B型烟粉虱在甘蓝、西葫芦和辣椒上的刺吸取食行为

利用刺吸电波技术（EPG）记录了B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci在甘蓝Brassica oleracea L. var. caqitata、西葫芦Cucurbita pepo L.和辣椒Capsicum annuum L.上的刺吸取食波形。结果表明,3种寄主植物的适合度为甘蓝>西葫芦>辣椒。在所观察的25头烟粉虱中,到达甘蓝、西葫芦和辣椒韧皮部的个体数分别为24、19和15,其中持续吸食头数为22、10和1。在第一阶段（从刺吸开始到第一个E(pd)1出现）,烟粉虱在甘蓝、西葫芦和辣椒3种植物上非刺探时间所占比例分别为9.59%、23.55%和36.97%,三者差异显著; 在第二阶段（从第一个E(pd)1出现到第一次韧皮部持续吸食）,烟粉虱在甘蓝和西葫芦上所考察的4个指标无显著差异; 在第三阶段（从第一次韧皮部持续吸食至记录结束）,烟粉虱在甘蓝上第一次韧皮部持续吸食后的刺探次数（4.73）显著低于在西葫芦上的刺探次数（13.40）。在自由状态下,烟粉虱60 min内在甘蓝、西葫芦和辣椒上留存粉虱的百分比分别为100％、88％和28％,这进一步验证了上述依据EPG记录得到的结果。     

寄主植物转换对B型烟粉虱和温室粉虱淀粉酶及蛋白酶活性的影响

B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)和温室粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)在华北地区常混合发生, 为了揭示寄主植物在两种粉虱生态位竞争中的作用, 以番茄饲养的B型烟粉虱与温室粉虱为实验种群, 研究了转换取食棉花、甘蓝及玉米后, 其体内淀粉酶及蛋白酶的变化。结果表明, 无论在饲养寄主上还是转换植物上, B型烟粉虱淀粉酶活性较温室粉虱高1.49–1.66倍, 改变植物种类对两种粉虱淀粉酶活性的影响不大。植物种类的改变对B型烟粉虱的蛋白酶活性没有显著影响, 而温室粉虱却受到明显抑制, 由番茄转换到甘蓝、棉花及玉米上, 温室粉虱蛋白酶活性下降了29.9–42.7%; 转换到甘蓝或棉花上, B型烟粉虱蛋白酶活性分别较温室粉虱高1.30倍和1.21倍, 而在玉米上两种粉虱间没有明显差异。B型烟粉虱在嗜食寄主甘蓝或非寄主玉米上取食, 其淀粉酶活性的动态变化趋势为激活—抑制型或抑制—激活型, 而温室粉虱激活—抑制不明显; 在B型烟粉虱嗜食、温室粉虱亦可利用的棉花上, 两种粉虱淀粉酶活性的动态趋势相仿。转换的植物种类不同, 两种粉虱蛋白酶活性的变化趋势各异; 在B型烟粉虱嗜食的甘蓝和棉花上, 其蛋白酶活性的动态趋势为激活—抑制型; 在非寄主玉米上虽亦为激活—抑制型, 但激活需时长且较为平缓; 而温室粉虱无论转换为寄主还是非寄主植物, 其蛋白酶活性的变化趋势均相仿且较为平缓。以上结果表明B型烟粉虱应对植物种类转换的能力较温室粉虱强。     

B型烟粉虱在甘蓝上的产卵行为观察

B型烟粉虱是重要的农林害虫在实验室条件下（温度25℃-30℃，湿度RH70%-75%，光照L:D=16h:8h）观察了连续三代B型烟粉虱（基于复眼及线粒体CO1基因鉴定）在甘蓝Brassica oleracea L var.caqitata叶片（秋甘一号）上产卵排列方式。发现烟粉虱在甘蓝叶片上的产卵排列方式有圆形，弧形（0<弧形<π）和半圆形三种方式，或者也会将卵散产在甘蓝叶片的背面，所占比例分别为圆形45.1%、弧形46.9%、半圆8.0%，且三代烟粉虱中产卵的同一种排列方式之间没有显著性差异。另外，烟粉虱在甘蓝叶片上产卵时以吸食点为圆心体长为半径边取食边产卵，少散产，区别于前人对其的研究 (烟粉虱卵不规则的散产在叶背面)。     

