湛江5种红树林树种光合作用特性及光合固碳能力研究

应用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对湛江市特呈岛5种红树林树种的净光合速率日变化和光合作用—光响应曲线进行了测定,探讨了各树种的光合作用特性以及主要影响因子并评估其固碳能力大小。结果表明:在自然光照条件下,秋茄和红海榄叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线呈单峰型,白骨壤、木榄和桐花树为双峰型,光合"午休"现象明显,而且峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00左右。其中,白骨壤和木榄的光合午休主要由气孔限制因素引起,桐花树主要由非气孔限制因素引起。通径分析表明,光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响白骨壤和桐花树叶片Pn的主要决策因子,而叶面大气蒸汽压亏缺(VPD)是主要限制因子;影响秋茄和红海榄叶片Pn的主要决策因子是气孔导度(Gs),主要限制因子是叶温(Tl);影响木榄叶片Pn的主要决策因子是气孔导度(Gs)。基于叶片净光合作用速率的各树种日净固碳量存在显著性差异(P0.01),秋茄的日净固碳量最大(13.83 g·m-2·d-1),其次为白骨壤和桐花树(9.48和8.24 g·m-2·d-1),木榄和红海榄的较小(6.72和6.30 g·m-2·d-1)。5种红树林树种的光补偿点(LCP)介于28.3~137.0μmol·m-2·s-1之间,显示了阳生植物的特性。光饱和点(LSP)介于169.3~1189.3μmol·m-2·s-1之间,桐花树最大,红海榄最小。5种红树林树种的表观量子效率(AQY)存在极显著差异(P0.01),白骨壤最高为0.064 mol·mol-1,木榄最低,仅为0.005 mol·mol-1。5种红树林植物叶片的光响应参数与日净固碳量的关联度大小顺序为最大净光合速率(Pmax)、LSP-LCP、AQY、LSP、LCP。     

广西英罗港红树植物种群的分布

用生态样带和连续取样方法研究了广西英罗港红树植物种群的分布,结果表明,在360m长的生态样带中,从内滩海堤到外滩（无红树林的光滩）,土壤的机械组成,养分和盐分含量均存在明显的梯度变化,0－20cm土壤的有机质,全氮,水解氮,全磷,速效磷,全盐分别是1．11％－6．67％,0．021％－0．136％,41．6－203．7mg/kg,0.0087%-0.0309%,2.78-14.32mg/kg和10.20‰－31．12‰,土壤砂粒,粉粒和粘粒分别是57．3％－89．6％,8．1－29．0％和2．3％－13．7％,除土壤砂粒含量与距离呈正相关外,其它测定因子均表现为负相关关系,随着与海堤距离的加大,红树植物种群的分布出现明显的差异,在距岸240－340m的滩面,以桐花树种群的重要值最高,其重要值指数变化在91．66－175．02之间,向陆地演进,其种群的重要值逐渐减少;在40－220m,红海榄种群占居明显优势,其重要值指数为110．66－264．86,在距岸0-30m的海滩,以木榄种群占优势,其重要值指数为213．16－250.53,白骨壤种群和秋茄种群的重要值都较低,这主要是它们的种群密度低所致,红树植物种群的分布表现为典型的过渡替代的交错分布,从海堤到外滩,木榄种群取代红海缆,红海榄种群取代桐花树,桐花树种群取代白骨壤,这种交错分布是通过连续演替方式实现的,集合环境梯度分析表明,由海堤到外滩,白骨壤种群和桐花树种群沿集合环境梯度分布的峰值为1,秋茄的峰值为2．5,红海榄的为7,木榄为10,说明白骨壤种群和桐花树种群为向陆递减分布,属先锋种群,木榄为向海递减分布,属演替后期种群;秋茄和红海榄则为钟形分布,属演替中期种群,建立的红树植物种类－环境关系的回归模型,符合大面积海滩红树植物种群分布为过渡替代的交错分布的规律,生态样带和连续取样方法适用于红树林演替调查,是研究物种种群分布规律的好手段。     

海堤对广西沿海红树林的数量、群落特征和恢复的影响

广西大陆海岸线的63%为海堤,海堤数量达498个.海堤建立毁灭了原生红树林,现余5654hm²,其中约85%为堤前红树林.海堤阻截了红树林滩涂的自然海岸地貌,结果是红海榄和木榄已很少,榄李濒危,角果木已消失,海漆和陆岸种类只能沿海堤坡面生长,而先锋红树植物白骨壤和桐花树成为现有红树林的优势种.堤前红树林的恢复受到海堤维护时强烈的人为干扰.堤前滩涂相对于平均海平面的高程较低,不是红树林繁盛的理想滩涂.红树林人工造林的成活率和次生林恢复的速率在很大程度上取决于生境的沉积率.     

