RFLP在植物类菌原体鉴定和分类中的应用

ＲＦＬＰ在植物类菌原体鉴定和分类中的应用林含新,谢联辉（福建农业大学植物病毒研究所,福州３５０００２）植物类菌原体（ＭｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍａｌｌｋｅＯｒｇｇ－ｎｉｓｍ,简称ＭＬＯ）为１９６７年日本学者土居原二首次发现,现已报道了近６００种植物上有这类病害...     

枣疯病植原体tuf和rp基因的克隆与序列分析

【目的】枣疯病是一种重要的植原体病害,本研究旨在明确北京及河北地区枣疯病植原体的分类地位,为枣疯病在亚组水平上分类提供一定的参考依据。【方法】利用植原体通用引物fTufu/rTufu和rp(v)F1A/rp(v)R1A对北京和河北地区枣疯病植原体延伸因子tuf基因和核糖体蛋白基因(rp)进行PCR扩增并进行核苷酸序列测定及相似性分析。【结果】获得北京地区JWB-XFSZ株系、JWB-XFDO株系以及河北地区JWB-TXSZ株系的tuf基因片段均为824 bp;北京地区JWB-XFSZ株系的rp基因片段为1196 bp。经序列相似性比较表明:tuf基因与16SrV组的葡萄黄叶病(Flavescence dorée)相似性最高,为92.84%,而与已经公布的其它地区(陕西杨凌)的枣疯病植原体tuf基因相似性较低,为57.29%;关于rp基因,北京地区枣疯病JWB-XFSZ株系与16SrV组的枣疯病泰山株系(JWB-Taishan)以及大麻丛枝病植原体(HFWB)相似性最高,均为99.83%,与16SrV组的成员相似性均在96%以上。【结论】北京与河北地区枣疯病植原体具有较高的相似性,而在tuf基因水平上,与陕西地区枣疯病植原体具有较大的差异;本研究中北京与河北两地区枣疯病植原体归属于16SrV组。     

仙人掌丛枝病植原体CWB1株系16SrRNA基因克隆及序列分析

对表现丛枝症状的仙人掌植株总DNA进行植原体 1 6SrRNA基因PCR扩增 ,得到一条约 1 5kb的特异片段 ,表明植株中有植原体存在 ,将此植原体株系命名为CWB1。把此特异片段与pGEM Teasy载体连接并转化到大肠杆菌JM1 0 9感受态细胞中 ,通过PCR鉴定、限制性内切酶 (EcoRI)酶切分析及核苷酸序列分析 ,均表明克隆成功。序列分析结果显示 ,此株系的 1 6SrRNA基因全长 1 489个碱基 ,与属于植原体 1 6SrⅡ C亚组的Fababeanphyllody植原体同源率最高 ,为 99 7%。通过 1 6SrRNA基因核酸序列同源性比较 ,认为该株系属于 1 6SrⅡ C亚组 ,基本确定了其分类地位。     

泡桐丛枝植原体16S rDNA和延伸因子基因序列分析

对采自陕西、山西、甘肃、河南、河北、山东各省的泡桐丛枝病材料,利用巢式扩增,均得到16S rDNA基因片段约1.2kb;扩增得到植原体延伸因子(EF-Tu)tuf基因,长度约为850bp.。通过将16S rDNA基因片段和延伸因子(EF-Tu)tuf基因序列与已知植原体16Sr各组成员进行同源性比较,确定我国大陆泡桐主栽区陕西、山西、甘肃、河南、河北、山东各省与已经报道的台湾省泡桐丛枝植原体基本一致,均为同一个种,没有株系的分化,全部归属于植原体16SrI-D组,从而确定了其分类地位。     

植原体tuf基因与其上游部分基因结构和相关基因启动子保守区域特征及活性分析

植原体寄主种类多, 危害范围广, 开展其遗传多样性、关键基因调控等方面研究有助于提高该病害综合防治水平。通过长片段PCR引物扩增我国PaWB-sdyz、PaWB-fjfz和LY-fjya1植原体株系tuf基因及其上游6个基因的片段, 进行植原体基因启动子保守区域序列特征和多位点序列分析。利用启动子探针载体pSUPV4检测植原体tuf基因上游序列的启动子活性。扩增获得PaWB-sdyz、PaWB-fjfz、LY-fjya1株系tuf基因上游12,745-12,748 bp序列, 比较分析发现PaWB-sdyz、PaWB-fjfz、LY-fjya1、OY-M、AYWB、PAa、SLY、AT植原体株系tuf与其上游6个基因的结构顺序皆为5’-rplL-rpoB-rpoC-rps12-rps7-fusA-tuf-3’。推测出可能的植原体启动子保守区域模式序列: T₉₀T₁₀₀G₉₂T₇₅G₆₇A₈₅ (-35区); T₉₀A₉₆T₉₂A₉₈T₇₃T₉₀ (-10区)。基于8个植原体株系的rplL-tuf核苷酸序列编码基因、非编码序列、氨基酸序列的多位点序列分析可将不同植原体株系以较高的支持率清晰地区分, 不同植原体株系rplL-tuf核苷酸非编码区变异水平更高。16SrI组植原体tuf基因上游序列存在3种变异类型, 其代表株系PaWB-fjfz、LY-fjya1 tuf基因上游130 bp片段和CWB-hnsy1 tuf基因上游129 bp片段皆具有启动子活性。     

