保护地间作芹菜对温室粉虱的防治作用

温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是严重危害葫芦科、茄科和豆科等多种蔬菜的主要害虫,具有分布范围广、种群数量大、繁殖力强等特性。作者通过田间试验研究了蔬菜保护地内间作温室粉虱非嗜食植物芹菜(Apium graveliens L.)对其的防治效果。结果表明:与空白处理和常规化学防治相比,在番茄和黄瓜保护地内间作芹菜对温室粉虱均具有显著的防治效果,驱避效果分别达到98.0%和84.5%。这些结果是初步的,但其为进一步研究温室粉虱的寄主选择机制和非化学防治方法提供了依据。     

近年来温室白粉虱大发生原因的初步分析

<正> 温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)是近年来在我国京、津、冀等地区蔬菜上造成严重危害的一种昆虫,尤其是保护地生产受到威胁更大,此虫严重发生时可使作物减产40—60％。为控制粉虱为害,我们进行了调查研究,并做了一些防治试验。本文仅就近年来粉虱大发生的原因进行分析,谈一些粗浅看法如下。 如何解释近年来粉虱大发生的原因,目前主要有二种观点。一种观点认为近年来由国外传入;一种观点认为与保护地生产的发展有关。通过调查研究,我们认为后一种观点的理由更为充足。主要依据是:其一,据有关研究人员观察记载,在北京五十年代、天津六十年代均见到此虫,这说明粉虱不是近年来由国外传入的。其二,调查中发现此虫在天津地区室外不能越冬,而露地作物上粉虱发生的轻重程度与距离有粉虱发生温室的远近及温室中越冬粉虱的虫量多少有关。基于上述二点,结合调查研究,现提出如下见解。 七十年代以前,粉虱在北方地区仅以少数个体找     

粉虱类害虫的监测预警与可持续治理技术透视

针对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）、温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum（Westwood）、黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus（Quaintance）、桑粉虱Pealius mori（Takahashi）、禾粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus David etSubramaniam等粉虱害虫在我国暴发危害的现状,公益性行业科研专项＂粉虱类害虫可持续治理技术研究与集成示范＂项目组在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区开展了粉虱类害虫的调查、监测、预警以及综合防控技术研究集成与示范。结果表明,烟粉虱在我国的发生区域超过20个省份,温室白粉虱在华北和西南地区,黑刺粉虱在华南、华东和西南地区也分布较广,桑粉虱在我国南方桑植区危害严重,禾粉虱在福建省闽东稻区发生为害逐年严重。利用mt COI DNA测序、SCAR技术和CAPS等技术对B和Q型烟粉虱的鉴定结果显示,Q型烟粉虱在我国的分布范围正在不断扩大。通过Maxent预测模型和GIS技术,预测了烟粉虱在我国的适生区、自然越冬北线和不同地区的发生世代数量。对烟粉虱的抗药性监测结果表明,阿维菌素和烯啶虫胺是目前华北地区防治烟粉虱较为理想的药剂,而对联苯菊酯、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和吡虫啉等药剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性。研究了苘麻诱集、黄板诱杀、天敌昆虫和病原微生物对粉虱类害虫的控制作用,并在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区建立了12个示范基地,分别在不同地区开展了粉虱类害虫的综合防治技术的示范和推广,累计印刷技术宣传手册12.4万份,培训各类农民和基层农技人员5.43万人次,累计示范面积4.3千公顷次,技术辐射超过4万公顷次,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

黑龙江地区烟粉虱和温室白粉虱发生动态

本文报道了我国高纬度地区(黑龙江哈尔滨)烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的全年发生过程。连续2年调查结果显示,粉虱在哈尔滨地区只能在温室中越冬,于来年5月大棚的第一茬蔬菜上首先发生,至7月第二茬大棚作物时才在大田有少量(低于300头/百叶)出现,在7月末的部分保护地作物上,粉虱种群密度可达到6000头/百叶;而大棚蔬菜中则以番茄和黄瓜上发生最为严重,少量大棚因此绝收;入秋后又从大田消失。结果显示,我国高纬度省份的保护地(温室和大棚)粉虱为害仍然严重,迫切需要从切断源头和迁移扩散路线进行有效防治。     

京郊温室白粉虱发生的初步观察和防治

<正> 自1976年以来,温室白粉虱Trialeurodesvaporariorum Westwood在京郊菜区连续发生为害,并由温室、大棚发展到露地,成为蔬菜生产中急需解决的问题。现将我们1977—1978年的观察和防治试验结果,简介如下。 一、寄主植物及为害性 温室白粉虱的寄主范围很广,能为害多种植物。在京郊蔬菜作物上,粉虱主要为害黄瓜、西红柿、茄子、菜豆、青椒、倭瓜等,其次还为害冬瓜、豌豆、莴笋等。在调查中发现,粉虱往往在叶背有毛刺的植物上,寄生数量大,为害严     

