广西英罗湾红树植物群落的研究

 对广西英罗湾红树植物群落的种类组成、类型、外貌、结构、物种多样性和演替等进行了较系统的探讨。组成群落的优势红树植物有木榄、红海榄、秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤和海漆6种,隶属6属4科。主要的群落类型有木揽群落、木榄+红海榄群落、红海榄群落、红海榄+秋茄群落、秋茄群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄+白骨壤群落、桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、白骨壤+桐花树群落和海漆群落等11个群系。群落外貌由单叶、革质、全缘、中型叶的高位芽植物决定。群落层次结构简单．单层或两层。和陆地植物群落相比较,组成群落的红树植物的物种多样性较低。受潮滩土壤质地、养分状况、环境盐度和潮淹程度以及红树植物自身对盐渍生境的适应性等因子制约,群落的分布形成了明显的生态系列。随着海平面的相对降低和土壤理化性质的改善,群落具有向陆生植物群落演化的趋势。     

大亚湾红树林研究I.澳头港的红树植物群落

本文报道了大亚湾澳头港附近的红树植物群落的种类组成、结构、外貌及演替。该地区红树群落的主要类型有7个,即白骨壤群落、白骨壤-桐花树群落、白骨壤+秋茄-桐花树群落、海漆-木榄群落、海漆-桐花树群落、桐花树群落、老鼠勒群落。     

大亚湾红树林研究1.澳头港的红树植物群落

本文报道了大亚湾澳头港附近的红树植物群落的种类组成、结构、外貌及演替。该地区红树群落的主要类型有７个,即白骨壤群落、白骨壤桐花树群落、白骨壤＋秋茄桐花树群落、海漆木榄群落、海漆桐花树群落、桐花树群落、老鼠勒群落。     

红树植物改造桐花树次生灌木林效果的研究

通过对16a生的木榄、红海榄、海莲红树植物在桐花树次生灌木群落中进行人工改造的形成的新群落调查与分析,结果表明:海莲、红海榄和木榄都能成功在桐花树灌木林群落定居,其中以木榄的地径、树高生长量较大;红海榄、海莲的造林的株行距为1m×1m或0.8m×1m,木榄的株行距为1.5m×2m为宜;引入红树林乔木树种海莲、红海榄、木榄小苗16年后,桐花树密度呈不同程度的减少,其中木榄的引入较不利于桐花树次生灌木群落的发展;海莲、红海榄各自生物量或群落总生物量均比桐花树群落总生物量增加,以红海榄的生物量增加量最大,为桐花树群落总生物量的1.9倍;海莲、木榄具有良好的更新状况,特别在海莲群落中,平均每方米超过2株幼苗,说明该群落开始步入发育盛期,可以预见未来的15年内,可使红树林群落茂密复生。     

珠海市淇澳岛红树林群落组成初步研究

本文研究了珠海市淇澳岛红树林的组成、群落类型、群落结构外貌、生态序列及红树林内的主要动物种类.初步调查结果显示:该地区有红树植物7科9种,半红树5科6种,红树林伴生植物4科8种,脊椎动物中鸟类10目20科46种.淇澳岛红树林群落类型主要有:秋茄-桐花树-老鼠筋群落、桐花树-芦苇群落、老鼠筋群落、无瓣海桑群落、木榄-银叶树群落.本文还针对珠海淇澳岛红树林湿地资源现状提出可持续发展建议.     

海南岛东寨港几种红树植物种间生态位研究

采用3种常见的生态位宽度和生态位重叠计测公式,以外来种无瓣海桑扩散区的秋茄+桐花树群落演替系列作为资源轴,定量计测了几种红树植物的生态位宽度和重叠值.结果表明,各树种生态位宽度值排序为桐花树(3.8357)＞秋茄(3.3421)＞木榄(3.3180)＞白骨壤(3.0975)＞无瓣海桑(2.9137)＞海桑(2.5724)＞角果木(1.8523)＞红海榄(1.6897)＞海莲(1.0000),很好地表征了其生态适应性和分布幅度.各树种重叠值中,以秋茄、桐花树、木榄、白骨壤之间的生态位重叠较大,表明其间存在较强的资源利用性竞争.无瓣海桑生态位宽度处于中等程度,与中低潮滩红树植物海桑、桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤的重叠值相对较高,与红海榄、木榄有中度重叠,与角果木有少量重叠,与海莲完全没有重叠.     