广东湛江保护区红树林种群的生物量及其分布格局

本文研究了广东湛江红树林自然保护区高桥镇红寨村及德耀村海滩红树植物的种群分布格局与生物量。结果表明：５年生桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、１０年生木榄群落、３０年生红海榄群落的总生物量分别为５５４７５ｇ／ｍ２、１６３７０１ｇ／ｍ２、６２６４４８ｇ／ｍ２、４１３８４３ｇ／ｍ２、９６１０２０ｇ／ｍ２;其中地下部分生物量占总生物量的比例依次为３２２８％、４５４５％、４１３１％、２９８５％和２８２９％。计算得Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多样性指数为２２３２。种群的分布格局中桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄和秋茄种群为集群分布,而木榄种群为随机分布。     

海堤对广西沿海红树林的数量,群落特征和恢复的影响

广西大陆海岸线的 63%为海堤 ,海堤数量达 498个 .海堤建立毁灭了原生红树林 ,现余 5654hm2 ,其中约 85%为堤前红树林 .海堤阻截了红树林滩涂的自然海岸地貌 ,结果是红海榄和木榄已很少 ,榄李濒危 ,角果木已消失 ,海漆和陆岸种类只能沿海堤坡面生长 ,而先锋红树植物白骨壤和桐花树成为现有红树林的优势种 .堤前红树林的恢复受到海堤维护时强烈的人为干扰 .堤前滩涂相对于平均海平面的高程较低 ,不是红树林繁盛的理想滩涂 .红树林人工造林的成活率和次生林恢复的速率在很大程度上取决于生境的沉积率 .     

广西的红树林

本文主要讨论广西沿海的红树林的植物种类成分、外貌、适应形态学特点、群落类型和演替规律,以及生产管理问题。 该地区的红树植物种类计有8科、12属、12种,以红树科植物占优势。群落类型有:白骨壤群落、桐花树群落、秋茄-桐花树群落、红海榄群落、木榄群落、木榄-桐花树群落、桐花树-海漆稀树群落和红海榄+秋茄-桐花树群落等。     

广西英罗湾红树植物群落的研究

 对广西英罗湾红树植物群落的种类组成、类型、外貌、结构、物种多样性和演替等进行了较系统的探讨。组成群落的优势红树植物有木榄、红海榄、秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤和海漆6种,隶属6属4科。主要的群落类型有木揽群落、木榄+红海榄群落、红海榄群落、红海榄+秋茄群落、秋茄群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄+白骨壤群落、桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、白骨壤+桐花树群落和海漆群落等11个群系。群落外貌由单叶、革质、全缘、中型叶的高位芽植物决定。群落层次结构简单．单层或两层。和陆地植物群落相比较,组成群落的红树植物的物种多样性较低。受潮滩土壤质地、养分状况、环境盐度和潮淹程度以及红树植物自身对盐渍生境的适应性等因子制约,群落的分布形成了明显的生态系列。随着海平面的相对降低和土壤理化性质的改善,群落具有向陆生植物群落演化的趋势。     

海南岛东寨港几种红树植物种间生态位研究

采用3种常见的生态位宽度和生态位重叠计测公式,以外来种无瓣海桑扩散区的秋茄+桐花树群落演替系列作为资源轴,定量计测了几种红树植物的生态位宽度和重叠值.结果表明,各树种生态位宽度值排序为桐花树(3.8357)＞秋茄(3.3421)＞木榄(3.3180)＞白骨壤(3.0975)＞无瓣海桑(2.9137)＞海桑(2.5724)＞角果木(1.8523)＞红海榄(1.6897)＞海莲(1.0000),很好地表征了其生态适应性和分布幅度.各树种重叠值中,以秋茄、桐花树、木榄、白骨壤之间的生态位重叠较大,表明其间存在较强的资源利用性竞争.无瓣海桑生态位宽度处于中等程度,与中低潮滩红树植物海桑、桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤的重叠值相对较高,与红海榄、木榄有中度重叠,与角果木有少量重叠,与海莲完全没有重叠.     