烟粉虱及温室白粉虱为害后对后续粉虱种群的影响

【目的】分析烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)或温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)为害番茄后对后续温室白粉虱和烟粉虱生长、发育、成虫寿命和繁殖等产生的促进或抑制作用,可为明确寄主植物番茄介导的温室白粉虱-烟粉虱的种间互作,开展粉虱的科学防控提供科学依据。【方法】通过在寄主植物番茄叶片上先将B型烟粉虱或温室白粉虱按不同的顺序、时间间隔分开接种,再系统观察后续接上的两种粉虱生长、发育、繁殖等种群参数的变化。【结果】(1)先期接上烟粉虱对后续温室白粉虱的发育、寿命、产卵量有明显的促进作用;这种作用需烟粉虱的持续诱导,若去掉烟粉虱,其对温室白粉虱的促进作用即消失;先期接上温室白粉虱可缩短后续烟粉虱伪蛹期,但温室白粉虱的持续存在不利于烟粉虱的产卵,且明显降低烟粉虱的内禀增长率和净增殖率。(2)先后在番茄上同时接上温室白粉虱可降低后续烟粉虱的单雌产卵量和雌、雄虫的成虫寿命;先后同时接种烟粉虱却显著地增加了温室白粉虱的单雌产卵量;烟粉虱的提前存在降低了后续烟粉虱单雌产卵量。(3)但两种粉虱之间作用存在着一定的时间滞后性。烟粉虱对温室白粉虱的发育、寿命、产卵量产生的促进作用大约在其卵期后的一段时间才能显现出来;温室白粉虱对烟粉虱伪蛹期的缩短作用也需提前诱导;而温室白粉虱对温室白粉虱的促进作用相当滞后,直到成虫期才显现出来。【结论】B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱之间可通过寄主番茄产生相互影响,前期烟粉虱为害可显著促进后续温室白粉虱卵和若虫的发育,而前期温室白粉虱为害对烟粉虱的发育不利。     

甘蓝与黄瓜寄主上B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱蜜露糖分、氨基酸和挥发物组分的比较分析

粉虱蜜露是粉虱寄生性天敌搜索寄主的主要利它素源。应用离子色谱分别对甘蓝与黄瓜上B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci B-biotype)蜜露以及黄瓜上温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum蜜露的接触性利它素糖和氨基酸组分和含量进行了比较研究。结果表明：2种粉虱在不同寄主植物上的蜜露均富含糖和氨基酸,其中糖含量占绝对优势,甘蓝上B型烟粉虱蜜露、黄瓜上B型烟粉虱蜜露和黄瓜上温室白粉虱蜜露中的糖含量分别是相应氨基酸含量的42.5、2.6和5.4倍,其中糖类物质中又以寡糖含量占绝对优势,分别占89.3%、81.7%和88.2%。不同寄主植物和粉虱种类显著影响蜜露中糖和氨基酸的组成和含量。其中,甘蓝上B型烟粉虱蜜露中的寡糖以二糖占优势,占97.3%;二糖中又以蔗糖异构糖和松二糖占优势,分别占52.7%和35.4%。黄瓜上B型烟粉虱蜜露和温室白粉虱蜜露寡糖中以三糖和四糖占优势,分别占73.1%和85.4%;优势糖水苏（四）糖和松三糖分别占40.3%和 26.2%及49.9%和27.0%。甘蓝上B型烟粉虱蜜露中氨基酸以丙氨酸占优势,含量为66.5%;而黄瓜上B型烟粉虱及温室白粉虱蜜露中氨基酸以甘氨酸含量最高,分别占氨基酸总量的38.2%和51.7%。应用GC-MS对甘蓝上B型烟粉虱蜜露和黄瓜上温室白粉虱蜜露挥发物组分的鉴定结果显示,两种粉虱蜜露中共同含有的主要挥发物为邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯。     

