链霉菌形态分化与次级代谢产物合成的研究进展

链霉菌是一类具有复杂的形态分化周期和强大的次级代谢能力的高GC含量的放线菌,能够利用其初级代谢产生的前体化合物和能量,合成多种结构复杂、功能多样的具有生物活性的次级代谢产物,在农业、食品、畜牧业、工业以及医药研究等领域都具有重要的价值。在链霉菌的形态分化后期常常伴随着次级代谢产物的生物合成,并且两者都受到复杂的网络调控;同时链霉菌的形态对次级代谢产物的产量和种类造成很大影响。对链霉菌生长周期的全面理解将加深对链霉菌形态分化与次级代谢产物合成关系的认识。本文将对链霉菌的形态分化过程、形态分化和抗生素合成两者共同的调控因子以及链霉菌形态与抗生素产量之间的关系进行综述,这将有助于理解抗生素的合成过程,也将会在缩短发酵周期、构建高产工程菌株、新型杀菌剂的研发以及新型抗生素的合成等方面给予我们启发。     

非定向激活沉默基因簇挖掘链霉菌活性次级代谢产物研究进展

链霉菌(Streptomyces spp.)是活性次级代谢产物的主要生产菌,在发现结构新颖化合物上具有重大潜力。随着对链霉菌基因组数据的深入分析,发现大量产次级代谢产物合成基因簇处于沉默状态,因此利用非定向和定向策略激活链霉菌中沉默基因簇、挖掘结构新颖化合物成为当前的主要手段。本文主要综述了培养基组成改变或培养条件优化、共培养、添加化学激发子及全局性调控等非定向策略在挖掘链霉菌次级代谢产物中的应用以及取得的进展,以期为链霉菌次级代谢产物高效开发提供参考。     

链霉菌的全局调控蛋白DasR

链霉菌能够产生多种次级代谢产物,在临床、农牧业、生物技术等领域具有重要应用价值;对链霉菌的调控网络进行深入研究有助于提高次级代谢产物产量并发现新的次级代谢产物.链霉菌中次级代谢产物生物合成按调控通路分为全局调控与途径特异性调控,其中全局调控蛋白可靶向多种通路特异调控基因和生物合成基因,在链霉菌的生命活动中发挥着更为普遍...     

链霉菌次级代谢产物高产菌株的构建策略

随着基因测序技术的发展,人类获得了大量有关链霉菌次级代谢产物合成基因簇的信息,通过合理的构建策略可以激活其中的隐性基因簇或提高基因簇的表达水平,从而获得新的链霉菌次级代谢产物,或显著提高已知次级代谢产物的发酵水平。从基因表达调控、转座子突变、合成生物学方法、组学方法等四个方面,综述了提高链霉菌次级代谢产物产量的构建策略及其研究进展。     

链霉菌转运系统研究进展

链霉菌是具有复杂生命周期的革兰氏阳性细菌,其丰富多样的次级代谢产物使得链霉菌成为天然抗生素来源最为广泛的菌株。目前链霉菌研究主要集中在次级代谢和形态分化过程。近年来,因链霉菌转运系统在次级代谢和形态分化等过程中发挥重要作用而得到研究者们的极大关注。链霉菌转运系统不仅能够通过信号转导系统直接参与菌丝体形态分化过程,而且能够运送抗生素等次级代谢产物,使其在链霉菌工业生产方面具有极大的应用前景。除此之外,转运系统作为菌体“第一道门”,能够运送营养物质来改变初级代谢过程,进而影响形态分化和次级代谢等过程,使菌体能迅速适应复杂的环境。因此,链霉菌中转运系统的研究对其形态分化调控通路的阐释具有重要的指导意义。     

