上海虹桥机场土壤及草丛动物群落特征和鸟类关系研究

20 0 0年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 3月 ,对上海虹桥机场草地土壤动物和草丛动物群落的组成、数量和季节性变化特征进行了初步的研究。土壤动物有节肢动物门、软体动物门、环节动物门等 12个目或类。其中蜱螨目和弹尾目为常年土壤动物群落的优势类群 ,各占年总捕量的 19.75 %和 2 3.14 % ;蚯蚓、多足纲、等足目、膜翅目、鞘翅目为常见类群 ,5类全年占总捕量的 4 8.96 %。草丛动物有 15目或类。其中鞘翅目、直翅目、半翅目、同翅目、膜翅目、双翅目以及蜘蛛目为草丛动物群落的优势类群 ,占全年总捕量的89.6 3%。草丛动物类群数和个体数总体表现为 :7月 >9月 >5月 >4月 >12月 >3月。土壤动物和草丛动物的分布与生境密切相关。所捕的 2 2类草地动物中 ,可直接被鸟类捕食的有近 2 0类 ,主要为生活于草地常见类群中 ,因此 ,草地的生境以及草地动物的分布是吸引鸟类到机场栖息和摄食的主要原因。降低草高、减少结实的植物、控制土壤动物的密度是减少机场区鸟类数量的有效方法和途径。     

阜阳机场草丛动物群落特征与食虫鸟类相关性

2015年5—10月,对阜阳机场3种典型生境草丛动物及食虫鸟类多样性进行了研究。结果表明:调查共捕获草丛动物12个目,从个体数量来看,优势类群是直翅目,占草丛动物总数量的49.5%;常见类群是双翅目、鞘翅目、同翅目、鳞翅目、蜘蛛目,共占草丛动物总数量的39.8%;从总重量来看,优势类群同样是直翅目,占草丛动物总重量的80.1%;草地生境草丛动物重量和多样性水平最高,是草丛动物防治的重点区域;将草丛动物群落与食虫性鸟类进行相关性分析表明,食虫鸟类数量与直翅目总重量呈显著正相关(r=0.881,P=0.021),直翅目昆虫是主要防范类群;药物灭虫的最佳时间是每年5月;草丛动物总重量和食虫鸟类数量最大的时期是8月,也是鸟害防治的重点月份。     

乌鲁木齐雅玛里克山土壤动物群落结构及其多样性研究

为了查明不同海拔高度对土壤动物群落多样性及其时空动态的影响,对乌鲁木齐雅玛里克山6种不同海拔高度样带土壤动物群落进行了调查分析,以探讨雅玛里克山土壤动物群落结构与不同海拔高度之间的关系.结果表明,共获得大、中小型土壤动物7 375只,隶属于6门16纲35目,其中真螨目(52.28%)和弹尾目(15.61%)为优势类群,共占总捕获量的67.89%,而寄螨目(8.37%)、三肠目(7.78%)、膜翅目(2.74%)、茅线目(1.53%)、双翅目幼虫(1.48%)、垫刃目(1.27%)、鞘翅目(1.11%)及半翅目(1.07%)等8类为常见类群,占总捕获量的25.35%,其余的25类为稀有类群,占总捕获量的6.76%.在6种不同海拔样带土壤动物个体数和类群数之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),个体数顺序为:样带A>样带B>样带C>样带E>样带D>样带F,而类群数顺序为:样带A>样带B>样带C>样带D>样带E>样带F.3个不同季节有明显的差异(P<0.01),其个体数依次为秋>春>夏.在6种不同高度样带和不同生境土壤动物群落多样性指标之间存在差异(P<0.05).组间聚类和排序结果表明,将6种不同海拔高度生境分为山底生境型、山中生境型及山顶生境型等三大类型.     

呼伦贝尔草地风蚀沙化土壤动物对环境退化的响应

为揭示草地沙化过程中土壤动物与土壤环境要素的相互关系,采用野外调查和实验室检测相结合的方法,对呼伦贝尔沙化草地不同沙化阶段土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷、土壤水分含量、pH值,以及土壤动物群落结构、种群密度、多样性等进行了比较研究.共获得土壤动物4门6纲12目,优势类群中小型土壤动物仅线虫目1类,占总捕获量的94.3%;大型土壤动物为鞘翅目和半翅目2类,占总捕获量的79.7%.随草地沙化程度的不断加剧,土壤动物类群数量、种群密度、多样性和均匀性均呈明显递减趋势,严重沙化草地土壤中的土壤动物完全消失.回归分析表明,呼伦贝尔不同沙化阶段草地0～20cm土层土壤动物密度与土壤养分含量、土壤含水量、pH值及地表枯落物量呈显著线性相关,说明土壤动物群落对沙化草地土壤环境的改变较敏感.     