潮滩红树植物抗低温适应的生态学研究

采用电导法定量测定了中国东南沿海红树植物叶片的抗寒力变化。结果表明;(1)海南琼山东寨港主要红树种类冬季抗寒力(半致死温度)介于-2.3～-6.8℃之间,其中红树科植物抗寒力较强,多数种类属于低温敏感性相对较弱的L类型;海桑科和楝科红树种类抗寒力较弱,属于低温敏感性较强的H类型。(2)随纬度升高(个别地点除外),秋茄(Kandelia candel)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和红海榄(Rhizophors,stylosa)抗寒力增强,呈现种群分化趋势。(3)同一地点,秋茄和桐花树抗寒力有明显季节变化：夏季最低,秋冬两季高于春季。(4)同一群落内,生长于中潮区滩面的秋茄抗寒力强于高潮区,但桐花树抗寒力在各个滩面相差木大。(5)秋茄和桐花树树冠上不同部位叶片的抗寒力不同,由表及里,由上至下,呈降低趋势。红树叶片抗寒力的种群分化、季节变化和部位差异是其趋异适应的结果,有益于红树植物的生存和繁育。     

广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区优势乔木群落的物种组成及结构特征

针对湛江红树林自然保护区的优势乔木群落, 根据优势种重要值大小对群落类型进行了划分, 进一步从立木、苗木和幼苗3 个层次对群落物种组成及结构特征进行了研究。结果显示: 4 科6 种红树植物组成11 个优势乔木群落。无瓣海桑群落分布最广, 平均胸径、高度和冠幅面积显著大于红海榄、秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤优势群落, 但无瓣海桑群落物种多度较低, 群落内无瓣海桑对秋茄有显著抑制作用; 白骨壤和秋茄优势乔木群落的多样性指数较高。红树林优势乔木群落林下层植被组成贫乏、结构简单, 以桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤为主; 林下苗木数量多于幼苗; 白骨壤幼苗占总量的67.1%。未来红树林恢复仍要重视本地红树物种, 建议加强白骨壤作为恢复物种的研究。     

广东湛江保护区红树林种群的生物量及其分布格局

本文研究了广东湛江红树林自然保护区高桥镇红寨村及德耀村海滩红树植物的种群分布格局与生物量。结果表明：５年生桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、１０年生木榄群落、３０年生红海榄群落的总生物量分别为５５４７５ｇ／ｍ２、１６３７０１ｇ／ｍ２、６２６４４８ｇ／ｍ２、４１３８４３ｇ／ｍ２、９６１０２０ｇ／ｍ２;其中地下部分生物量占总生物量的比例依次为３２２８％、４５４５％、４１３１％、２９８５％和２８２９％。计算得Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多样性指数为２２３２。种群的分布格局中桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄和秋茄种群为集群分布,而木榄种群为随机分布。     

福建亚热带红树林生态学的研究

福建亚热带红树林种类计有五科五属六种,即木榄、秋茄、海漆,老鼠簕、桐花树和白骨壤。主要群落类型有秋茄+木榄-桐花树群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄群落和白骨壤群落。秋茄高生长与土壤含氮量(%)的关系呈半对数线性正相关,回归公式为log y=0.9397+3.124x(y为树高、x为含氮量)。树高与土壤含盐量呈抛物线相关。红树林生态系统中,生物因子的作用是明显的。藤壶附着于叶面或树干上,严重危害秋茄生长发育。林下相手蟹等造穴活动,有利于林下土壤通气性。浒苔、颤藻等藻类繁殖,也会影响红树生长。引种栽培要选择适当的生境和适合本地的种类、才能保证较高的成活率。     

中国红树植物花粉形态

红树林是热带海岸的特殊植被类型。红树植物花粉已被证实加入海泥沉积,因此,可作为海滨、浅海相的直接标志。本文对分布于我国的红树植物22科29属40种以及寄生在红树植物上的桑寄生科植物3属3种进行光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜的观察,以期为海洋地质勘探提供参考依据。     

世界红树植物区系

探讨了世界红树林植物区系的种类组成及其特点。确认全世界共有红树植物16科24属84种(含12变种)，其中真红树为11科16属70种(含12变种)，半红树为5科8属14种。东方类群有14科18属74种(含12变种)，以／legiceras，Osbornia，／legialitis，Bruguiera，Ceriops，Kandelia，Scyphiphora和。Nypa等属为特征；西方类群有5科6属10种，具有单种特有科皮利西科Pelliceraceae以及laguncularia属。中国红树植物区系有12科15属26种(含1变种)，其中特有种4种。海南的红树植物种类最为丰富，占全国的96．2％；广东次之，占42．3％。台湾记载的红茄苳(Rhizophoram,ucronata)其实为红树榄R．stylose之误。     

