不同氨基酸对克隆的胰岛β细胞株INS-1E细胞作用的比较

INS-1E细胞经传代培养2 d后,在Krebs-Ringer缓冲液中37℃培养箱预培养30 min,再用含16.7 mmol.L-1葡萄糖和不同AA的改良Krebs-Ringer缓冲液培养60 min,然后留取上清液进行INS测定。结果:L-亮氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺未能显示促进16.7 mmol.L-1葡萄糖诱导的INS-1E细胞的INS分泌,其余4种AA均促进葡萄糖诱导的INS-1E细胞的INS分泌。本研究显示L-脯氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-精氨酸均能增加葡萄糖诱导的INS-1E细胞分泌INS。     

L-丙氨酸对小鼠胰岛分泌胰岛素的急性作用及其葡萄糖依赖性研究

探讨L-丙氨酸刺激小鼠胰岛分泌胰岛素的剂量和葡萄糖依赖性。雌性6~10周NMRI小鼠,苯巴比妥腹腔麻醉,应用胶原酶技术消化胰腺分离胰岛,置于RPMI1640培养皿中在37℃培养箱(5%CO2,95%空气)过夜培养。次日在Krebs-Ringer缓冲液中37℃水浴培养箱预培养30 min,分别把单个胰岛小心放入100 L含有不同浓度葡萄糖和不同浓度L-丙氨酸的改良Krebs-Ringer缓冲液37℃水浴培养箱培养60 min,留取50 L上清液进行胰岛素测定。结果:L-丙氨酸在0.1~20mmol.L-1范围促进了葡萄糖刺激的小鼠胰岛的胰岛素分泌,随剂量增大而增强,在低浓度葡萄糖存在的条件下,10 mmol.L-1L-丙氨酸不能刺激小鼠胰岛的胰岛素分泌,在6.7 mmol.L-1及以上葡萄糖存在的条件下,L-丙氨酸能增加葡萄糖诱导的小鼠胰岛分泌胰岛素。本研究显示L-丙氨酸能增加葡萄糖诱导的小鼠胰岛分泌胰岛素,此作用依赖于一定水平葡萄糖的存在。     

INS-1E细胞葡萄糖毒性模型的建立

目的:建立胰岛细胞系INS-1E细胞的葡萄糖毒性模型。方法:将INS-1E细胞分别在不同葡萄糖浓度(5.5 mmol/L、16.7mmol/L、25 mmol/L、30 mmol/L)的1640完全培养基中培养不同时间(48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h),分别在不同时间点取细胞进行细胞功能检测,实时荧光定量PCR法检测胰岛素m RNA的表达,ELISA检测葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素的分泌。结果:与对照组相比,高糖浓度(5.5 mmol/L、16.7 mmol/L、25 mmol/L、30 mmol/L)培养基中培养48 h后,INS-1E细胞的胰岛素合成和分泌的功能均增加(P均0.05),随着培养基中葡萄糖浓度的升高以及培养时间的延长,INS-1E细胞胰岛素合成及分泌的功能逐渐下降,当在葡萄糖浓度为30 mmol/L的培养基中培养120 h后,胰岛素m RNA合成及葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌均显著降低(P均0.01)。结论:INS-1E细胞在30 m M的葡萄糖中培养120 h形成稳定的葡萄糖毒性模型。     