淮南八公山区不同生境条件下的土壤动物类群比较

2010年3月—4月对淮南市八公山区4种生境土壤动物进行了调查,获得各类土壤动物1965只,隶属4门12纲27目。其中优势类群为膜翅目和近孔寡毛目,常见类群为等足目、鞘翅目幼虫、鞘翅目成虫、柄眼目、鳞翅目幼虫、蜘蛛目和山蛩目,其余类群为稀有类群。研究结果表明:植被类型对土壤动物群落的结构特征有一定影响,不同植被条件下土壤动物个体及群落类群数存在差异。土壤动物多样性与均匀度指数呈正相关,与优势度呈负相关。4种生境的土壤动物群落之间都达到了中等相似水平。从土壤动物群落数量的垂直分布来看,0 cm~5 cm土壤层数量最大,有明显的表聚现象。     

陕西延安万花山枣园土壤动物群落结构与组成

2006年3月和11月分别选取陕西延安万花山不同林龄枣园,对枣园土壤动物群落进行调查。两次共采集40个土壤样品,通过手拣方法、干漏斗法和湿漏斗法获得463只土壤动物,隶属于3门7纲18目,其中鞘翅目9科。结果表明,弹尾目、蜱螨目和蜘蛛目为优势类群;膜翅目蚁科、鞘翅目幼虫、鞘翅目成虫、鳞翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫、石蜈蚣科、正蚓目、柄眼目为常见类群。通过群落多样性指数分析,2号样地(树龄7年)的优势度指数较小,而多样性和均匀性指数较高,其个体数和类群数都多于1号样地(树龄5年)。     

浙江金华不同城市绿地大型土壤动物群落结构与多样性

2004年10-11月对金华市市区8种城市绿地生境中的大型土壤动物群落进行了调查,共获得大型土壤动物1231只,隶属3门8纲20目。其中优势类群为近孔寡毛目、膜翅目、双尾目和蜘蛛目,常见类群为正蚓目、等足目、柄眼目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目和同翅目,其余类群为稀有类群。不同城市绿地生境中的土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同。在土壤动物研究中,群落复杂性指数(C)比Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)更能体现群落的复杂性与多样性,且能修正不同类群个体数对多样性的影响。大型土壤动物显示了明显的表聚现象,垂直分布有明显差异,类群数和个体数随深度增加而减少。群落聚类以及排序的结果显示,8种城市绿地生境中的大型土壤动物群落可以分为6大类:草坪类、草地类、新植草坪类、无草本层的人工林类、有草本层的人工林类和灌木林类。     

南京禄口国际机场昆虫月际发生规律及其与鸟类关系

掌握机场鸟类发生与草坪昆虫种类及数量间的关系有助于从食物链角度控制机场鸟类数量,降低鸟击风险。2015年3—11月采用网捕法和陷阱法调查了南京禄口国际机场草坪地上和地表昆虫,通过机场鸟情日常巡视工作记录飞行区内的鸟类种类和数量,通过解剖捕获的机场鸟类标本的嗉囊和胃确定其食物种类。调查共采集和鉴定出昆虫纲13目99科123种,26221头,优势类群为半翅目、膜翅目、双翅目、革翅目和鞘翅目,优势科为网蝽、摇蚊、蚜科和长蝽。地上和地表昆虫群落的密度和物种丰富度的月际变化均为单峰模式,地上昆虫和地表昆虫的发生高峰分别在8月(10头·m~(-2)和59种)和9月(113头·杯~(-1)和36种)。日常巡视共记录鸟类9目21科41种,活动高峰期为7—10月。鸟类素囔和胃检结果表明,昆虫、豆科和禾本科种子是鸟类的主要食物来源。Pearson相关性分析表明,杂食性鸟类月际发生量与昆虫月际发生数量呈显著正相关(P0.05),并且也分别与直翅目、膜翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目昆虫的月际发生量呈显著正相关。广义线性回规模型结果表明,禄口机场3—11月的鸟类月际发生量可通过直翅目昆虫的月际发生数量进行预测。研究表明,禄口机场鸟类发生与草坪昆虫种类和数量密切相关,通过喷撒农药和定期割草等手段来降低禄口机场昆虫尤其是直翅目昆虫数量将有助于机场鸟击防范工作。     

乌鲁木齐市水磨沟公园土壤动物群落多样性研究

为了研究水磨沟公园土壤动物群落结构,于2006年4月15日至9月21日在水磨沟公园不同高度选择3个取样区,每个取样区设立两个不同的取样点,采集了0～5、5～10、10～15cm3个不同层次的大中型土壤动物.共获得土壤动物1153个,分别属于3门8纲18目,其中鞘翅目、中腹足目、小引类为优势类群,占全捕量的61%.蜘蛛目、伪蝎目、半翅目为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的2.34%,其余为常见类群.分析表明,在不同高度土壤动物群落物种组成和多样性之间有明显的区别;山顶土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数明显的高于山地土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数.同时随着土壤深度的增加土壤动物物种数量逐步减少,表现出明显的垂直分布特征.     

