黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)植物的RAPD分析及其系统学意义

在形态分类研究的基础上,利用RAPD技术,对黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科植物6属9种共15个种群进行了遗传多样性分析,分析结果表明：（1）假冷蕨属应包括在蹄盖蕨属中（2）角蕨属与蹄盖蕨属,羽节蕨属与冷蕨属亲源关系较近（3）短肠蕨属为独立一属,与其它属亲源关系较远。根据黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科植物的DNA水平的研究结果,再结合其形态学特征,建议将黑龙江省蹄盖蕨科划分为3个亚科：冷蕨亚科(Cystopterioideae)包括2个属：冷蕨属(Cystopteris)和羽节蕨属(Gymnocarpium)。蹄盖蕨亚科(Athyrioideae)包括3个属：蹄盖蕨属(Athyrium)、假冷蕨属(Pseudocystopteris)和角蕨属(Cornopteris)。双盖蕨亚科(Diplazioideae)包括短肠蕨属(Allantodia)。     

中国独行菜属种皮微形态特征的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对独行菜属9种植物种子的种皮微形态进行了研究,结果表明独行菜属种皮微形态可划分为4种类型;结果支持将独行菜属划分为3个组的观点;北美独行菜在种皮纹饰上与其它类群差别较大,并结合子叶缘倚胚根的特征将其另立一新组——子叶缘倚组Sect. Accumbentum F. Z. Li, J. Q. Zheng ＆ Z. Y. Sun , sect. nov.     

中国蓼属春蓼组植物果实形态及果皮微形态的研究

应用解剖镜和扫描电镜对中国产蓼属春蓼组（Polygonum sect. Persicaria）19种3变种植物的果实形态和果皮微形态特征进行了观察和研究。结果表明,蓼属春蓼组植物的果实形态为卵形或椭圆状卵形,具三棱、双凹或双凸,顶端渐狭,有喙或无喙;果皮微形态可分为7种类型： 洼点、浅洼点,脑纹状纹饰,拟脑纹状纹饰,网状纹饰,不规则褶皱,不规则小疣状颗粒以及密浅网状纹饰。观察结果支持将绵毛酸模叶蓼（P. lapathifolium L. var. salicifolium Sibth.）合并到酸模叶蓼（P. lapathifolium L.）,做为酸模叶蓼的异名处理;支持将长鬃蓼（P. longisetum De Br.）作为丛枝蓼（P. posumbu Buch. Ham. ex D.Don）的变种处理的意见;认为密毛酸模叶蓼（P. lapathifolium L. var. lanatum (Roxb.) Stew.）应恢复种级,圆基长鬃蓼（P. longisetum De Br. var. rotunatum A.J.Li）应升为种级;支持平武蓼（Polygonum pingwuense F. Z. Li et Y. T. Hou et S. J. Fan, sp. nov.）新种的成立。     

新疆罗布泊地区可培养嗜盐细菌多样性

采用纯培养方法从新疆罗布泊盐湖中分离得到168株嗜盐细菌, 采用核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)研究了罗布泊嗜盐细菌的群落结构和多样性。通过限制性内切酶HinfI对108个菌株的16S rDNA进行酶切分型, 根据ARDRA的酶切图谱, 将其划分为12个操作分类单元。16S rDNA序列测定和系统发育分析结果显示, 分离菌株分布于喜盐芽孢杆菌属(Halobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)、盐水球菌属(Salinicoccus)、库克菌属(Kocuria)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)等9个属及1个可能的新分类单元。其中Halomonas为优势菌群, Chromohalobacter、Halobacillus为次优势菌群。采用ERIC-PCR分析优势菌群Halomonas各菌株的基因组特征, 显示出有21种指纹图谱。研究结果揭示, 罗布泊嗜盐细菌不仅具有丰富的多样性, 还蕴藏着具有地域特点的新菌种资源。     