不同浓度葡萄糖对大鼠胰岛β细胞L-型钙通道的影响

采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察不同浓度葡萄糖对新生Wister大鼠胰岛β细胞膜上电压依赖性L-型钙离子通道门控特性的影响,即分别用2.8、5.5、16.7和22.2 mmol/L的葡萄糖刺激单个贴壁胰岛β细胞,以Ba²⁺作为载流子,分析比较葡萄糖对L-型钙通道电流的影响。结果显示：在低糖（2.8 mmol/L）情况下,大鼠胰岛β细胞电压依赖性L-型钙离子通道电流静息膜电位约为－70 mV,钙离子内流不明显,且无明显的时间依赖性关系。在葡萄糖浓度为5.5 mmol/L的条件下,大鼠胰岛β细胞电压依赖性L-型钙离子通道电流在－40 mV激活, +20 mV左右达峰值;高糖（16.7 mmol/L）作用胰岛β细胞后,电压依赖性L-型钙离子通道电流约－40 mV激活,＋10 mV左右达峰值,即峰值电位向负方向移动约10 mV;葡萄糖浓度达22.2 mmol/L时,电活动呈持续性去极化,峰值电位增加不明显,提示葡萄糖降低胰岛β细胞电压依赖性L-型钙通道电流的激活电位阈值,促进其开放,钙电流峰值电位增加,随着高糖作用时间的延长,胰岛β细胞容积变大,细胞膜破坏。提示高浓度葡萄糖在一定范围内可以刺激胰岛素的分泌,但浓度过高则可抑制胰岛素的分泌,通过观察葡萄糖刺激的胰岛β细胞胰岛素第一时相分泌的变化,在一定程度上对高糖毒性作用的可能提供了证据。     

高浓度葡萄糖下调INS-1细胞血红素氧合酶1表达水平的研究

目的:观察高糖毒性对大鼠胰岛细胞系INS-1细胞中血红素氧合酶1蛋白表达的损害作用,并研究信号分子刺激下细胞损伤的自我保护机制.方法:分别采用不同葡萄糖浓度孵育或葡萄糖代谢物葡萄糖胺持续孵育培养INS-1细胞,造成高糖毒性损伤,进而采用胰岛素以及核转录因子Nrf2激动剂莱芜硫烷刺激细胞保护信号机制改善损伤,蛋白印迹法检测细胞中血红素氧合酶1的表达情况.结果:高浓度葡萄糖溶液中(25 mM)孵育INS-1细胞48小时,血红素氧合酶1的表达水平较正常情况显著下降(P＜0.05).高浓度葡萄糖与葡萄糖胺共刺激对实验细胞中血红素氧合酶1的表达下调具有协同作用.胰岛素对实验细胞中血红素氧合酶1表达具有上调作用,但上调作用强度随培养环境中葡萄糖浓度的增高而降低.核转录因子Nrf2激动剂莱芜硫烷孵育处理实验细胞后,胞内血红素氧合酶1表达水平在葡萄糖胺刺激下上调,且与培养环境中葡萄糖浓度水平无关(P＜0.05).结论:高糖毒性可损害胰岛β细胞内抗氧化酶-血红素氧合酶Ⅰ的表达,而胰岛素可激活下游通路尤其是Nrf2信号通路,对抗高糖诱导的氧化应激损伤,从而保护胰岛细胞.     

20-HETE对小鼠葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌反应的影响

为了考察20-羟基二十碳四烯酸(20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, 20-HETE)对葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌反应的影响,本研究选择CYP4F2转基因小鼠和小鼠胰岛素瘤INS-1E细胞作为研究材料,通过LCMS/MS检测WT和TG小鼠的胰腺20-HETE水平。通过IPGTT测定小鼠葡萄糖耐量,通过ELISA测定小鼠血浆C肽水平来检测胰岛素分泌。通过Western blotting、Real time PCR、免疫组化和免疫荧光来检测小鼠胰腺或INS-1E细胞中Glut2、GSK-3β(Ser9点)和AKT (Ser473点)的磷酸化水平。TG小鼠的20-HETE水平((7.26±2.03) ng/mg蛋白)显著高于WT小鼠((2.14±0.76) ng/mg蛋白)。在用20-HETE合成的选择性抑制剂HET0016处理后,TG小鼠((0.33±0.07) ng/mg蛋白)和WT小鼠((0.27±0.06) ng/mg蛋白)胰腺组织中的20-HETE水平均急剧降低。给予葡萄糖处理30 min后,TG小鼠的血糖水平均显著高于WT小鼠,而血浆C肽水平显著低于WT小鼠(p<0.05)。与WT小鼠相比,TG小鼠的胰腺组织中Glut2 m RNA和蛋白水平显著降低。与WT小鼠相比,CYP4F2转基因小鼠的GSK-3β和AKT磷酸化均显著降低。20-HETE处理可导致INS-1E细胞中AKT/GSK-3β磷酸化水平和Glut2表达水平显著降低(p<0.05)。此外,用17 mmol/L葡萄糖处理INS-1E细胞1 h,20-HETE处理组的胰岛素分泌显著降低。应用GSK-3β选择性抑制剂TWS119预处理INS-1E细胞3 h后,TWS119 (一种GSK-3β选择性抑制剂)预处理显著逆转了Glut2表达水平的降低以及胰岛素分泌的减少。20-HETE主要通过AKT/GSK-3β信号通路来下调Glut2的表达,进而减弱胰岛素分泌,导致胰岛素分泌功能障碍。     