江苏扬州地区蔬菜烟粉虱寄主调查及种群动态

2002—2003年对江苏扬州地区露地蔬菜上的烟粉虱寄主植物、危害,及主要蔬菜上的烟粉虱种群动态进行了调查。共查到烟粉虱寄主植物10科39种(变种),主要分布在葫芦科、十字花科、豆科、茄科和菊科等蔬菜上,其中以黄瓜、豇豆、花菜和长茄发生较为严重;露地蔬菜上的烟粉虱发生在6月上旬至11月中旬,发生高峰期在8月下旬至9月上中旬;随着蔬菜的种类、季节和年份的不同,田间烟粉虱的发生为害也有所不同。     

茶树黑刺粉虱(Aleurocanthus spiniferus)的研究进展

黑刺粉虱是我国近20多年来频繁暴发的茶树主要害虫之一,为更好地开展对该虫的防治,本文就黑刺粉虱生物学特性、空间格局、自然种群生命表、发生与环境的关系、防治指标、预测预报以及防治技术方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对今后的研究进行了探讨。     

柑桔害虫寄生真菌的初步调查

柑桔蚧类和粉虱为福建柑桔常见害虫。近几年来,从生物防治和生态学的观点出发,我们在闽南和闽北柑桔产区对柑桔蚧类及粉虱的寄生真菌进行了调查,现将初步调查结果整理报     

粉虱和蓟马类害虫的抗药性监测方法

粉虱和蓟马类害虫是我国经济作物上的主要害虫,为害呈逐年加重趋势,其抗药性也是生产中的主要问题。抗药性水平监测是害虫抗性早期预警和治理的基础,了解害虫抗药性水平须建立一套准确易于操作的监测方法。分别针对粉虱成虫和蓟马的琼脂保湿浸叶法和叶管药膜法的最大特点是快速、便于操作,接虫前的准备工作可以提前1² d完成,可监测当代试虫的抗性水平,结果更接近于田间实际,适合在粉虱和蓟马抗性监测中推广使用。     

螺旋粉虱的田间抗药性监测及其对毒死蜱的抗性风险评估

【背景】螺旋粉虱是新入侵中国海南的一种危险性害虫,化学防治是目前最主要的防治手段和应急措施。【方法】采用POTTER喷雾法监测了海南各地理种群螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱、丙溴磷、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和阿维菌素等7种药剂的抗性水平,并运用Tabashnik域性状分析法估算了螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性现实遗传力。【结果】螺旋粉虱对各药剂均处于抗性敏感阶段,抗性倍数为1.03~4.29倍。螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性现实遗传力h2=0.2405;预测结果表明,当田间使用毒死蜱对螺旋粉虱的防治效果达90%时,螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性提高10倍所需代数为7.09代。田间试验表明,螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性发展速率要比模型预测缓慢。【结论与意义】本研究可为螺旋粉虱的化学防治及抗药性治理提供参考。     

不同作物田烟粉虱发生的时空动态

2008～2009年连续2年系统调查了番茄、茄子、棉花、大豆、玉米等寄主植物上烟粉虱种群发生的时间与空间动态。结果表明：不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱成虫及其伪蛹数量有显著性差异,其密度大小依次为：茄子>棉花>番茄>大豆>玉米。其中,在玉米上除了发现极少量的成虫逗留外,没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫。在发生的时间序列上,烟粉虱成虫及伪蛹的数量呈现为先逐渐上升后又下降的变化过程,发生高峰期集中在8月5日到8月31日,9月初以后烟粉虱数量慢慢减少。在空间分布上,表现为烟粉虱成虫喜食寄主的上部叶片。统计分析显示,寄主对烟粉虱成虫和伪蛹的数量的影响极显著,而年份对其数量的影响没有显著差异。由此得出的烟粉虱发生和达到高峰的时间,可为烟粉虱预测预报和区域性综合治理提供重要理论依据。     

烟粉虱对菜豆金黄花叶病毒属病毒的传播：病毒对媒介昆虫的适应

双生病毒科(Geminiviridae)菜豆金黄花叶病毒属病毒是一类重要的植物病毒,主要危害番茄、烟草、棉花等多种经济作物,自然条件下主要由介体昆虫烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci传播。菜豆金黄花叶病毒属病毒在田间的暴发受多种因素的影响,其中一个最重要的因素就是其介体昆虫烟粉虱。因此,明确烟粉虱在田间传播和扩散特定病毒中的作用及影响因素,对于解析病毒病流行的生物学基础具有重要意义。本文综述了烟粉虱对菜豆金黄花叶病毒属病毒的传播及影响因素,并讨论了病毒对媒介昆虫的适应及其机制。菜豆金黄花叶病毒属病毒和烟粉虱都为全球分布的有害生物,通过生物信息学的分析发现,两者都呈现地域相关的遗传多样性。而在生物学的研究中发现,烟粉虱隐存种往往对与其起源于同一地区的病毒具有较高的传播效率。这些发现为进一步解析烟粉虱对菜豆金黄花叶病毒属病毒的传播提供了重要的参考。     