广西英罗湾红树植物幼苗矿质元素含量初步研究

木榄、秋茄、红海榄、白骨壤和桐花树幼苗是广西英罗湾红树林幼苗库中的主要成分。对这５种幼苗的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎａ和Ｃｌ进行了测定,结果表明：（１）Ｃｌ和Ｎａ的含量较高;（２）Ｃｌ和Ｎａ、Ｃｌ和Ｋ以及Ｎ和Ｐ含量之间存在着显著的相关性;（３）Ｎ的富集系数较高。     

五种红树植物通气组织对人工非潮汐生境的响应

红树植物自然条件下生长于河口、海岸潮间带。受潮汐作用影响,红树植物在生理、形态、结构上对渍水环境产生了相应的适应机制。其中红树植物通气组织的发达程度与其耐淹水的能力具有很高的相关性,是衡量红树植物耐淹浸能力的重要依据。利用测定孔隙率和石蜡切片面积比两种方法揭示了华南地区5种红树植物优势种：白骨壤 (Avicennia marina)、红海榄 (Rhizophora stylosa)、木榄 (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、秋茄 (Kandelia candel)和桐花树 (Aegiceras corniculatum)在自然条件和人工生境下根通气组织的发育规律,并用石蜡切片研究了茎和叶的通气组织发育状况。结果表明：两种方法测得根的通气组织发育程度的结果相关性显著（P<0.05）。5种红树植物通气组织主要产生于根部,茎和叶发育较少,除了潮汐生境中白骨壤根的通气组织为根、茎、叶总和的48.16%、非潮汐生境中桐花树根为43.81%,其余树种根部通气组织占总体的50%以上。自然潮间带生境中,桐花树、木榄、白骨壤、秋茄、红海榄,通气组织分别为(14.98±3.34)%、(27.83±2.3)%、(29.64±3.17)%、(3009±4.12)%、(42.12±3.14)%,通气组织比例与其在潮间带上的分带性和演替序列较为吻合。非潮汐人工生境下,红海榄、木榄、秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤根部通气组织较自然生境下均有所增加,说明各树种对非潮汐淹浸条件具备一定的适应力。根据非潮汐生境下通气组织的比例可判定它们对恒定水位的适应能力依次为：桐花树>白骨壤>秋茄>木榄>红海榄。红树植物对非潮汐淹浸条件的适应有利于在沿海地区开展人工生境下红树林的栽培与推广应用,研究结果对提高栽培成活率,更大限度地发挥红树林的生态服务价值,具有重大的实践意义。     

Roles of larval supply and behavior in determining settlement of barnacles in a temperate mangrove forest

Recruitment is often a major influence on the spatial distribution of populations of benthic marine invertebrates, but the contributions of different components of recruitment are not well known, with the added complication that the relative importance of various life-history processes may be scale-dependent. Previously, we have shown that over a large scale across a mangrove (Avicennia marina) forest in southeastern Australia, settlement of the barnacle Elminius covertus explained its patterns of recruitment, which in turn explained the distribution of adults on mangrove pneumatophores. Post-settlement mortality had little influence on this pattern. In contrast, small-scale vertical distributions of adult barnacles along individual pneumatophores were determined by the pattern of recruitment, which differed from the pattern of settlement, so post-settlement mortality determined the vertical patterns of adults.

In this study, we tested whether larval supply and/or settlement behavior influence the observed settlement patterns of E. covertus across a forest (from seaward to landward zones). We also tested whether larval supply could explain the vertical settlement patterns along the pneumatophores. A pumping system was used to collect cypris larvae from seaward, mid and landward zones of a mangrove forest and an adjacent, unvegetated shore and from three heights above the sediment surface. We also used transplantation of wooden stakes bearing microbial films and barnacle recruits between horizontal zones of the forest to determine whether settlement was influenced by these films or recruits.

Both cyprid supply and cyprid behavior were important factors in determining the patterns of settlement of E. covertus across the forest. Cyprid supply was a result of three-fold differences in immersion times of different (landward, mid and seaward) zones across the forest and a decrease in density of cyprids in the water column from the seaward zone of the forest to the landward sections. In the absence of mangroves immediately adjacent to the forest, there was no temporally consistent difference in cyprid density across the shore and even the differences in immersion time did not produce consistent differences in cyprid supply across the shore. Wooden substrata that had been immersed at seaward sections of the forest attracted consistently more settlers than substrata immersed initially at other sections of the forest and settlement could be induced beyond the normal distribution of adults of E. covertus by stakes transplanted from the seaward zone.

The vertical settlement pattern could not be explained by the supply of cyprids, suggesting that larval behavior must determine the vertical settlement pattern.     

