate, a product of bone strain rate and gradient, but does not provide a mechanism for detection of strain magnitude. Such a mechanism is necessary for bone modelling to adapt to loads, because strain magnitude is an important determinant of skeletal fracture. Using strain gauge data from the limb bones of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, we identified strong correlations between strain rate and magnitude across clades employing diverse locomotor styles and degrees of rhythmicity. The breadth of our sample suggests that this pattern is likely to be a common feature of tetrapod bone loading. Moreover, finding that bone strain magnitude is encoded in strain rate at the tissue level is consistent with the hypothesis that it might be encoded in fluid-flow rate at the cellular level, facilitating bone adaptation via mechanotransduction.