中国蓼属分叉蓼组和冰岛蓼属植物叶下表皮微形态研究

采用光学显微镜对中国蓼属分叉蓼组(Polygonum section Aconogonon)和冰岛蓼属(Koenigia)的21种植物的叶下表皮微形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,其叶下表皮微形态特征可分为三种类型：（1）气孔器类型为无规则型,表皮细胞多边形,垂周壁为波状;（2）气孔器类型为无规则型兼有非典型不等型,表皮细胞为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁为平直弓形或波状;（3）气孔器类型为不等细胞型,表皮细胞多边形,垂周壁为平直弓形。分叉蓼组（西伯利亚蓼除外）植物的叶表皮气孔器类型具有高度一致性,说明该组是一个自然类群。本文研究结果不支持将大铜钱叶蓼(Polygonum forrestii Diels)、铜钱叶蓼(P. nummularifolium Meissner)划归于冰岛蓼属的处理意见;支持将西伯利亚蓼(P. sibiricum Laxm.)独立成属,即西伯利亚蓼属(Knorringia Tzvel.)的观点;同时也支持仍将多穗蓼(P. polystachyum Wall.ex Meissner)和松林蓼(P. pinetorum Hemsl.)归在分叉蓼组的处理意见。     

从线粒体Cyt b基因探讨红瘰疣螈物种地位的有效性

疣螈属的红瘰疣螈（Tylototriton shanjing）和棕黑疣螈(T. verrucosus) 的物种界限一直不清楚。测定了来自中国西南地区14个地点的T. shanjing和T. verrucosus共40只标本的线粒体DNA Cyt b基因(753 bp)。结果表明：（1）用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法等3种系统发育分析法分别重建棕黑疣螈种组系统发育树的拓扑结构不支持T. shanjing是单系群；（2） T. shanjing与T. verrucsus的mtDNA Cyt b序列差异平均值仅为1. 2％, 未达到种级水平。因此, 全部T. shanjing样品都属于同一个物种, 即T. verrucosus, 不支持T. shanjing的物种地位, T. shanjing为T. verrucosus的同物异名，并建议恢复T. verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。根据基于40个样品Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树和遗传变异以及地理分布, 这些红瘰疣螈（T. verrucosus）样品聚为3 支, 即中国西南地区的红瘰疣螈可分为片马、滇中滇西和滇东南3个地理居群。     

南五味子属（五味子科）植物叶表皮形态特征

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了南五味子属（Kadsura Kaempf. ex. Juss.）全属11种,八角属（Illicium Linn.）2种,共108个样品的叶表皮特征。在南五味子属中,叶表皮细胞的形状、叶表皮表面的纹饰、气孔器的形状、气孔极区的形状、表皮毛的有无等性状能用于研究南五味子属种间关系,以及与五味子属（Schisandra Michaux）和八角属之间的关系。在八角目（Illiciales）中发现的一个新分类学性状（叶表皮表面具角质网纹）,支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属（Subg. Cosbaea）和南五味子亚属（Subg. Kadsura）。根据叶表皮形态特征,支持将南五味子亚属分为南五味子组（Sect. Kadsura）和肉蕊组（Sect. Sarcocarpon）,支持R. M. K. Saunders和林祁对某些种的归并处理。根据与五味子属和八角属叶表皮形态特征的比较,认为这3个属的叶表皮形态特征相似,但南五味子属叶表皮形态比五味子属和八角属的叶表皮形态复杂,不支持将五味子科（Schisandraceae）从八角目（Illiciales）中分出而成立五味子目（Schisandrales）的观点。     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的文蛤属(软体动物门:帘蛤科)系统发育关系(英文)