广州长岗山森林凋落物土壤动物群落结构及季节变化

为了解华南地区城市森林凋落物土壤动物群落结构特征及季节变化,对广州市长岗山自然保护区森林凋落物层土壤动物群落进行了为期1年的逐月采样调查,共采获凋落物土壤动物21 817头,隶属于3门9纲22类群,其中蜱螨目和弹尾目为优势类群,二者占全年土壤动物个体总数的70.3%;蠕形马陆亚纲、等足目、蜘蛛目、缨翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目幼虫和双翅目幼虫为常见类群,它们的个体数占全年土壤动物总个体数的27.0%.这些主要类群的相对多度和密度随采样季节而改变并与凋落物的湿度存在着一定的相关性.蜱螨目的密度高峰期出现在降雨量最多的5-8月;弹尾目的密度高峰出现在2-7月;缨翅目的密度高峰在8-12月,凋落物湿度过高或过低均使缨翅目密度降低;鞘翅目的密度高峰分别出现在5-8月、11月和翌年2月,而蠕形马陆亚纲的密度高峰期集中在5-6月,而其余月份的密度维持在低水平.蜱螨目(A)和弹尾目(C)个体数之比的大小不一定能反映同一气候带土壤动物的分布特征和规律,因为即使在同一地点,不同的采样时间也会造成A/C值差异悬殊.保留城市森林凋落物对提高城市森林土壤动物的多样性具有重要意义.     

桂林两江国际机场内草坪动物与鸟类关系

2005年7月～2006年7月对桂林两江国际机场草坪动物及鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类9目23科48种,其中优势种是:田鹨、家燕、小云雀、棕背伯劳、黑卷尾、针尾沙锥、红隼、黑翅鸢;记录到昆虫13目76科,其中优势种有:直翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、膜翅目、半翅目等昆虫和各种蜘蛛.鸟类数量和昆虫数量存在密切联系,鸟类数量峰值和昆虫数量峰值有部分重叠,说明昆虫数量对鸟类数量有影响.严格控制草坪昆虫数量能有效控制机场草坪的鸟类数量.蛙鼠类对草坪鸟类数量影响不大.     

Prey attraction by larvae of the New Zealand glowworm, Arachnocampa luminosa (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Abstract. The hypothesis that bioluminescence produced by larvae of the New Zealand glow-worm, Arachnocampa luminosa , attracts prey was tested experimentally in Reserve Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand, and in its bush-clad entrance over a total of 200 days during winter, spring, and summer. We compared catches on transparent adhesive traps placed either over glowworms or over areas from which glowworms had been removed. Adhesive traps over glowworms caught significantly more invertebrates per trap per day than did control traps. Glowworms in bush attracted greater numbers and types of invertebrates than did glowworms in the cave. Diptera predominated in both bush (86% of the total catch) and cave (89%). Also caught were small numbers of Araneae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Trichoptera, Gastropoda, Acarina, and Neuroptera—listed in order of abundance—but no adults of A. luminosa were caught. Glowworms under adhesive traps survived with little or no food for up to 78 days.     

Arthropod prey of shelterbelt-associated birds: linking faecal samples with biological control of agricultural pests

Abstract  The value of insectivorous birds as agents for biological control of arthropod pests has been little studied, especially in Australia. This paper reports on the extent to which arthropods from various pest and non-pest taxa feature in the diets of birds captured in farm shelterbelts in central western New South Wales. The parameters examined were the types of arthropod fragments in bird faeces and percentage volume and frequency of occurrence of each component. The faecal data were compared with samples of the arthropod fauna trapped in shelterbelts during the period the birds were captured. In 26 of 29 faecal samples, arthropod fragments were the predominant components, the most common being from Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (especially Formicidae), Orthoptera and Araneae. The recognisable pest taxa in faecal samples were Scarabaeidae and wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The results indicate that the native bird species common in farm shelterbelts preyed on a range of arthropod taxa including several that are pests of crops and pastures. Accordingly, conservation of birds in farmlands could contribute to suppression of arthropod pests.     