B型烟粉虱在6个烟草品种上的取食行为

【背景】不同烟草品种会影响B型烟粉虱的取食选择性,但具体的机制尚不明确。刺吸电波图（EPG）技术是研究刺吸式昆虫对寄主植物取食选择性的重要手段,通过烟粉虱取食产生的电信号,可以分析其对不同烟草品种的取食差异。【方法】应用EPG技术对B型烟粉虱雌成虫在6个烟草品种（翠碧1号、K326、闽烟7号、云烟85、云烟87、红花大金元）上的取食行为进行比较研究。【结果】6个烟草品种上有效记录的雌成虫数均为18头,在翠碧1号、K326、闽烟7号、云烟87、云烟85和红花大金元叶片上能够到达韧皮部的个体数分别为15、15、12、13、15和15头,能够持续吸食的个体数分别为13、14、8、12、14和15头。烟粉虱雌成虫在6个烟草品种上的非刺探（np）波所占的比例差异显著,在红花大金元上所占的比例最小,显著低于其他5个品种。雌成虫在红花大金元和K326上E1波的总持续时间显著短于闽烟7号和云烟87。雌成虫在红花大金元上E2波的总持续时间显著长于其他5个品种,而在闽烟7号、云烟87和云烟85上显著短于其他3个品种。【结论与意义】在6个烟草品种中,B型烟粉虱雌成虫最喜食红花大金元,最不喜食闽烟7号和云烟87。因此,在福建省B型烟粉虱的发生区,选择烟草品种时可根据实际情况减少红花大金元的种植,增多闽烟7号和云烟87等抗B型烟粉虱品种的种植。     

一种改进的粉虱成虫生物测定方法

生物测定是检测害虫抗药性的一项重要技术。利用100mL插口圆底聚丙烯离心管对现在应用较多的粉虱成虫生物测定方法——琼脂保湿浸叶法进行了改进。改进后的方法不影响粉虱成虫的持续取食,具有操作简单、结果重复性好及无需对成虫麻醉等优点。同时发现茄子叶片对于B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)B-biotype和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)成虫均是一种非常适合的生测材料。利用该方法分3次独立测定了烯啶虫胺对B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱混合日龄成虫的毒力,结果具有很好的重复性。     

漆酶-1基因在烟粉虱MEAM1隐种和温室粉虱中的表达模式比较

【目的】漆酶-1(LAC1)在粉虱-植物互作中发挥重要作用,本研究旨在探讨烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MEAM1隐种和温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum两种存在竞争关系的粉虱中LAC1基因表达模式是否存在差异。【方法】测定烟粉虱MEAM1隐种和温室粉虱唾液漆酶-1活力;对温室粉虱LAC1基因进行了克隆和测序;通过荧光定量PCR测定和比较了LAC1在两种粉虱不同发育阶段和成虫不同组织中的表达谱以及取食外施水杨酸(0. 5 mmol/L)的番茄植株后两种粉虱不同发育阶段和成虫不同组织中LAC1的表达水平,同时检测了成虫存活率和产卵量。【结果】酶活力测定结果表明两种粉虱的唾液中漆酶-1活力差异不显著。温室粉虱PCR扩增后得到大小639 bp的LAC1基因中间片段。发育表达谱结果表明,LAC1基因在两种粉虱各个发育阶段均有表达,在烟粉虱MEAM1隐种成虫期表达量逐渐升高,而在温室粉虱各发育时期的表达量无显著差异;烟粉虱MEAM1隐种成虫期LAC1的表达量高于温室粉虱。组织表达结果表明,LAC1在两种粉虱成虫的头胸部、中肠和腹部残骸中均有表达,但在中肠中丰度最高。取食外施水杨酸番茄植株的烟粉虱MEAM1隐种,随取食时间的延长成虫存活率下降,与对照(取食喷施清水的植株)相比差异显著。羽化后14 d时,取食外施水杨酸植株的烟粉虱MEAM1隐种存活率仅为对照的一半,而取食外施水杨酸植株的温室粉虱的存活率与对照相比差异不显著。无论是取食外施水杨酸的植株还是取食对照植株,烟粉虱MEAM1隐种体内LAC1表达量和产卵量均高于温室粉虱。【结论】LAC1在两种粉虱体内表达模式存在差异,这可能在两种粉虱的竞争适应中具有一定作用。     