一种高效经济的小鼠胰岛细胞分离纯化新技术

目的:建立一种经济高效的小鼠胰岛细胞分离纯化方法,为进行NOD小鼠的胰岛移植提供实验条件.方法:将5-7周龄、体重20～25 g的雄,陛昆明小鼠的胆总管结扎,并逆行Hank's液和胶原酶P灌注和分离消化,依次加入84%、67%、50%浓度的Histopaque介质后进行不连续密度梯度离心纯化胰岛细胞.双硫腙(dithizon,DTZ)和台盼兰染色分别鉴定胰岛细胞.用含5.6mmol/L葡萄糖DMEM培养液体外培养胰岛细胞,培养后的第3、5、7、9、11天取细胞上清检测胰岛素水平,并用16.7mmol/L的高浓度葡萄糖进行刺激,检测胰岛素水平确定胰岛细胞功能.结果:每个胰腺的胰岛细胞收获量在1200±124个,且纯度和活性均大于90%;体外培养9天内胰岛细胞基础胰岛素分泌水平无显著差异,至第11天时则明显减少(P＜0.05);应用16.7mmol/L葡萄糖刺激后,第5、7、9、11天的胰岛素分泌水平较第3天的明显减少(P＜0.05),然而在第7天、9天、11天时的胰岛素水平较第5天时显著降低.结论:胆总管逆行注射Hank's液和胶原酶P消化消化和不连续密度梯度Histopaque纯化的方法可以获得大量状态良好的胰岛,且胰岛细胞数量多,分泌状态良好.本分离方法是一种经济高效的胰岛细胞分离方法,同时离体后于5.6mmol/L葡萄糖DMEM培养第3天胰岛细胞胰岛素储备功能最佳,为移植研究的最佳状态.     

胰岛素对β细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响

目的:探讨不同浓度外源性胰岛素在不同浓度葡萄糖情况下对βTC-3细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法:取对数生长期的βTC3细胞分三组,即低糖组、中糖组、高糖组(葡萄糖浓度分别取1.0mmol/L、3.0mmol/L、20.0mmol/L)。每组分0、5、10、15、100、500、5000和50000μU/ml胰岛素八个亚组(其中0μU/ml作为对照组)。刺激10分钟后取上清液测C肽。结果:在高糖组中,C肽分泌量无明显差异;在中糖组中,10μU/ml和15μU/ml两组相对对照组C肽分泌量显著增加,50000μU/ml组C肽分泌量则相对对照组出现减少,其余3个亚组无明显改变;在低糖组中,C肽分泌量除5000μU/ml组减少外,其它亚组C肽分泌量无明显差异。结论:胞外胰岛素在适宜葡萄糖浓度时,对βTC3细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响呈剂量依赖关系。     

青龙木制剂对小鼠胰腺β细胞单位电活动的影响

目的:观察青龙木制剂(Ambyna preparation)对小鼠胰岛β细胞单位放电的影响,探讨青龙木制剂促进胰岛素分泌的机制.方法:以大于刺激阁以上(＞5mmol/L)的葡萄糖滴注在体小鼠胰腺上诱发胰岛β细胞电活动,用玻璃微电极记录在体小鼠胰岛β细胞的单位放电.结果:青龙木制剂和格列本脲一样加强葡萄糖诱导的胰岛β细胞电活动.结论:青龙木制剂加强葡萄糖诱导的胰岛β细胞电活动进而促进胰岛素的分泌.     