链霉菌次级代谢调控相关的双组分系统研究进展

链霉菌具有强大的次级代谢能力, 能够产生众多具有生物活性的次级代谢产物, 如目前广泛应用的抗生素、抗肿瘤药物以及免疫抑制剂等。在链霉菌中, 次级代谢产物的生物合成受到包括途径特异性、多效性以及全局性调控基因在内的多层次严格调控。关键调控基因的缺失或过表达可以显著影响次级代谢产物的生物合成, 提示对于链霉菌次级代谢重要调控基因的功能及其作用机制的研究具有巨大的潜在应用价值。其中, 作为细菌信号传导系统的双组分系统(Two-component system, TCS)一直是大家研究的关注点。越来越多的研究表明TCS在链霉菌次级代谢过程中发挥着全局性的调控功能。本文重点介绍链霉菌模式菌株——天蓝色链霉菌中TCS(包括典型TCS)、孤立的组氨酸蛋白激酶(HK)以及应答调控蛋白(RR)参与次级代谢调控的研究进展。这些TCS的功能鉴定及机制解析为工业链霉菌的定向遗传改造以提高重要次级代谢产物的含量提供了理论依据。     

真菌次级代谢转录调控研究进展

真菌次级代谢产物具有多样复杂的结构和良好的生物活性,广泛应用于工业、农业、医疗等领域。次级代谢产物的产生受多个层级的调控,尤其是转录水平的调控至关重要。文中首先介绍了在真菌转录调控过程中参与次级代谢的代表性转录因子和蛋白质复合体,进而举例说明了转录调控在挖掘真菌新颖次级代谢产物领域的重要作用;期望相关研究者全面认识真菌次级代谢产物的生物合成及转录调控,为发现新的具有良好生物活性的天然产物提供思路。     

天蓝色链霉菌中抗生素合成相关双组分调控系统AfsQ1/Q2上游信号传导机制的研究

链霉菌是重要的工业微生物,能够合成众多具有生物活性的次级代谢产物,如抗生素、抗肿瘤药物以及免疫抑制剂等.次级代谢产物的合成受到多层次严格调控,深入开展相关机制研究将对工业菌株的高效育种提供重要理论指导.链霉菌中存在的两类关键信号传导系统,包括双组分系统(two-component system,TCS)和胞质外功能σ因子(extracytoplasmic function σ,ECF-σ),它们在次级代谢过程中发挥着重要的调控功能,但至今对于它们如何协同调控次级代谢的分子机制知之甚少.在前期研究工作中,我们在链霉菌模式菌株——天蓝色链霉菌中鉴定了一个参与抗生素生物合成调控的基因簇sigQ-afsQ1-4,其中sigQ编码ECF-σ因子(σ~Q),afsQ1/Q2编码一对TCS,afsQ3/Q4分别编码脂蛋白和跨膜蛋白.研究证实,TCS AfsQ1/Q2为抗生素生物合成的激活因子,sigQ的转录受到AfsQ1/Q2的直接调控,但σ~Q的功能正好相反,参与抗生素合成的负调控,即σ~Q对AfsQ1/Q2的功能存在拮抗作用.在前期工作基础上,本研究通过基因缺失突变体构建、转录分析等对sigQ/afsQ1-4基因簇内的基因功能及其相互作用关系进行了系统研究,并对σ~Q参与AfsQ1/Q2功能的拮抗机制进行了深入研究.结果显示,sigQ的缺失可显著下调膜蛋白基因afsQ4的表达,而在sigQ缺失突变体(ΔsigQ)中导入afsQ4可以很好回补突变体表型,由此表明afsQ4是σ~Q的下游调控靶点,σ~Q的调控功能可能一定程度上是通过AfsQ4来实现.进一步体外磷酸化实验分析发现,组氨酸蛋白激酶AfsQ2的磷酸化水平在afsQ4的基因缺失突变体显著降低,表明σ~Q可以借助膜蛋白AfsQ4拮抗AfsQ1/Q2的功能,最终协同调控抗生素的生物合成.     

链霉菌次级代谢调控机制进展

链霉菌除具有复杂的形态分化特征外 ,还可以产生多种具有重要应用价值的次级代谢产物 ,这两个过程密切相关。因此 ,链霉菌存在着原核生物中罕见的庞大而复杂的调控网络。链霉菌在遗传水平有三个层次的调控 ,分别是 :途径特异性调控、多效调控和全局调控。阐明这些调控网络将为利用代谢工程手段提高次级代谢产物的产量并对其进行结构改造奠定理论基础 ,还将有助于发现新的有价值的天然产物。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。