Effects of Native and Non-Native Grassland Plant Communities on Breeding Passerine Birds: Implications for Restoration of Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie

One common problem encountered when restoring grasslands is the prominence of non-native plant species. It is unclear what effect non-native plants have on habitat quality of grassland passerines, which are among the most imperiled groups of birds. In 2004 and 2005, we compared patterns of avian reproduction and the mechanisms that might influence those patterns across a gradient of 13 grasslands in the Zumwalt Prairie in northeastern Oregon that vary in the degree of non-native plant cover (0.9–53.4%). We monitored the fate of 201 nests of all the breeding species in these pastures and found no association of percent non-native cover with nest densities, clutch size, productivity, nest survival, and nestling size. Regardless of the degree of non-native cover, birds primarily fed on Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Araneae. But as percent non-native cover in the pastures increased, Orthoptera made up a greater proportion of diet and Coleoptera made up a smaller proportion. These diet switches were not the result of changes in terrestrial invertebrate abundance but may be related to decreases in percent bare ground associated with increasing cover of non-native vegetation. Measures of nest crypticity were not associated with cover of non-native vegetation, suggesting that predation risk may not increase with increased cover of non-native vegetation. Thus, the study results show that increased non-native cover is not associated with reduced food supplies or increased predation risk for nesting birds, supporting the growing body of evidence that grasslands with a mix of native and non-native vegetation can provide suitable habitat for native grassland breeding birds.     

金佛山亚热带常绿阔叶林地表土壤动物群落特征及其影响因素

为探讨小尺度下不同微生境的土壤动物群落特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2018年10月在金佛山西坡亚热带常绿阔叶林样带内,对其凋落物层及腐殖质层两类微生境的土壤动物群落进行调查及相应环境因子的测定。此次调查共捕获地表土壤动物12381头,隶属于3门9纲22目。其中优势类群为蜱螨目和长角虫兆目,个体数占比为75.24%;常见类群为原虫兆目、愈腹虫兆目、短角虫兆目、双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目,个体数占比为21.23%。同时,土壤动物的密度（M）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）、Simpson优势度指数（D）及Pielou均匀度指数（E）均表现为腐殖质层极显著高于凋落物层（P<0.01）。根据回归分析及冗余分析结果发现,两类微生境的土壤动物群落特征与环境因子的关系存在一定差异;影响凋落物层土壤动物群落特征的重要环境因子为凋落物的总有机碳、碳氮比、湿度及pH,而影响腐殖质层土壤动物群落特征的重要环境因子为腐殖质的干重、总氮、总磷、湿度、pH及微生物生物量氮。研究表明,常绿阔叶林生态系统的不同微生境间土壤动物多样性特征存在显著差异,小尺度下环境因子对土壤动物群落特征具有重要影响。     

高黎贡山自然保护区大型土壤动物群落特征

系统调查了高黎贡山国家自然保护区土壤性质与土壤动物的种类与分布.海拔高度决定土壤的性质,土壤温度、湿度、有机质含量和磷的含量与海拔有明显的相关.在不同海拔11个样地共采集到大型土壤动物标本1万余号,分属于2个门,5纲,18目,47科,13亚科.等翅目Isoptera、膜翅目Hymenoptera和弹尾目Collembola昆虫是主要类群,随着海拔高度的增加,土壤动物数量和种类,以及Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数都是先增加然后减少.在海拔1500～2500 m左右数量最多,然后递减,土壤动物的分布以中山部最多而山顶部和底部较少的变化趋势.土壤动物的分布受海拔和土壤性质的影响.     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

Thermal properties and fauna on the bark of trees in two different African ecosystems

Summary The thermal properties of 26 African tree species in two different ecosystems were studied using thermocouples. In a subtropical moist forest were three bark types of trees: species with thin and smooth bark types with low values of insulation across the bark; species with a more structured bark type and medium insulation values; and species with deep-fissured or scaly bark types and high insulation values. Only these latter trees are able to survive openings in the subtropical forest and stand alone on edges of forest gaps. In the savanna all tree species showed adaptations in the structure of their bark in different forms: many tree species shade their trunks. Some have low bark insulation and these are known to be sensitive to fires. Some tree species show high bark insulation and do not shade their trunks. Tree species with white bark avoid overheating of their surface by reflection of the radiation. The arthropod community living exclusively on the bark was investigated for the first time on South African trees, on ten tree species. In the two different ecosystems this habitat is occupied by different arthropod groups. In the subtropical forest Acari, Araneae, Opiliones, Isopoda, Myriopoda, Blattodea, Psocoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Formicidae, and Nematocera (Diptera) are the main arthropod groups living exclusively on the bark of trees. In the savanna Pseudoscorpiones, Araneae, Collembola, Blattodea, Psocoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Termites, Formicidae, Hymenoptera and Brachycera (Diptera) are the main arthropod groups living exclusively on the bark of trees. Within one ecosystem on one bark type the dominant species are similar; richly structured bark types have a richer fauna. In the forest, bark arthropod diversity is related to the bark structure of the constituent trees, and the arthropod communities on the bark would reflect changes in the structure of the forest. Forests comprising tree species with different bark types would have a richer total bark arthropod fauna. Specialists on richly structured bark types would die out if tree species composition were altered by man to give stands consisting only of tree species with smooth bark types. Bark arthropods in a subtropical moist forest have different proportions of herbivorous and fungivorous compared to carnivorous species than those on the bark of trees in a savanna.