安徽汉族成人皮褶厚度的研究

应用人体测量法对安徽滁州地区汉族694例(城市男性152例,城市女性158例,乡村男性201例,乡村女性183例)成年人进行6项皮褶(面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、小腿内侧)厚度的测量,分析了安徽汉族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特点,并与我国部分族群的皮褶厚度值进行比较。研究显示:1)安徽汉族成人皮褶发育躯干部优于四肢,背部优于腹部,面部居中,肱二头肌皮褶最薄。2)6项皮褶厚度值在性别间存在显著性差异。同年龄组比较,女性皮褶厚度值均高于男性。3)6项皮褶厚度多与年龄呈正相关。4)城乡比较,城市女性皮褶发育明显低于乡村女性,而城市男性皮褶发育多优于乡村男性。安徽汉族男、女性皮褶厚度具有蒙古人种北亚类型族群特点。     

中国汉族人的皮下脂肪发育

目前尚未见中国各地汉族成人皮褶厚度的综合研究。于2009年至2013年在中国22个省测量了汉族成人26928例(男13221例,女13707例)的面颊皮褶、肱二头肌皮褶、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂嵴上皮褶、小腿内侧皮褶的厚度,计算体脂肪率。运用u检验对城乡间皮褶厚度值进行比较,对6项皮褶厚度与纬度、经度、年龄进行相关分析。研究发现,总的说来,随纬度的减少（从北向南）、经度的增加（从西向东）、年龄的增加,汉族男性皮褶厚度增大,皮下脂肪增厚。随纬度的增加（从南向北）、年龄的增长,汉族女性皮褶厚度增大,皮下脂肪增厚,体脂率（PBF）增大。城市汉族男性皮褶厚度值均大于乡村汉族男性,城市女性肩胛下皮褶、小腿内侧皮褶厚度值接近于乡村女性,其余4项皮褶厚度值大于乡村女性（P<0.01）。城市男性PBF值大于乡村男性,城市女性PBF值小于乡村女性。城市男性、女性与乡村男性、女性均为肩胛下皮褶最厚、髂嵴上皮褶次之,以肱二头肌皮褶最为菲薄。     

达斡尔族成人的皮褶厚度及其年龄变化

测量了456例（男216,女240例）达斡尔族成人的4项皮褶（三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶与腓肠肌皮褶）厚度值,分析了达斡尔族成人皮褶厚度随年龄变化的特征。研究表明：（1）男性躯干皮下脂肪厚于四肢。女性肩胛下皮褶最厚,三头肌皮褶次之。（2）女性4项皮褶厚度值高于男性。（3）男性30—44岁皮下脂肪较厚,45岁以后皮褶厚度下降。女性50岁以后肩胛下皮褶值明显下降,其余3项值在40岁以后下降。（4）男性全身皮褶厚度值多呈正相关。女性这种现象不明显。（5）达斡尔族成人皮下脂肪发育逊于北京、大连城市中的汉族,但优于宁夏农村的回族。     

海南琼海汉族成人皮褶厚度的年龄变化

采用人体测量法,在海南琼海随机测量了643例(城男160例,城女150例;乡男174例,乡女159例)汉族成人的6项皮褶(面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、腓肠肌皮褶)厚度。结果显示:1)海南汉族成人皮下脂肪发育躯干优于四肢,并以背部最突出。2)城市男性皮褶厚度高于乡村男性,差异有统计学意义;乡村女性除面颊皮褶和肱二头肌皮褶厚度较城市女性低外,其他4项皮褶厚度均高于城市女性,差异有统计学意义。3)6项皮褶厚度女性均高于男性,差异有统计学意义。4)相关分析和方差分析显示:城乡男性面颊皮褶、肩胛下皮褶,乡村男性髂前上棘皮褶和腓肠肌皮褶厚度与年龄呈正相关;城乡女性面颊皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶厚度与年龄呈正相关。5)与其他9个国内族群比较,海南男性皮褶厚度与山西汉族、布里亚特蒙古族比较接近;海南女性与山东汉族、俄罗斯族、乌孜别克族、山西汉族、布里亚特蒙古族比较接近。海南汉族皮褶厚度具有北方族群的特征。     