Canopy gaps formed by mangrove trimming: an experimental test of impact on litter fall and standing litter stock in Southwest Florida (USA)

Mangroves in Florida (USA) are subject to horticultural pruning that may increase the size of canopy gaps and alter rates of litter production and accumulation. Mangrove canopy gap formation is a common phenomenon, known to alter abiotic conditions near the forest floor. Using a series of field experiments in Rookery Bay, Florida, the effects of mangrove trimming on canopy density, mangrove litter production, standing litter stocks, and the decomposition rate of Rhizophora mangle leaves on the forest floor were assessed. Litter trap collections over the year following mangrove trimming indicated that pruned mangrove stands (canopy coverage: 42.8±0.9%; mean±S.E.) produced approximately one-half of the litter of mangrove stands with relatively complete canopies (canopy coverage: 72.1±0.5%). However, there was no significant difference between the mass of standing litter on the forest floor beneath reduced canopy and intact canopy mangroves. Also, R. mangle leaves held on the forest floor in fiberglass litter bags at both reduced canopy and control sites did not decompose at different rates over 28 days. These results indicate that while system-wide mangrove litter production should be reduced by the formation of these gaps in mangrove forests, postproduction influences may obscure any site-specific declines in standing litter stocks.     

中国红树林植物区系分析

红树林是热带海岸的植被类型,我国仅在海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、香港、澳门等沿海地区有自然分布．共有真红树１２科１５属２８种,半红树１１科１３属１４种,另约有２７种红树伴生植物．红树林区系性质属于热带亚热带过渡性质．化石证明红树林的起源不会晚于三叠纪．     

Effects of pretreated domestic wastewater supplies on leaf pigment content, photosynthesis rate and growth of mangrove trees: A field study from Mayotte Island, SW Indian Ocean

After 12 and 18 months of daily wastewater discharge into mangrove plots in Mayotte Island, SW Indian Ocean, leaf pigment content, photosynthesis rate and growth of Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriops tagal mangrove trees were evaluated and compared with similar individuals from control plots. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, measured using an HPLC analyser, were significantly higher in leaves of mangrove trees receiving wastewater discharges. Photosynthesis and transpiration rates, analysed using an LCi portable system, increased significantly for mangrove trees in impacted plots. Measurements of leaf areas, young branch length and propagule length showed significant increases in plots receiving wastewater. These results suggest a beneficial effect of domestic wastewater on R. mucronata and C. tagal mangrove tree functioning. Analyses and observations on mangrove ecosystems as a whole - taking into account water and sediment compartments, crab populations and nitrogen and phosphorus cycles - are nevertheless necessary for evaluation of bioremediation capacities of mangrove ecosystems.     

Periodicity of Wood Formation in Twigs of some Tropical Trees in Nigeria

The periodicity of wood formation was studied in twigs of treesgrowing in three ecological areas in Nigeria, namely lowlandrainforest, Southern Guinea savanna and mangrove swamp. Initiationof cambial activity was correlated with bud break, and wheremultiple vegetative bud formation occurred in the lowland rainforestand the Southern Guinea savanna, the number of growth ringscorresponded with the number of times the vegetative buds opened.In the mangrove swamp, although there may be a clear correlationbetween vegetative bud growth and wood formation in 1 to 2 year-oldtwigs of Drepanocarpus lunatus and Ormacarpum verrucosum therewas no such correlation in Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. Short axillarybranches and inflorescences which developed irregularly in plantsof the mangrove swamp induced multiple growth ring formation.In D. ecastaphyllum, the pattern of unfolding of young leavesseems to play a major role in the formation of multiple growthrings. In each of the areas multiple growth ring formation couldbe induced by injury. In Daniellia oliveri there was periodicdeposition of prismatic crystals. The crystals were depositedeach time wood formation stopped. In plants in which flowersopened before the opening of the vegetative buds, there wasinitiation of cambial activity by the opened flowers in thetwigs on which the flowers were borne.     