促红细胞生成素介导的脑缺血保护

促红细胞生成素 (ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｎ ,ＥＰＯ)是肾调节造血的一种细胞因子 ,它会在脑氧化应激之后产生。缺氧诱导的转录因子 1(ＨＩＦ 1)能在缺氧刺激后上调ＥＰＯ。ＭｕｒａｔＤｉｇｉｃｕｙｌｉｏｇｌｕ报道 ,ＥＰＯ预处理能保护神经元的缺血性损伤 ,神经元ＥＰＯ受体 (ＥＰＯＲｓ)的激活阻止ＮＭＤＡ(Ｎ ｍｅｔｈｙｌ Ｄ ａｓｐａｒｔａｔｅ)或ＮＯ诱导的细胞凋亡。其保护机制是通过激发Ｊａｎｕｓｋｉｎａｓｅ 2 (Ｊａｋ2 )和ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｆａｃｔｏｒ ｋＢ(ＮＦ κＢ)两种信号途径的对话实现的。具体地说 ,ＥＰＯ受体激活…     

泰安枣疯病植原体的分子鉴定

【目的】对3个枣疯病病原物泰安株系进行分子鉴定。【方法】采用植原体通用引物对R16F2n/R16R2,通过直接PCR技术,扩增枣疯病植原体16S rDNA基因,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析和在线模拟16S rDNA-RFLP分析,并将其16S rDNA基因序列提交到GenBank数据库。【结果】3个枣疯病病原物16S rDNA基因片段与16SrⅤ-B亚组中枣疯病植原体(AB052876和AF279272)、樱桃致死黄化植原体(AY197659)及杏卷叶植原体(FJ572660)的同源性高达99.5%99.7%,分别命名为枣疯病植原体泰安圆铃1号株系(Jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma strain Yuanling1,JWB-Yuanling1,TA)、枣疯病植原体泰安鲁北冬枣株系(Jujube witches’-broom phytoplasma strain Lubeidongzao,JWB-Lubeidongzao,TA)和枣疯病植原体泰安大白铃株系(Jujube witches’-broom phyto-plasma strain Dabailing,JWB-Dabailing,TA),基因登录号分别为:HM989946、HM989947和HM989948。【结论】3个枣疯病植原体泰安株系均归属于16SrⅤ-B亚组。     

柳树黄化病植原体的分子分类

[目的]柳树黄化病是一种重要的植原体病害,本研究旨在明确柳树黄化病植原体(Willow Yellow phytoplasma,WY)的分类地位,为进一步开展致病性和防治研究奠定基础.[方法]采用植原体特异引物通过PCR方法从患病植株DNA中扩增植原体16S rDNA基因和核糖体蛋白基因(ribosomal proteins gene,rp),对所得的序列进行分析,构建同源进化树,并用限制性片段长度多态性(RFTJP)对巢式PCR产物进行分析.[结果]首次从柳树黄化病植原体中分离出了16S rDNA基因和rp基因,大小分别为1246 bp和1212 bp.通过对植原体16S rDNA和rp基因的核苷酸同源性比较和RFLP分析,发现该分离物与16S rI组的核苷酸同源性均在99%以上,与16S rI-C亚组中的小麦蓝矮病植原体同源性高达99.8%(16Sr DNA)和99.6%(rp),且RFLP分析与16SrI-C亚组的植原体有相同的酶切条带.[结论]柳树黄化植原体应划分于16SrI-C亚组.     