测定了4种文蛤属贝类的15个个体的COI基因序列,并从GenBank下载了短文蛤 (M. petechialis)的相应序列。比对后的序列长度为574 bp,包括93个简约信息位点,A、T、C和G的平均含量分别为21.15%、44.71%、14.05%和20.09%。通过对序列的分析,共定义了12个单倍型：文蛤 (M. meretrix) 4个,斧文蛤 (M. lamarckii) 2个,丽文蛤 (M. lusoria) 3个,琴文蛤 (M. lyrata) 1个,短文蛤2个。以青蛤(Cylina sinensis)为外群,用MP法和贝叶斯法构建系统树。结果显示,短文蛤、丽文蛤和文蛤为亲缘关系较近的物种, 支持短文蛤和丽文蛤为文蛤的同物异名的观点。     

荒漠生境油蒿根围AM真菌多样性

为了阐明荒漠生境主要植被油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)根围AM真菌多样性, 2007年8月从毛乌素沙地和腾格里沙漠选取榆林、盐池、研究站和沙坡头4个样地, 按0–10、10–20、20–30、30–40、40–50 cm 5个土层采集油蒿根围土壤样品, 研究了油蒿根围AM真菌物种多样性和生态分布。在分离的4属28种AM真菌中, 球囊霉属(Glomus)16种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)7种, 盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)4种, 多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)1种。4个样地的共同优势种为摩西球囊霉(G. mosseae), 共同常见种为双网无梗囊霉(A. bireticulata)和网状球囊霉(G. reticulatum), 共同稀有种为缩球囊霉(G. constrictum)。地球囊霉(G. geosporum)仅出现在盐池, 蜜色无梗囊霉(A. mellea)、帚状球囊霉(G. coremioides)、浅窝无梗囊霉(A. lacunosa)和宽柄球囊霉(G. magnicaule)仅出现在研究站, 黑球囊霉(G. melanosporum)仅出现在榆林。盐池与研究站样地AM真菌种类最多, 榆林样地孢子密度最大, 沙坡头样地种类和孢子密度显著偏低。总体上, 孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值依Glomus >Acaulospora > Scutellospora> Diversispora呈现显著减小趋势。结果表明, 油蒿与AM真菌之间有良好共生性, 这对进一步利用菌根生物技术维护荒漠生态系统结构的完整性具有重要意义。     

四角果科（Carlemanniaceae）的系统位置评述

四角果科（Carlemanniaceae）科下有四角果属Carlemannia（3种）和蜘蛛花属Silvianthus（1种1亚种）。这两属建立之初均置于茜草科,此后又被多个分类及系统学家将它们移至忍冬科;1965年由Airy Shaw将它们从忍冬科独立成四角果科,得到了部分学者的赞同,但其系统位置仍存在争议,认为与与苦苣苔科、虎耳草科、马鞭草科和绣球花科等科的关系错综复杂;科下两属间的关系也仍然值得探讨。APGII认为四角果科与木樨科素馨属或女贞属近缘,但支持率不高。本文对四角果属和蜘蛛花属系统位置的研究和现状进行了评述;将Silvianthus bracteatus ssp. tonkinensis (Gagnep.) H. W. Li作为线萼蜘蛛花Silvianthus bracteatus ssp. clerodendroides (Airy Shaw) H.W.Li的异名归并;并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

基于核核糖体DNA ITS序列的真藓科系统发育新证据

主要是利用核基因组的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区（nrDNA ITS）序列数据探讨了Buck和Goffinet（2000）限定的真藓科内各属间及属内种间的系统发育关系。ITS序列的最大简约法（MP）及贝叶斯推论（BI）分析结果显示：不支持Cox（1999）利用rps4/trnL-trnF数据分析将丝瓜藓属移至提灯藓科的结论。ITS数据分析与Holyoak（2007）利用trnL-F,trnG和atpB-rbcL序列数据分析将Bryum algovicum、B.caespiticium、B.capillare、B.pseudotriquetrum和Plagiobryum zierii划归Ptychostomum的结论一致,同时,为Spence(2005)依据形态学特征将B.pallescen、B.pallens、B.uliginosum、B.amblyodon和B.lonchocaulon划归Ptychostomum提供ITS分子证据支持。基于以上研究,建议将以上提到的真藓属种和平蒴藓移至Ptychostomum。     