Mangroves Enhance Reef Fish Abundance at the Caribbean Regional Scale

Several studies conducted at the scale of islands, or small sections of continental coastlines, have suggested that mangrove habitats serve to enhance fish abundances on coral reefs, mainly by providing nursery grounds for several ontogenetically-migrating species. However, evidence of such enhancement at a regional scale has not been reported, and recently, some researchers have questioned the mangrove-reef subsidy effect. In the present study, using two different regression approaches, we pursued two questions related to mangrove-reef connectivity at the Caribbean regional scale: (1) Are reef fish abundances limited by mangrove forest area?; and (2) Are mean reef fish abundances proportional to mangrove forest area after taking human population density and latitude into account? Specifically, we tested for Caribbean-wide mangrove forest area effects on the abundances of 12 reef fishes that have been previously characterized as “mangrove-dependent”. Analyzed were data from an ongoing, long-term (20-year) citizen-scientist fish monitoring program; coastal human population censuses; and several wetland forest information sources. Quantile regression results supported the notion that mangrove forest area limits the abundance of eight of the 12 fishes examined. Linear mixed-effects regression results, which considered potential human (fishing and habitat degradation) and latitudinal influences, suggested that average reef fish densities of at least six of the 12 focal fishes were directly proportional to mangrove forest area. Recent work questioning the mangrove-reef fish subsidy effect likely reflects a failure to: (1) focus analyses on species that use mangroves as nurseries, (2) consider more than the mean fish abundance response to mangrove forest extent; and/or (3) quantitatively account for potentially confounding human impacts, such as fishing pressure and habitat degradation. Our study is the first to demonstrate at a large regional scale (i.e., the Wider Caribbean) that greater mangrove forest size generally functions to increase the densities on neighboring reefs of those fishes that use these shallow, vegetated habitats as nurseries.     

粤东沿海红树林物种组成与群落特征

南海地区是全球红树林分布的中心区域之一。粤东沿海位于南海地区的北界,红树林物种组成和群落结构具有边缘性。利用卫星影像解译辅助技术,对筛选的23处红树林群落进行样地调查,记录了真红树植物12种,半红树植物6种,伴生植物7种。各群落平均高度为1.50—8.60 m,林相以灌丛、小乔木林为主。红树林群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.533—1.239,均匀度指数为0.662—0.957,天然林和人工林之间数值差异不显著。等级聚类分析将粤东沿海的红树林划分为演替早期人工林、演替早期天然林、演替中期天然林和演替后期天然林4个类别,各群落立地条件差异较大,沉积物总有机碳、盐度、总氮含量与群落分布状况的相关性较高。与1985年的报道相比,尽管该地区记录的红树林植物种类从20种增加至24种,但个别伴生植物消失以及半红树植物种群萎缩说明该地区红树林面临较大的环境压力。在物种多样性和均匀度均方面,粤东沿海红树林群落低于成熟红树林。过去数十年的围垦导致天然红树植物种群萎缩、生境破碎化是主要因素。基于该地区红树林群落的现状,未来人工林和残次天然林的优化改造是红树林恢复重建的重点,红树林恢复和保育的重点区域包括深圳湾的福田、范和港的蟹洲和韩江口的六合围。     

Species diversity of mangrove and continental drift

The mangrove formation on the coasts of S. Atlantic is very poor in species (only 6) compared with mangrove in S. and SE. Asia or E. Africa (more than 30). This fact cannot be explained by ecology. It is suggested that the main cause is the historically late origin of the Atlantic due to the continental drift.     

Trace metals in mangrove seedlings: role of iron plaque formation

Metal-rich mineral deposits on the roots of aquatic plants, denominated iron plaques, may moderate the uptake of essential, but potentially toxic metals by roots. We investigated the iron plaque formation on the fine, nutritive roots of mangrove seedlings growing in contrasting environments (oxidizing sand flat sediments and reducing mangrove forest sediments) in southeast Brazil. The results indicate that Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle seedlings developed an efficient exclusion of Fe, Mn, and Zn through iron plaque formation. This process seems to be influenced substantially by species-specific responses to environmental conditions. While Fe and Zn translocation to leaves appear to be suppressed by accumulation within root tissues, this did not appear to occur for Mn, suggesting that Mn trapping in rhizosphere sediments and iron plaque formation are the main mechanisms responsible for the Mn exclusion from the organism level. In addition to factors well recognized as affecting mangrove seedling development (e.g., salinity stress and nutrient availability), the mediation of trace metal uptake by iron plaque formation possibly contribute to determine the seedling adaptability to waterlogged conditions.