植原体遗传多样性研究现状与展望

植原体是引起众多植物病害的一类重要的无细胞壁的原核致病菌, 其寄主种类多、危害面积广, 对经济、环境等影响严重。大量研究表明植原体存在丰富的遗传多样性。本文就植原体遗传多样性研究现状作一概要评述, 并对植原体遗传变异的研究技术、产生机制、与致病性关系等今后可能的研究方向作一展望。对已完成的5个植原体全基因组序列分析发现, 它们在大小、结构和功能等方面皆存在显著差异, 缺少很多标准代谢所需的基因。不同植原体中质粒的数量、大小和功能等也存在一定差异。植原体含有2个核糖体RNA编码基因, 其序列在不同株系中的变异奠定了现今植原体分类鉴定的基础。对植原体蛋白编码基因如核糖体蛋白编码基因(rp)、蛋白延伸因子基因(tuf、fusA)、转运蛋白基因(secY、secA)、效应子及非编码区序列如启动子、假基因等的深入研究可进一步揭示植原体更丰富的遗传变异特征。由于植原体分离培养困难, 人们对其形态特征、生理代谢等了解甚少, 因而全基因组测序、多位点序列分析等现代分子生物学技术将会成为植原体遗传变异研究的主要手段。植原体遗传多样性研究进展有助于从分子水平上系统地阐明植原体遗传变异规律、系统进化特征及其与寄主(植物和昆虫)、生态环境间的互作和适应关系, 并产生新的认识。这对于提高植原体的分类鉴定、致病机制、流行预测及病害防治等研究水平具有重要的作用和意义。     

马尾松林气候生产潜力的探讨

马尾松林气候生产潜力的探讨欧阳惠（湖南省农业气象中心,长沙４１０００７）ＣｌｉｍａｔｉｃＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＰｉｎｕｓｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ．￥ＯｕＹａｎｇｈｕｉ（ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｅｎｔｒｅ,...     

Molecular and microscopical detection of aster yellows phytoplasma associated with infected parsnip

Typical phytoplasma yellows symptoms were observed in parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) plants grown around Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Examination of ultrathin sections of leaf midribs by electron microscopy revealed numerous phytoplasma bodies localized in the phloem cells. DNA extracted from the infected leaves was amplified with a 16S rDNA universal primer pair P1/P6 giving the expected PCR product of 1.5 kb. The phytoplasma was confirmed as a member of the aster yellows (AY) group by amplification with the specific primer pair R16(1)/F1/R1 that was designed on the basis of AY phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequences. In the nested PCR assays, the expected DNA fragment of 1.1 kb was amplified with this specific primer set. Similar restriction patterns were found for the 1.1 kb PCR products of the phytoplasma isolated from parsnip and an AY phytoplasma control after digestion with restriction endonucleases AluI, HhaI, KpnI and RsaI. This is the first reported observation of aster yellows in parsnip in Canada.     

Identification of Elm Yellows Phytoplasma in Plum Trees in China

Plum plants (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) with small and rolled leaves resembling symptoms of phytoplasma infection were observed during 2008 and 2009 in the ornamental garden of Northwest A&F University (Republic of China). Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a combination of phytoplasma‐specific universal primer pairs (R16F2m/R16R1m‐R16F2n/R16R2) amplified 16S rDNA with the expected size (1.2 kb) from all samples of symptomatic plum plants. Sequencing results and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 1248 bp R16F2n/R16R2 products showed that the phytoplasma belongs to group 16SrV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the phytoplasma had a close relation to JWB phytoplasma. This is, we believe, the first report of elm yellows phytoplasma infecting plum plants in China.     

Occurrence and Characterization of a 16SrII‐D Subgroup Phytoplasma Associated with Parsley Witches’ Broom Disease in Iran

During 2010–2013 surveys for the presence of phytoplasma diseases in Yazd province (Iran), a parsley witches’ broom (PrWB) disease was observed. Characteristic symptoms were excessive development of short spindly shoots from crown buds, little leaf, yellowing, witches’ broom, stunting, flower virescence and phyllody. The disease causative agent was dodder transmitted from symptomatic parsley to periwinkle and from periwinkle to periwinkle by grafting inducing phytoplasma‐type symptoms. Expected length DNA fragments of nearly 1800 and 1250 bp were, respectively, amplified from naturally infected parsley and experimentally inoculated periwinkle plants in direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma primer pair P1/P7 or nested PCR using the same primer pair followed by R16F2n/R16R2 primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the phytoplasma associated with PrWB disease in Yazd province belong to 16SrII‐D phytoplasma subgroup. This is the first report of association of a 16SrII‐related phytoplasma with PrWB disease in Iran.     

Molecular Characterization of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Associated with Valerian and Sowthistle Plants by PCR–RFLP Analyses

In Alberta, Canada, valerian grown for medicinal purposes and sowthistle, a common weed, showed typical aster yellows symptoms. Molecular diagnosis was made using a universal primer pair (P1 / P7) designed to amplify the entire 16S rRNA gene and the 16 / 23S intergenic spacer region in a direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. This primer pair amplified the DNA samples from valerian and sowthistle and reference controls (AY‐27, CP, PWB, AY of canola, LWB). They produced the expected PCR products of 1.8 kb, which were diluted and used as templates in a nested PCR. Two primer pairs R16F2n / R2 and P3 / P7 amplified the DNA templates giving PCR products of 1.2 and 0.32 kb, respectively. No PCR product was obtained with either set of primers and DNA isolated from healthy plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyse the partial 16S rDNA sequences (1.2 kb) of all phytoplasma DNA samples after restriction with four endonucleases (AluI, HhaI, MseI and RsaI). The restriction patterns of these strains were found to be identical with the RFLP pattern of the AY phytoplasma reference control (AY‐27 strain). Based on the RFLP data, the two strains are members of subgroup A of the AY 16Sr1 group. We report here the first molecular study on the association of AY phytoplasmas with valerian and sowthistle plants.     

Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis’ with Bermuda grass white leaf disease and its new hosts in Qassim province,Saudi Arabia

Typical symptoms of phytoplasma such as whitening of the leaves, shortening of the stolons on Bermuda grass, variegated leaves, yellows, stunting, little leaves and yellows on Giant reed, Cooba and sand olive shrub were observed in Qassim province, Saudi Arabia, during the autumn season of 2015. When tested for phytoplasma by universal primers P1/P7 followed by R16mF2/R16mR2, products of approximately 1400?bp (as expected) were amplified from 16 plants with symptoms but not from symptomless plants. Based on sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the 16S rDNA F2nR2 fragments of seven Qassim phytoplasma isolates, bermuda grass isolates 170, 175 and 177, giant reed isolate 180, sand olive isolates 181 and 182 and cooba isolate 185, the associated phytoplasma was identified as a member of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis’ which belong to the 16SrXIV-A subgroup. The 16S rDNA gene sequences of seven Qassim phytoplasma isolates exhibited over 99.2% identity with members of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma cynodontis’ group of phytoplasmas. This is the first report of characterization of ‘Ca. phytoplasma cynodonties’ (16SrXIV) associated with Cynodon dactylon in Saudi Arabia and its new hosts, Dodonaea angustifolia, Arundo donax and Acacia salicia.     

The Association of Phytoplasma with Stunting, Leaf Necrosis and Witches' Broom Symptoms in Magnolia Plants

In 1999–2000 a severe disease was observed on plants of four Magnolia spp. cultivated in a commercial nursery in Poland. Affected plants showed a progressive loss of vigour, were stunted, and had severely malformed leaves, leaf necrosis and witches' broom. Phytoplasma was detected in magnolias with severe symptoms and in dodder-inoculated Catharanthus roseus seedlings by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with primer pair R16F1/R0 followed by universal (rA/fA) and group specific (R16(I)F1/R1) primer pairs which amplified a fragment of phytoplasma 16S rDNA. The PCR products (560 bp or 1.1 kb) of all samples used for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after digestion with endonuclease enzymes Alu I and Mse I produced the same profile which corresponded to that of an aster yellows phytoplasma reference strain. Phytoplasma DNA was detected throughout the growing season in roots, stems and young but not mature leaves. Electron microscope examination of the ultra-thin sections of the leaf and stem of diseased magnolias showed collapsed and degenerated sieve tube elements with wall thickening. The reduced lumen of these sieve elements contained numerous vesicles and membrane-bound structures, but no typical phytoplasma cells. This is the first report of aster yellows phytoplasma in magnolia identified by molecular assays.     

长春花黄化植原体核糖体蛋白基因片段序列分析*

对自然表现典型黄化症的长春花植株总RNA进行植原体核糖体蛋白基因（ribosomal protein gene,rp gene）PCR扩增,得到约1.3kb的特异片段。将此特异片段与pGEM-T Easy载体连接并转化到大肠杆菌JM109感受态细胞中,通过PCR鉴定、限制性内切酶(EcoRI)酶切分析、核苷酸序列测定及分析,结果表明该株系核糖体蛋白基因片段长1,44bp,包含rp122、rps3基因,分别编码129和252个氨基酸,且这两个基因为重叠基因。该植原体核糖体蛋白基因特性与其它植原体相似。     

Sequence heterogeneity in the two 16S rRNA genes of Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma.

Phormium yellow leaf (PYL) phytoplasma causes a lethal disease of the monocotyledon, New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax). The 16S rRNA genes of PYL phytoplasma were amplified from infected flax by PCR and cloned, and the nucleotide sequences were determined. DNA sequencing and Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA indicated the presence of two copies of the 16S rRNA gene. The two 16S rRNA genes exhibited sequence heterogeneity in 4 nucleotide positions and could be distinguished by the restriction enzymes BpmI and BsrI. This is the first record in which sequence heterogeneity in the 16S rRNA genes of a phytoplasma has been determined by sequence analysis. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that PYL phytoplasma is most closely related to the stolbur and German grapevine yellows phytoplasmas, which form the stolbur subgroup of the aster yellows group. This phylogenetic position of PYL phytoplasma was supported by 16S/23S spacer region sequence data.