Molecular phylogeny and genetic variation in the genus Lilium native to China based on the internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA

We present a comprehensive phylogeny derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) for 214 samples representing 98 species and five varieties, including 44 species and five varieties native to China. Our collection of 25 species and five varieties (44 samples) covering all five sections of the genus (Comber) distributed in China also were included in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) database. This study incorporates previous research with an emphasis on Chinese species, including the controversial subsection, Sinomartagon 5c Comber. In the phylogenetic tree obtained by maximum parsimony (PAUP) and maximum likelihood (RAxML) analyses, the samples were divided into four major groups. Our results suggest that the subsection (subsect.) 5c Comber should be classified into the true subsect. 5c and the section (sect.) Lophophorum. And the latter was divided into three subsections (subsect. Lophophorum I, subsect. Lophophorum II, and subsect. Lophophorum III). Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we report that L. henryi and L. rosthornii are closely related, and we propose their classification into subsect. Leucolirion 6a. Our results support Comber’s subdivision of sect. Leucolirion, which was primarily based on bulb color. Chinese species were divided into five sections: sect. Martagon, sect. Archelirion, sect. Leucolirion, sect. Sinomartagon, and sect. Lophophorum. These findings contribute to our understanding of the phylogeny, origin, and classification of Lilium.     

A phylogenetic and morphological overview of sections Bohusia, Sanguinolenti, and allied sections within Agaricus subg. Pseudochitonia with three new species from France,Iran, and Portugal

The genus Agaricus was recently rearranged to accommodate numerous tropical taxa. Accordingly, the genus was split into six subgenera and 22 sections of which 12 are included in A. subg. Pseudochitonia. Preliminary data indicated that three putative new species belong to this subgenus. Our objectives were to describe these species, to determine to which sections they belong, and to experience the interest of some traditional traits in this new context. We morphologically described Agaricus coniferarum from France and Portugal, Agaricus iranicus from Iran, and Agaricus lusitanicus from Portugal. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, and tef1 sequence data of representatives of the 12 sections clearly indicated that A. coniferarum and A. lusitanicus are placed in Agaricus sect. Bohusia, while A. iranicus is in A. sect. Sanguinolenti. Incidentally, we replaced the illegitimate name Agaricus magnivelaris by Agaricus fiardianus. In a phylogenetic tree, based on all available ITS sequence data and focussing on six related sections, we examined the phylogenetic distribution of various characters. The intensity of red discolouration when the sporocarp is rubbed or cut appeared as a phylogenetically weak informative trait. We propose a determination key leading to a group of three hardly distinguishable sections (Bohusia, Nigrobrunnescentes, and Sanguinolenti).     

根据外部形态特征试论披碱草属3组植物间的系统关系

通过对披碱草属中小颖组、宽颖组和长颖组种类外部形态的观察,总结了3组植物外部形态特征的异同,探讨了形态学特征的分类学意义。同时,根据3组植物外部形态性状—花序、小穗、小花、以及内稃的演化趋势,分析了各组的演化关系和系统位置。结果表明：小颖组最原始,宽颖组较进化,长颖组最高级;小颖组可能直接派生了较进化的宽颖组,并在宽颖组的基础上进而产生了最高级的长颖组。此外,本文对披碱草属参试种的系统关系也作了一定程度的探讨,结果显示圆锥披碱草最原始,墨西哥披碱草最进化,其余参试种居于两者之间。上述研究工作为整个披碱草属系统与进化方面的探讨提供了形态学方面的理论证据。     

丝瓜藓属(Pohlia Hedw.)的系统位置及属内种间关系探讨

丝瓜藓属的系统地位及属内种间关系存在争议。本研究首次利用核糖体DNA内转录间区(ITS)序列数据对丝瓜藓属及相关科属植物进行系统发育分析。最大简约法,最大似然法及贝叶斯推论法构建的系统树均表明,ITS序列数据不支持将丝瓜藓属划归提灯藓科。丝瓜藓属植物与缺齿藓属植物构成一个单系分支。Brotherus(1903),Ochi(1959),Shaw(1984)及Hill等(2006)等学者提出的丝瓜藓属属下分类均不是单系类群。     

Morphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Data Reveal a New Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from Hunan,China

A new species of Primulaceae, Primula undulifolia, is described from the hilly area of Hunan province in south-central China. Its morphology and distributional range suggest that it is allied to P. kwangtungensis, both adapted to subtropical climate, having contiguous distribution and similar habitat, growing on shady and moist cliffs. Petioles, scapes and pedicels of them are densely covered with rusty multicellular hairs, but the new species can be easily distinguished by its smaller flowers and narrowly oblong leaves with undulate margins. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on four DNA markers (ITS, matK, trnL-F and rps16) confirmed the new species as an independent lineage and constitutes a main clade together with P. kwangtungensis, P. kweichouensis, P. wangii and P. hunanensis of Primula sect. Carolinella.     

Assessment of β-tubulin gene as a complementary molecular marker for desert truffle identification: a study case on Tunisian samples

Tunisian desert truffles have been identified on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus as Tirmania nivea, Terfezia bouderii and T. arenaria. ITS and, for the first time, β-tubulin gene were employed in the phylogenetic analyses of these species to assess whether β-tubulin gene could be a complementary molecular tool for resolution of phylogenetic species. From their comparison, both markers showed to be suitable to distinguish Tirmania nivea from Terfezia bouderii and T. arenaria and, focusing on the T. boudieri complex, to assign the phylogenetic types previously described. In addition to give a first glimpse into the distribution of desert truffles from north to south of Tunisia, we then suggest to use the β-tubulin gene as a complementary marker to ITS. This indication can be useful above all for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the T. boudieri complex.     

Species delimitation in the European species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS region and morphological data

The identification of the conventionally accepted species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) in Europe (Clavulina amethystina, Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata, and Clavulina rugosa) is often difficult and many specimens are not straightforwardly assignable to any of those four species, which is why some authors have questioned their identity. In order to assess the status of those species, a morphological examination was combined with the molecular analysis of the ITS region. The same six major clades were obtained in the Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, and all six clades were well-supported at least by one of the analyses. Morphological characters, such as the overall branching pattern, the presence and intensity of grey colour, the cristation of the apices, and basidiospore size and shape were to various extents correlated with the phylogenetic signal obtained from the ITS region. The congruence between the molecular analyses and morphology, rather than geographical origin, suggests the existence of several species that can be delimited using a combined phylogenetic and morphological species recognition. The analyses revealed that C. cristata and C. rugosa are well-delimited species. In contrast, more than one taxa could be subsumed under the names C. amethystina and C. cinerea, the taxonomical complexity of which is discussed. The ITS region is proved to be adequate to separate phylogenetic species of Clavulina.     

Towards a phylogeny for Astragalus section Caprini (Fabaceae) and its allies based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences

We conducted phylogenetic analyses of the sect. Caprini and its closely related sections within Astragalus. Analyses of a combined dataset including nrDNA ETS and three cpDNA markers using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference from 44 species of sect. Caprini and its allied taxa yielded congruent relationships among several major lineages. These results largely disagree with previously recognized taxonomic groups, most notably in the following ways: (1) subsects. Caprini and Purpurascentes of sect. Caprini are not natural groups; (2) sects. Alopecuroidei and Laxiflori are nested within sect. Astragalus; and (3) subsect. Chronopus constitutes a separate phylogenetic lineage. Representatives of sects. Astragalus, Alopecuroidei, and Laxiflori share a common ancestor with that of sect. Caprini. Our studies indicate that Astragalus annularis is an outlier species for the genus Astragalus and sect. Caraganella is the first-diverging clade within the genus Astragalus. Results of these analyses are supported by morphology and suggest the need for new taxonomic delimitations, which are forthcoming. Key morphological characters were mapped onto the phylogenetic tree and discussed.