生长抑素可预防链佐霉素诱发的大鼠胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的损伤

本工作通过测定大鼠血清、胰腺灌流液以及肤腺组织中胰岛素含量,观察生长抑素(SS)对链佐霉素(STZ)诱发的实验性糖尿病的作用。结果如下:皮下注射生理盐水后10min,再向腹腔注射链佐霉素(35mg/kg),24h 后大鼠血清胰岛素浓度明显降低。胰腺组织匀浆中的胰岛素含量也明显减少。如若在注射链佐霉素前10min 皮下注射生长抑素,则可有效地防止上述两项指标的改变,(NS STZ)和(SS STZ)两组之间具有显著差异。单独注射生长抑素,24h 后血清胰岛素及胰腺组织中胰岛素含量与正常对照无明显差异。用分离的大鼠胰腺作体外灌流,观察到:NS STZ 组大鼠灌流胰腺对19.7mmol/L 的高浓度葡萄糖刺激无胰岛素释放反应,而 SS STZ 组大鼠的胰腺对高浓度葡萄糖有反应性,刺激后出现胰岛素分泌峰。上述结果表明,SS(30μg/kg)预防性注射可以防止 STZ 引起的胰岛 B 细胞分泌功能的障碍。     

Effect of tetracaine and lidocaine on insulin release in isolated mouse pancreatic islets

The effect of tetracaine and lidocaine on insulin secretion and glucose oxidation by islets of ob/ob-mice was measured. Tetracaine, at a concentration of 1 microM to 0.1 mM, did not markedly influence the basal (3 mM glucose) insulin secretion, whereas 0.5-3.5 mM induced a marked increase. At 7 mM glucose, there was a dose-dependent increase with 0.1-2.5 mM tetracaine. Insulin release induced by 20 mM glucose was potentiated by 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM tetracaine, but this effect disappeared at 1 mM tetracaine. The stimulatory effect of 0.5-1 mM tetracaine on basal insulin release was blocked by the secretory inhibitors, adrenaline (1 microM), clonidine (1 microM) and by Ca2+-deficiency, but the stimulation by 3.5 mM tetracaine was not reduced by 1 microM clonidine or Ca2+ deficiency. Atropine (10 microM) did not affect the stimulation by 0.5 mM tetracaine at 3 mM glucose or by 0.25 mM tetracaine at 20 mM glucose. Tetracaine, at 0.1 mM, potentiated the secretory stimulation of 20 mM L-leucine, 20 mM D-mannose, or 1 microM glibenclamide. Mannoheptulose, 10 mM, abolished the combined effects of 0.1 mM tetracaine and 10 mM glucose. Lidocaine, 1-5 mM, stimulated basal insulin release, but 1 microM-1 mM of the drug did not affect glucose-induced (20 mM glucose) insulin release and 5 mM lidocaine inhibited glucose stimulation. The oxidation of 10 mM D-[U-14C]glucose was slightly enhanced by 0.1 and 1 mM tetracaine. The results indicate that tetracaine and lidocaine, at certain concentrations, can induce insulin release and that tetracaine potentiates secretion induced by other secretagogues. It is concluded that these effects may be associated with beta-cell functions related to the adrenergic receptors but probably not to cholinergic receptors.     