布依族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

本文运用Heath-Carter人体测量体型方法,研究了贵州省布依族494例(男259例,女235例)成人体型。研究结果表明:(1)布依族男性与女性平均体型均为偏内胚层的中胚层体型,男性均数为3·0—5·3—2·4,女性均数为4·3—4·9—1·9。(2)随年龄增长,布依族男性内因子值变化不大,中因子值增大,外因子值减小。但总的说来,男性体型各年龄组变化不大。(3)随年龄增长,女性内因子值与中因子值增大,外因子值减小。(4)布依族体型介于南方人群和北方人群之间。     

湖南土家族成人的皮褶厚度和体成分分析

本项目采用人体测量法,测量了976名（男性528人,女性448人）湖南土家族成人的身高、体质量以及肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上和小腿内侧皮褶的厚度,并根据公式计算体密度、体脂率、脂肪质量、脂肪质量指数、瘦体质量和瘦体质量指数。结果显示随年龄增长,小腿内侧皮褶厚度值逐渐减小,肱三头肌、肩胛下和髂前上棘皮褶以及体脂率、脂肪质量、瘦体质量、体质量指数、脂肪质量指数和瘦体质量指数值先增大后减小,体密度值先减小后增大;各年龄组中体密度、瘦体质量及其指数值女性明显低于男性,4项皮褶厚度值以及体脂率、脂肪质量及其指数值女性高于男性;与布朗族等24个族群比较,湖南土家族成人皮褶厚度处于中等水平,与门巴族、珞巴族、僜人、彝族等族群的亲缘关系较近。     

达斡尔族学生皮下脂肪发育的研究

作者内蒙古莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗１７５９例中小学生项项皮褶厚度及体脂发育情况进行了调查研究。结果表明：（１）达斡尔族学生进入青春期后,随着年龄的增长,男性躯干部皮变厚,四肢部皮褶变薄,女性躯干、四肢部皮褶均增厚。（２）１２岁后,女性皮褶厚度显著大于男性。（３）青春发育早期,男性体脂逐渐有下降,女性于１２－１４岁体脂迅速增加。（４）总体说来,达斡尔族学生并不偏于肥胖。     

芜湖地区青少年儿童皮下脂肪及身体围度发育规律初探

分析了安徽省芜湖地区1217名城乡在校中小学生四项皮褶厚度及四项身体围度随年龄变化的规律,尤其是青春期的变化;以及营养、气候等环境因素对儿童青少年身体发育的影响。结果表明：在即将进入青春发育期时,男性四肢部皮下脂肪迅速减少;女性皮下脂肪在青春期迅速增厚;身体围度则随年龄增长而增加,在青春后期,围度保持在一定水平。     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人身体围度特征的分析

目的:研究新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人身体围度的特征。方法:本次研究中针对新疆伊犁哈萨克族374例(男性192例,女性182例)成人的身体围度进行了测量以及做了相关的分析。对年龄组间围度值的变化进行方差分析,对年龄与围度之间的关系进行相关分析。并与我国其他26个族群的围度值进行聚类分析。结果:该区男性腰围、腹围年龄组间的差异具有统计学意义;该区女性除头围外的12项围度值在不同年龄组间差异均有统计学意义。女性围度值各年龄组间的差异比男性更加明显。直线相关分析,男性呼气围、腰围、腹围和臀围均与年龄呈正相关,女性颈围、躯干各部分围度和上肢围度均与年龄呈正相关。新疆伊犁哈萨克族在26个族群中头围、胸围、腹围、臀围、大腿围和小腿围6项围度值均处于较高水平。聚类分析显示,哈萨克族围度值与乌孜别克族最接近,我国20个人群围度比较,表明哈萨克族族围度值较大。结论:伊犁哈萨克族身体围度值较大,具有东亚类型族群的围度特征。     