B型烟粉虱与温室白粉虱不同虫态的碱性磷酸酶性质比较

为了探明B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci B-biotype 和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum体内的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)在两者竞争替代中所起的作用,以对硝基苯磷酸二钠 (pNPP)为底物,采用个体测定和群体测定的方法,研究比较了2种粉虱不同虫态中该酶的性质。结果表明：2种粉虱的碱性磷酸酶比活力在整个发育历期均逐渐增加,成虫期达到最大。温室白粉虱2至4龄若虫（伪蛹）期的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是B型烟粉虱对应龄期酶比活力的2.58、2.68和3.14倍; B型烟粉虱雌雄成虫的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是温室白粉虱雌雄成虫酶比活力的1.24和1.26倍,且2种粉虱雌虫的酶比活力显著大于其雄虫。2种粉虱2龄若虫到成虫的碱性磷酸酶最适pH均为7.8,最适温度均为47℃;在1龄若虫中均未能检测到该酶活性。测定并比较2种粉虱不同虫态碱性磷酸酶动力学特征参数的结果显示,温室白粉虱碱性磷酸酶在3、4龄若虫的亲和力以及在2, 3, 4龄若虫的酶蛋白浓度均显著大于B型烟粉虱的对应值,而在成虫期2种粉虱的亲和力、酶蛋白浓度无差异,B型烟粉虱的活化能显著小于温室白粉虱。据此推测,B型烟粉虱利用碱性磷酸酶在若虫期进行组织骨化和生长发育不如温室白粉虱,但羽化为成虫后利用其进行解毒代谢则可能强于温室白粉虱。     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒对烟粉虱MED隐种取食行为的影响

为探究番茄黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCV）对烟粉虱刺探取食行为的影响并研究其与烟粉虱之间的互作关系。利用EPG记录了感染TYLCV的MED隐种在番茄寄主上的取食波形,并与未感染TYLCV的MED隐种的取食波形进行了比较研究。结果表明,烟粉虱开始取食行为后,带毒MED和未带毒MED平均刺探次数和非刺吸时间占总取食时间的比例方面没有显著差异。带毒MED从口针刺探开始至到达韧皮部的平均时间为46 min,从记录开始至口针第一次到达韧皮部的平均时间为135 min,未带毒MED相对应的平均时间分别为19 min和25 min,两者结果差异显著;在烟粉虱取食番茄韧皮部阶段,带毒和未带毒MED的唾液分泌总时间分别为9 min、3 min,第一次韧皮部持续吸食平均时间分别为143 min、26 min,带毒MED显著高于未带毒MED。带毒MED在第一次持续吸食至第一次取食结束的平均时间为15 min,显著高于未带毒MED的4 min。综上所述,带毒MED完成整个刺探取食行为的平均时间较未带毒MED显著增加,特别是唾液的分泌时间以及第一次在韧皮部的持续吸食时间。表明,TYLCV能促进MED加强唾液分泌和韧皮部取食,从而促进病毒的传播。     

Difference in feeding behaviors of two invasive whiteflies on host plants with different suitability: implication for competitive displacement