The malate-aspartate NADH shuttle member Aralar1 determines glucose metabolic fate, mitochondrial activity, and insulin secretion in beta cells

The NADH shuttle system, which transports reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondria, is essential for the coupling of glucose metabolism to insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Aralar1 and citrin are two isoforms of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier, one key constituent of the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle. Here, the effects of Aralar1 overexpression in INS-1E beta cells and isolated rat islets were investigated for the first time. We prepared a recombinant adenovirus encoding for human Aralar1 (AdCA-Aralar1), tagged with the small FLAG epitope. Transduction of INS-1E cells and isolated rat islets with AdCA-Aralar1 increased aralar1 protein levels and immunostaining revealed mitochondrial localization. Compared with control INS-1E cells, overexpression of Aralar1 potentiated metabolism secretion coupling stimulated by 15 mm glucose. In particular, there was an increase of NAD(P)H generation, of mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, ATP levels, glucose oxidation, and insulin secretion (+45%, p < 0.01). Remarkably, this was accompanied by reduced lactate production. Rat islets overexpressing Aralar1 secreted more insulin at 16.7 mm glucose (+65%, p < 0.05) compared with controls. These results show that aspartate-glutamate carrier capacity limits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and that Aralar1 overexpression enhances mitochondrial metabolism.     

Different secretory response of pancreatic islets and insulin secreting cell lines INS-1 and INS-1E to osmotic stimuli

Objective of this study was to characterize osmotically-induced insulin secretion in two tumor cell lines. We compared response of freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 and INS-1E tumor cell lines to high glucose, 30 % hypotonic medium and 20 % hypertonic medium. In Ca(2+)-containing medium glucose induced insulin release in all three cell types. Hypotonicity induced insulin secretion from islets and INS-1 cells but not from INS-1E cells, in which secretion was inhibited despite similar increase in cell volume in both cell types. GdCl(3) (100 micromol/l) did not affect insulin response from INS-1E cells to hypotonic challenge. Hypertonic medium inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion from islets but not from tumor cells. Noradrenaline (1 micromol/l) inhibited glucose-induced but not swelling-induced insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Surprisingly, perifusion with Ca(2+)-depleted medium showed distinct secretory response of INS-1E cells to hypotonicity while that of INS-1 cells was partially inhibited. Functioning glucose-induced insulin secretion is not sufficient prerequisite for hypotonicity-induced response in INS-1E cells suggesting that swelling-induced exocytosis is not essential step in the mechanism mediating glucose-induced insulin secretion. Both cell lines are resistant to inhibitory effect of hyperosmolarity on glucose-induced insulin secretion. Response of INS-1E cells to hypotonicity is inhibited by the presence of Ca(2+) in medium.     

Augmented Insulinotropic Action of Arachidonic Acid through the Lipoxygenase Pathway in the Obese Zucker Rat

Objective: The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) has been shown to be altered in severe insulin resistance that is present in obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. We examined the effects and mechanism of action of AA on basal and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic islets isolated from obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats and their homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) littermates. Research Methods and Procedures: Islets were isolated from 10‐ to 12‐week‐old rats and incubated for 45 minutes in glucose concentrations ranging from 3.3 to 16.7 mM with or without inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways. Medium insulin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay, and islet production of the 12‐lipoxygenase metabolite, 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE), was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results: In islets from lean animals, AA stimulated insulin secretion at submaximally stimulatory glucose levels (< 11.1 mM) but not at 16.7 mM glucose. In contrast, in islets derived from obese rats, AA potentiated insulin secretion at all glucose concentrations. AA‐induced insulin secretion was augmented in islets from obese compared with lean rats at high concentrations of AA in the presence of 3.3 mM glucose. Furthermore, the inhibitor of 12‐lipoxygenase, esculetin (0.5 μM), inhibited AA‐stimulated insulin secretion in islets from obese but not lean rats. Finally, the islet production of the 12‐HETE was markedly enhanced in islets from obese rats, both in response to 16.7 mM glucose and to AA. Discussion: The insulin secretory response to AA is augmented in islets from obese Zucker rats by a mechanism related to enhanced activity of the 12‐lipoxygenase pathway. Therefore, augmented action of AA may be a mechanism underlying the adaptation of insulin secretion to the increased demand caused by insulin resistance in these animals.     

Tranilast inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.