城市汉族的瘦体质量和脂肪质量

2009-2013年测量了城市汉族成人10451例(男性5048例,女性5403例)的16项指标值,研究了不同纬度地区汉族城市成人的瘦体质量、脂肪质量值的变化规律。研究发现:1)31个族群脂肪质量、瘦体质量均数彼此相差较大,脂肪质量最大值男性、女性均为保定汉族;最小值男性为宜春汉族、女性为宁乡汉族。瘦体质量最大值男性为呼兰汉族、女性为南阳汉族;最小值男性为赣州汉族,女性为琼海汉族。2)各族群女性脂肪质量值均大于男性,而瘦体质量值均小于男性。3)胸部、臀部(女性还有腹部)围度的发育以及全身的皮下脂肪发育水平影响着城市汉族脂肪质量的发育水平,躯干与下肢围度(男性还有上肢骨骼)发育情况影响着城市汉族人的瘦体质量发育水平。4)随纬度的增加,即从中国的南方到北方,城市汉族人的体质量、脂肪质量、瘦体质量均呈线性增大。脂肪质量、瘦体质量随纬度增加而增大共同引起了体质量规律性的变化。     

贵州布依族体质人类学研究

本文对773名(男379人,女394人)生活在贵州的布依族进行活体观察和测量(观察项目28个,测量项目64个)。调查对象年龄20—55岁三代均为布依族。分析结果表明:布依族中头型多见;男性多为中面型,女性以阔面型为主;属阔鼻型;亚中等偏矮型身材。布依族与我国南方其他29个民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示布依族的体质特征与广西壮族、海南黎族最为接近,与湖南土家族、瑶族、贵州苗族、广西彝族次之,与湖南侗族、贵州毛南族、白裤瑶较远。布依族属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有现代黄种人的容貌特征。     

布依族体质特征研究

本文调查了布依族成年人494例(男为259例,女为235例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均值和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内一些群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出布依族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为95 .4%,女为97. 0%。蒙古褶出现率低,男为30. 5%,女为35. 3%。鼻根男多为中等型,女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。多为圆形耳垂。发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。圆头型、高头型、阔头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高。男身高均值为158. 6cm,女身高均值为149. 4cm。     

布依族人手的应用人类学研究

本文探讨了布依族人手的形态特征, 为体质人类学积累资料和整形外科、机械设备、工具制造、手防护用具等设计提供形态学依据。采用国际通用的手部测量方法, 测量了312名(男153,女159) 布依族人手44项指标。所测数据均为男性大于女性(P<0.01), 测量项目右侧大于左侧的男性为75%, 女性为81.82%; 手形厚度、围度、长度和宽度差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01); 掌指数男性为96.56、女性为93.84, 手指数男性为46.12、女性为45.66。结果表明, 布依族人手形态具有左右侧非对称性和明显的性别差异; 手型呈短宽型, 指型呈短粗型。     

Developmental changes in the facial morphology of the Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): possible signals in visual communication

Orangutans display remarkable developmental changes and sexual differences in facial morphology, such as the flanges or cheek-pads that develop only on the face of dominant adult males. These changes suggest that facial morphology is an important factor in visual communication. However, developmental changes in facial morphology have not been examined in detail. We studied developmental changes in the facial morphology of the Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) by observing 79 individuals of various ages living in the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre (SORC) in Malaysia and in Japanese zoos. We also analyzed photographs of one captive male that were taken over a period of more than 16 years. There were clear morphological changes that occurred with growth, and we identified previously unreported sexual and developmental differences in facial morphology. Light-colored skin around the eyes and mouth is most prominent in animals younger than 3 years, and rapidly decreases in area through the age of approximately 7 years. At the same time, the scattered, erect hairs on the head (infant hair) become thick, dense hairs lying on the head (adult hair) in both sexes. The results suggest that these features are infant signals, and that adult signals may include darkened face color, adult hair, whiskers, and a beard, which begin to develop after the age of approximately 7 years in both sexes. In females, the eyelids remain white even after 10 years, and turn black at around the age of 20; in males, the eyelids turn black before the age of 10. The whiskers and beards of adults are thicker in males than in females, and are fully developed before the age of 10 in males, while they begin to develop in females only after approximately 20 years. White eyelids and undeveloped whiskers and beards may be visual signals that are indicative of young adult females. Our results also show that the facial morphology of the unflanged male is similar to that of the adult female, although it has also been pointed out that unflanged males resemble younger individuals.     