Genomic variation patterns of subspecies defined by phenotypic criteria: Analyses of the mangrove species complex,Avicennia marina

Subspecies is used to designate taxa below species but above geographical populations. What patterns of genomic variation are expected if taxa are designated as subspecies? In this study, we carry out such a survey on the mangrove tree Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. of the Indo-West Pacific coasts. This species has three subspecies, distinguished by morphological traits and geographical distribution. We collected samples from 16 populations (577 individuals) covering all three subspecies and sequenced 94 nuclear genes. We reveal comprehensive genetic divergence among subspecies, generally higher than among geographical populations within subspecies. The level of genetic diversity differs among the three subspecies, possibly hinting at a degree of separation among their gene pools. We observed that divergence varies from locus to locus across the genome. A small portion of the genome is most informative about subspecies delineation, whereas the rest is undifferentiated or slightly differentiated, hinting at uneven gene flow and incomplete isolation. The three subspecies likely split simultaneously with gene flow among lineages. This reticulate evolution results in some discordance between morphology and genetics in areas of population contact. In short, A. marina subspecies show species-like patterns in some respects and population-like patterns in others. We propose that the subspecies designated in A. marina are informative in predicting genetic divergences and useful in making conservation decisions.     

无瓣海桑与三种乡土红树植物混交的生态效应

为了解人工种植红树林的生态效应,对2001年种植于广州市南沙区的三种人工混交红树林进行了群落结构和土壤理化性状的调查分析。结果表明:由于红海榄的不耐荫导致样地3无法形成复层结构,但也不排除是红海榄化感作用的影响;无瓣海桑+木榄群落、无瓣海桑+秋茄群落的群落结构和对土壤中重金属的吸收效果优于无瓣海桑+红海榄群落,因此在该实验的立地条件下营造红树林混交林时可以考虑无瓣海桑与秋茄、木榄混交,不应将无瓣海桑与红海榄混交;随着演替的进行,该实验地在无重大干扰的情况下将向着近天然红树林生态系统演化。     

红树植物改造桐花树次生灌木林效果的研究

通过对16a生的木榄、红海榄、海莲红树植物在桐花树次生灌木群落中进行人工改造的形成的新群落调查与分析,结果表明:海莲、红海榄和木榄都能成功在桐花树灌木林群落定居,其中以木榄的地径、树高生长量较大;红海榄、海莲的造林的株行距为1m×1m或0.8m×1m,木榄的株行距为1.5m×2m为宜;引入红树林乔木树种海莲、红海榄、木榄小苗16年后,桐花树密度呈不同程度的减少,其中木榄的引入较不利于桐花树次生灌木群落的发展;海莲、红海榄各自生物量或群落总生物量均比桐花树群落总生物量增加,以红海榄的生物量增加量最大,为桐花树群落总生物量的1.9倍;海莲、木榄具有良好的更新状况,特别在海莲群落中,平均每方米超过2株幼苗,说明该群落开始步入发育盛期,可以预见未来的15年内,可使红树林群落茂密复生。     

Species composition, comparative size and abundance of the genus Littoraria (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) from different mangrove strata along the East African coast

Variation in the abundance, distribution and size of four species of mangrove littorinid gastropods (genus Littoraria) was investigated using a nested sampling design at different spatial scales along the East African coast, from Tanzania to South Africa. Littorinid abundance and diversity decreased abruptly south of Inhaca Island at the southern end of the study area. All species presented a large-scale spatial variation in abundance, with L. subvittata showing the greatest abundance while L. intermedia was rare. Littoraria scabra and L. intermedia were found mainly at the seaward edge of the forests. Littoraria subvittata increased in abundance in the middle of the forest and towards the landward side. Littoraria pallescens occurred mainly at the seaward edge and in the middle areas in the Rhizophora zone. These small-scale variations show contrasting specific distribution patterns within the mangrove, likely reflecting different tolerances to physical factors and biological interactions. All species appeared decreased in shell height from north to south. Littoraria scabra was always significantly larger than other species at all mangrove study sites. Handling editor: P. Viaroli     

Inter-specific variation in the concentration of two iridoid glucosides in Avicennia L. (Avicenniaceae Endl.)

Concentrations of two iridoid glucosides (2′-cinnamoyl mussaenosidic acid and 2′-caffeoyl mussaenosidic acid) were measured in different populations of several Avicennia species. The results obtained for 2′-cinnamoyl mussaenosidic acid seem to confirm the recognition of infraspecific taxa in A. marina and also in A. germinans (africana (palaeotropic) and germinans (neotropic)).