Tranilast, N-(3,4-demethoxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid, is an anti-allergic agent identified as an inhibitor of mast cell degranulation. Recently, tranilast was shown to decrease albuminuria in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy and to ameliorate vascular hypertrophy in diabetic rats, suggesting that it may be clinically useful in the treatment of diabetic complications. However, the effects of tranilast on glucose tolerance have not been elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tranilast on insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Treatment with tranilast significantly suppressed insulin secretion in INS-1E cells and rat islets induced by 16.7 mmol/l glucose. Furthermore, tranilast inhibited tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion. Treatment with tranilast increased (86)Rb (+) efflux from COS-1 cells in which pancreatic beta-cell-type ATP-sensitive K (+) (K (ATP)) channels were reconstructed and suppressed the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio in INS-1E cells. Interestingly, treatment with tranilast enhanced glucose uptake in INS-1E cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that tranilast inhibited glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion through the activation of K (ATP) channels in pancreatic beta-cells.     

Selective potentiation of 5-methyl-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxazoleacetic acid (AD-4610) on glucose-induced insulin secretion

In the perfused pancreas from normal SD rats, AD-4610 (0.01-0.1 mM) potentiated biphasic insulin secretion induced by 7.5 mM of glucose. The concentration-response curve of insulin secretion to glucose was shifted leftwards with AD-4610 (0.1 mM) without altering either the threshold concentration of glucose to induce insulin secretion or the maximal insulin response to glucose, indicating increased sensitivity of the pancreatic B-cells to glucose. On the other hand, AD-4610 was 10-fold less effective in altering insulin secretion induced by arginine and glyceraldehyde. The effect of AD-4610 on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism was compared with that of tolbutamide in vivo. AD-4610 (100 mg/kg) potentiated insulin secretion induced by an intravenous glucose load, and also accelerated glucose metabolism without altering basal insulin secretion in normal rats. On the other hand, tolbutamide (20 mg/kg) increased basal insulin secretion, but slightly decreased glucose-induced insulin secretion. In yellow KK mice with hyperglycemia, AD-4610 (10-100 mg/kg) had a dose-dependent hypoglycemic action, but tolbutamide did not. Thus, AD-4610 stimulated insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent fashion and enhanced glucose metabolism in vivo. These results suggest that AD-4610 selectively potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion by increasing the sensitivity of pancreatic B-cells to glucose and may be useful for treating human NIDDM through a different mechanism than that of tolbutamide.     

Hydrogen peroxide alters mitochondrial activation and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells.

The effects of a transient exposure to hydrogen peroxide (10 min at 200 microM H(2)O(2)) on pancreatic beta cell signal transduction and insulin secretion have been evaluated. In rat islets, insulin secretion evoked by glucose (16.7 mM) or by the mitochondrial substrate methyl succinate (5 mM) was markedly blunted following exposure to H(2)O(2). In contrast, the secretory response induced by plasma membrane depolarization (20 mM KCl) was not significantly affected. Similar results were obtained in insulinoma INS-1 cells using glucose (12.8 mM) as secretagogue. After H(2)O(2) treatment, glucose no longer depolarized the membrane potential (DeltaPsi) of INS-1 cells or increased cytosolic Ca(2+). Both DeltaPsi and Ca(2+) responses were still observed with 30 mM KCl despite an elevated baseline of cytosolic Ca(2+) appearing approximately 10 min after exposure to H(2)O(2). The mitochondrial DeltaPsi of INS-1 cells was depolarized by H(2)O(2) abolishing the hyperpolarizing action of glucose. These DeltaPsi changes correlated with altered mitochondrial morphology; the latter was not preserved by the overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) was increased following exposure to H(2)O(2) up to the micromolar range. No further augmentation occurred after glucose addition, which normally raises this parameter. Nevertheless, KCl was still efficient in enhancing mitochondrial Ca(2+). Cytosolic ATP was markedly reduced by H(2)O(2) treatment, probably explaining the decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+). Taken together, these data point to the mitochondria as primary targets for H(2)O(2) damage, which will eventually interrupt the transduction of signals normally coupling glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.