In China, Bemisia tabaci Q (commonly known as biotype Q) has rapidly displaced B (commonly known as biotype B) in the past 6 years. The mechanisms underlying such phenomenon have been studied extensively in recent years; however, we have not come to a definitive conclusion yet. In the present study, the differences in host suitability between B and Q whitefly adults to five host plants (cabbage, cotton, cucumber, poinsettia, and tomato) were evaluated based on their respective feeding behaviors using a direct-current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) system. Pair-wise comparisons of B. tabaci B and Q feeding on each of the five host plants clearly indicate that Q feeds better than B on tomato, cotton and poinsettia, while B feeds better than Q on cabbage and cucumber. The EPG parameters related to both phloem and non-phloem phases confirm that cabbage and cucumber are best suited to B, while tomato, cotton, and poinsettia are best suited to Q. Our present results support the contention that host suitability and adult feeding behavior contribute to the competitive displacement of biotype B by biotype Q. The discrepancy between field (previous studies) and laboratory results (this study), however, suggests that 1) whitefly displacement is apparently contributed by multiple factors; and 2) factor(s) other than the host plant suitability may play a vital role in dictating the whitefly biotypes in the field.     

温室白粉虱取食行为的刺探电位(EPG)研究

该文揭示了温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood成虫及幼虫的刺探电位波形与其刺探、取食、产卵行为之间的对应关系,并讨论了这项技术在研究植物抗虫机理方面的应用价值。在成虫,A波、C波分别代表刺探的开始和进行过程;F波代表刺探过程中遇到机械障碍;G波表示吸食木质部导管汁液;E(pd)的(1)和(2)分别表示与取食韧皮部筛管汁液有关的两种行为;粉虱的产卵波形分为两种亚波,分别由Ovi-I和Ovi-II表示,各自代表产卵时的两种行为：产卵器接触并划破叶表皮及卵柄插入叶组织。在幼虫,H波代表吸食筛管液,而L波则表示在筛管细胞内的一种非吸食行为。幼虫蜕皮时先拔出口针,新龄期的幼虫将其口针重新刺入叶组织。     

B型与浙江非B型烟粉虱药剂敏感性的比较

比较了新入侵我国的B型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)与非B型烟粉虱ZHJ-1种群对5%吡虫啉乳油和5%吡丙醚乳油2种杀虫剂的敏感性。ZHJ-1种群卵、若虫和成虫对这2种药剂的敏感性均比B型的明显或显著要高。吡丙醚具有高杀卵活性,在有效成分为0.25mg/L时,2个烟粉虱种群卵的死亡率高于90%。药剂敏感性的差异可能是B型竞争取代本地非B型烟粉虱的一个重要原因。     

中国部分地区烟粉虱生物型种类及系统发育关系分析

烟粉虱是一种危害严重的世界性害虫,是一个快速进化的复合种.本文利用mtCOI分子标记方法,对2010和2011年采自我国9个省(市)的33个烟粉虱种群进行了生物型鉴定和系统发育分析.结果表明： 我国目前存在着B型、Q型、ZHJ-1型、ZHJ-3型、An型以及Nauru型等6种生物型,且不同生物型的分布是不均匀的.遗传距离及系统发育树的分析结果显示,海南省的An型和台湾省的An型聚为一支,为同一来源;中国B型与来自法国和乌干达的B型的亲缘关系较近,同源性达到99%以上;中国的Q型与来自摩洛哥和法国的Q型聚为一个分支,而来自以色列和土耳其的Q型烟粉虱单独聚为一支,说明中国的Q型烟粉虱与来自地中海西部的Q型烟粉虱亲缘关系更近,可以推断中国的Q型烟粉虱的起源地为地中海西部地区.
     

The role of sinigrin in host plant recognition by aphids during initial plant penetration