北京和湖南烟粉虱生物型及其抗药性监测

烟粉虱是蔬菜等园艺作物上为害严重、最难以防治的害虫之一,生产上防治该虫主要还是依靠化学药剂。本研究鉴定了北京、湖南地区设施蔬菜上烟粉虱的生物型,并监测了其对6种不同杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,北京、湖南地区蔬菜烟粉虱生物型分别是Q型和B型。两地烟粉虱对阿维菌素尚处于敏感状态;对烯啶虫胺及其他烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉的抗药性达中抗到高抗水平,湖南地区抗性水平比北京地区更高,抗性倍数最高达到71.58倍;传统杀虫剂毒死蜱和联苯菊酯对湖南、北京两地烟粉虱的毒杀活性差。     

Co-infection and localization of secondary symbionts in two whitefly species

Background  

Whiteflies are cosmopolitan phloem-feeding pests that cause serious damage to many crops worldwide due to direct feeding and vectoring of many plant viruses. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) are two of the most widespread and damaging whitefly species. To complete their unbalanced diet, whiteflies harbor the obligatory bacterium Portiera aleyrodidarum. B. tabaci further harbors a diverse array of secondary symbionts, including Hamiltonella, Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Wolbachia, Rickettsia and Fritschea. T. vaporariorum is only known to harbor P. aleyrodidarum and Arsenophonus. We conducted a study to survey the distribution of whitefly species in Croatia, their infection status by secondary symbionts, and the spatial distribution of these symbionts in the developmental stages of the two whitefly species.     

Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one

We studied the capacity of one species of predator to control two major pests of greenhouse crops, Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) and the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)). In such a one-predator–two-prey system, indirect interactions can occur between the two pest species, such as apparent competition and apparent mutualism. Whereas apparent competition is desired because it brings pest levels down, apparent mutualism is not, because it does the opposite. Because apparent competition and apparent mutualism occurs at different time scales, it is important to investigate the effects of a shared natural enemy on biological control on a time scale relevant for crop growth. We evaluated the control efficacy of the predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Euseius ovalis (Evans) in cucumber crops in greenhouse compartments with only thrips, only whiteflies or both herbivorous insects together. Each of the two predators controlled thrips, but A. swirskii reduced thrips densities the most. There was no effect of the presence of whiteflies on thrips densities. Whitefly control by each of the two predators in absence of thrips was not sufficient, yet better with E. ovalis. However, whitefly densities in presence of thrips were reduced dramatically, especially by A. swirskii. The densities of predators were up to 15 times higher in presence of both pests than in the single-pest treatments. Laboratory experiments with A. swirskii suggest that this is due to a higher juvenile survival and developmental rate on a mixed diet. Hence, better control may be achieved not only because of apparent competition, but also through a positive effect of mixed diets on predator population growth. This latter phenomenon deserves more attention in experimental and theoretical work on biological control and apparent competition.     

Ecology and management of the woolly whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a new invasive citrus pest in Ethiopia

Distribution and importance of woolly whitefly (Aleurothrixus floccosus) (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), was studied in Ethiopia with an evaluation of treatments against it. Results showed that the pest is distributed in most citrus-growing parts of the country equally infesting all types of citrus crops. Only one pupal parasitoid, Amitus sp., was recorded at Melkaoba. During 2006-2007, eight treatments gave better control of woolly whitefly compared with the control: endod (Phytolacca dodecandra L'Herit) berry extract, white oil 80%, neem oil, omo detergent soap, band application of gasoline, cyhalothrin (karate) 5% EC, selecron (profenofos) 500 EC, and rimon (novaluron) 10 EC. Treatments were applied on 6-8 yr-old orange trees at Melkaoba and Nazareth. At Melkaoba, application of cyhalothrin, selecron, white oil, and Neem gave better control of woolly whitefly compared with the control. All the treatments resulted in a lower number of ants than the control. Ants disrupt biocontrol agents of honeydew-secreting pests, including woolly whiteflies. Mean infestation score was higher in the control than the rest of the treatments. Similarly, at Nazareth, woolly whitefly numbers were lower recorded on cyhalothrin-treated plants. However, the numbers of eggs were significantly higher in endod extract-sprayed plants than the control. All treatments controlled ants better than the control except endod. Infestation scores were lower on endod- and cyhalothrin-treated plants than the control. Mean number of adult woolly whiteflies and eggs were significantly higher on newly grown leaves than older leaves. In general, the number of live adult woolly whiteflies showed a decreasing trend at both sites after treatment applications compared with the control.     

Establishment of a silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) population in western Sydney

A field survey in western Sydney found populations of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (silverleaf whitefly) that have the potential to damage greenhouse vegetable crops prevalent in the region. Adult whiteflies were collected from five farms at 2-week intervals and the proportion of silverleaf whitefly in the overall whitefly population was determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. High levels of silverleaf whitefly were detected at most sampling dates on two of the farms surveyed and a third farm exhibited lower but relatively continuous silverleaf whitefly abundance. The presence of permanent silverleaf whitefly populations must be considered by the greenhouse industry when formulating whitefly management plans for western Sydney.