Facial soft tissue thickness in individuals with different occlusion patterns in adult Turkish subjects

Knowledge of variation in facial soft tissue thickness is important for forensic anthropologists, dentists, and plastic surgeons. Forensic anthropologists use such information as a guide in facial reconstruction and superimposition methods. The purpose of this study was to measure facial tissue thicknesses of adult males and females of Turkish origin across different types of occlusion, and to compare the results with each other and with values obtained for other populations. The study was conducted on 200 healthy individuals. The analysis of facial tissue thickness included 20 landmarks (10 dentoskeletal and 10 soft tissue) and 10 linear variables. Sex-based variation in facial tissue thickness was noted. The highest soft tissue thickness values were observed in the group with Class III occlusion type at Sn-A point for both the females (16.9, SD = 2.4) and the males (17.8, SD = 3.3). In the Class I group, the highest tissue depth was observed at Sn-A point (15.3, SD = 2.1) in females, and at Li-Id point (17.1, SD = 1.9) in males. In the Class II group, contrary to the findings for Class I, the highest soft tissue depth was at Li-Id point (16.0, SD = 1.4) in females, and at Sn-A point (18.1, SD = 2.6) in males. In conclusion, facial tissue thickness varied in adults depending on the sex and on the type of occlusion.     

The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the facial skeleton of the African apes

This paper aims to test the contribution of ontogenetic scaling to sexual dimorphism of the facial skeleton in the African apes. Specifically, it addresses whether males and females of each species share a common postnatal ontogenetic shape trajectory for the facial skeleton. Where trajectories are found to differ, it is tested whether male and female trajectories: 1) diverge early, or 2) diverge later after sharing a common trajectory earlier in the postnatal period. Where ontogenetic shape trajectories are found to be shared, it is also tested whether males and females are ontogenetically scaled. This study uses geometric morphometric analyses of 28 landmarks from the facial skeletons of 137 G. g. gorilla (62 adults; 75 juveniles), 95 P. paniscus (34 adults; 61 juveniles), and 115 P. t. troglodytes (58 adults; 57 juveniles). On average, males and females share a common ontogenetic shape trajectory until around the eruption of the second permanent molars. In addition, for the same period, males and females in each species share a common ontogenetic scaling trajectory. After this period, males and females diverge both from each other and from the common juvenile ontogenetic shape and scaling trajectories within each species. Thus, the male and female facial skeleton shows ontogenetic scaling until around the point of the eruption of the second molar (i.e., around puberty and the development of secondary sexual characteristics), but subsequent sexual dimorphism occurs via divergent trajectories and not via ontogenetic scaling.     

贵州革家人的体型

采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对家人成人311例(男159例,女152例)进行了体型研究。研究发现,家人男性的体型平均数为3.4-4.8-2.1,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型;女性体型均数为4.9-4.7-1.3,属于内胚层-中胚层均衡型。家人性别间5个年龄组体型差异均具有统计学意义。随年龄增长,男性内因子值趋于变小,而且年龄组间内因子值具有明显差异。男性中因子、外因子与年龄均不相关,年龄组间中因子、外因子值的差异亦无统计学意义。女性内因子与年龄呈负相关,中因子、外因子与年龄均不具有相关(P>0.05)。内因子、中因子、外因子值在不同年龄组间的的差异具有统计学意义。家人男性与云南汉族、布依族、客家人、僜人、广西汉族体型接近,家人女性与客家人、怒族、僜人、侗族体型最为接近。在中国南方族群中,家人身体脂肪含量较多,骨骼、肌肉含量中等,身体相对粗壮些。家人与生活在南方的汉族族群体型相对接近。