Plant penetration behaviour (probing) of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, was studied on excised leaves of broad beans, Vicia faba, kept in water or in a 1% aqueous solution of sinigrin. Using the DC EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) technique it was shown that the cabbage aphid on sinigrin-untreated bean leaves showed numerous short probes into epidermis and mesophyll. None of these aphids showed either phloem salivation or ingestion waveforms on untreated leaves. In contrast, on sinigrin-treated bean leaves, 35% of the probing time was spent on phloem sap ingestion (E2) and almost all aphids reached phloem vessels and started feeding. The duration of phloem salivation before phloem ingestion and the mean duration of phloem ingestion periods were similar on a host and a sinigrin-treated non-host plant. However, the total probing time by B. brassicae was 10% longer, the total phloem sap ingestion time was twice as long, and the time to the first phloem phase within a probe was three times shorter on the host plant compared to sinigrin-treated broad beans. Acyrthosiphon pisum also responded to the addition of sinigrin to broad beans, but in this case sinigrin acted as a deterrent. On sinigrin-treated leaves, A. pisum terminated probes before ingestion from phloem vessels, and none of these aphids showed phloem salivation and ingestion on treated leaves. Glucosinolates were detected in the mesophyll cells of the brassicaceous plant, Sinapis alba. Based on this finding and in addition to the foregoing EPG analysis of aphid probing on these plants and broad beans, our hypothesis is that aphids may recognise their host plants as soon as they probe the mesophyll tissue and before they start ingestion from phloem vessels.     

Interspecific interactions between Bemisia tabaci biotype B and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) are invasive whitefly species that often co-occur on greenhouse-grown vegetables in northern China. Although B. tabaci biotype B has been present in China for a relatively short period of time, it has become dominant over T. vaporariorum. We studied the interspecific competitive interactions between the two species in single or mixed cultures at 24 ± 1 °C, 40 ± 5% RH, and L14:D10 h photoperiod. Female longevity on tomato was not significantly different between species, but B. tabaci reproduced 4.3 to 4.9 fold more progeny. The ratio of female to male progeny in both instances was greater for B. tabaci. When cultured on tomato, cotton, and tobacco, B. tabaci developed 0.8, 3.3, and 4.7 d earlier in single culture, and 1.8, 3.9, and 4.3 d earlier in mixed culture. B. tabaci displaced T. vaporariorum in four, five and six generations when the initial ratios of B. tabaci to T. vaporariorum were 15:15, 20:10, or 10:20 on tomato. Populations of B. tabaci were 2.3 fold higher than that of T. vaporariorum on tomato plants for seven consecutive generations in single culture. B. tabaci performed better in development, survival, fecundity, and female ratio. We conclude that B. tabaci could displace T. vaporariorum in as short as four generations in a controlled greenhouse environment when they start at equal proportions. Warmer greenhouse conditions and an increase in total greenhouse area could be contributing factors in the recent dominance of B. tabaci.     

Assessment of Potential Sublethal Effects of Various Insecticides on Key Biological Traits of The Tobacco Whitefly,Bemisia tabaci

The tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most devastating pests worldwide. Current management of B. tabaci relies upon the frequent applications of insecticides. In addition to direct mortality by typical acute toxicity (lethal effect), insecticides may also impair various key biological traits of the exposed insects through physiological and behavioral sublethal effects. Identifying and characterizing such effects could be crucial for understanding the global effects of insecticides on the pest and therefore for optimizing its management in the crops. We assessed the effects of sublethal and low-lethal concentrations of four widely used insecticides on the fecundity, honeydew excretion and feeding behavior of B. tabaci adults. The probing activity of the whiteflies feeding on treated cotton seedlings was recorded by an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG). The results showed that imidacloprid and bifenthrin caused a reduction in phloem feeding even at sublethal concentrations. In addition, the honeydew excretions and fecundity levels of adults feeding on leaf discs treated with these concentrations were significantly lower than the untreated ones. While, sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan did not affect feeding behavior, honeydew excretion and fecundity of the whitefly. We demonstrated an antifeedant effect of the imidacloprid and bifenthrin on B. tabaci, whereas behavioral changes in adults feeding on leaves treated with chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan were more likely caused by the direct effects of the insecticides on the insects'' nervous system itself. Our results show that aside from the lethal effect, the sublethal concentration of imidacloprid and bifenthrin impairs the phloem feeding, i.e. the most important feeding trait in a plant protection perspective. Indeed, this antifeedant property would give these insecticides potential to control insect pests indirectly. Therefore, the behavioral effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and bifenthrin may play an important role in the control of whitefly pests by increasing the toxicity persistence in treated crops.