笨蝗的生物学特性及防治

<正> 笨蝗Haplotropis brunneriana Sausssure是我市土蝗的优势种。近年来危害年趋加重,自1984年以来每年发生面积达10万亩以上,给农业生产带来极大危害。为此,从1987年开始作者通过人工饲养、田间调查和试验,对笨蝗的生物学特性及防治进行了初步研究,结果如下。     

棉蝗的发生规律及防治技术

<正> 棉蝗Chondracris rosea(De Geer)是个体较大的土蝗,雌成虫体长62～81mm。在70年代到80年代初,是我县的次要害虫,不列为主要     

白边雏蝗严重危害草原

<正> 1979年黑龙江省肇源县28.1万亩草原发生土蝗,其中11万亩采籽草场受白边雏蝗Chorthippus albomarginatus(De Geer)严重为害。羊草Anurolepidium chinense(Trin)Kitagawa轻者叶片被咬得残缺不全,重者叶片被全部食光,咬断生长点,只剩一茬。虫口密度一般在100—150头/米~2,经飞机撒药防治,迅速扑灭了为害。 经初步调查,白边雏蝗的分布发生与牧草种类有直接关系。在小拉哈泡等纯羊草草原,一般只受白边雏蝗为害,绝少见到其它蝗种加害。哈布他海、波尔诺两个蝗区情况雷同;在各     

皖西南土蝗的研究

皖西南地区发生的土蝗有12种,其分布与植被类型有关。优势种中华稻蝗是水稻上重要害虫,岳西大别山一季稻区1年发生1代,为害高峰6月下旬;沿江丘陵圩坂双季稻区1年发生两代,有3次为害高峰,分别在5月下旬、7月中旬和8月中下旬。两代区发生最大,危害重。防治上应采取冬、春灭卵;夏初、秋初灭蝗蝻;沿江双季稻区还应增加盛夏灭成虫的策略。     

1995年白洋淀东亚飞蝗大发生原因及防治策略

白洋淀是华北地区最大的淡水湖,是历史老蝗区,河北省东亚飞蝗Locustamigratoriamanilensis（Meyen）重点蝗区之一。1995年夏蝗呈特大发生,形成大面积高密度群居型蝗蝻,是20年来极为罕见的。其发生特点为蝗蝻出土集中,非农田蝗区密度高于农田蝗区,高密度群居型蝗螨均发生在淀边苇田蝗区。发生面积1．2万hm2,防治1．l万hm2,其中发生10头／m2以上的有0.7万hm2,100头／m2以上的0.l万hm2。现将分析的特大发生原因及防治策略报道如下。1大发生原因1．1大发生的蝗虫基数：据调查,1994年秋残蝗面积为1．2万hm2,比中等发生年多0．3万hm2…     

山东嘉祥县土蝗种类组成、分布和区域防治

连续 2年普查结果表明 ,嘉祥县共有土蝗 1 7种 ,分属 2总科 6科 1 5属 ,同时还摸清了土蝗的优势种类、分布区域范围及发生规律。不同生态环境条件下其优势种分布有明显不同 ,地形地貌及植被覆盖度对土蝗发生有明显的影响     

华北盐渍化改造区蚯蚓种群次生演替与生产投入的关系——以河北省曲周试区为例

通过对河北省曲周县盐渍化改造区农田生态系统中蚯蚓物种多样性分析,发现蚯蚓种群的次生演替与农田肥料投稿有很好的相关性,合理的投稿特别是有机肥的投入可以加速农田生态系统中生态演替;该地区蝗蚓种群分布总的趋势是：第2代试区＞第1代试区＞第3代试区＞原貌区;不同土壤利用方式蚯蚓的分布和数量各不相同,菜地＞农田、边缘地和果园。     

滨州市蝗虫发生规律研究初报

通过1989—2008年的系统普查与探讨,查明滨州市蝗虫种类总科共18种,隶属于6科15属;分布于农田、夹荒、荒洼、特殊环境4个生态环境;明确了各生态环境、各个时期的优势种,常见种和少见种,及各蝗种的区系性质;明确了7种优势蝗种和2种少见种的生活史及习性。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

白洋淀湿地蝗虫多样性调查及DNA条形码应用研究

为了解白洋淀湿地蝗虫的物种多样性及其分布情况,探究DNA条形码技术在物种鉴定方面的可行性,本研究对白洋淀湿地的蝗虫进行了采集调查。采用自行设计的cox1基因引物,本研究共扩增得到21种蝗虫的cox1序列97条,并利用构建NJ系统发育树法、计算遗传距离的ABGD法以及序列差异阈值分类的MOTU法对已得到的序列连同Gen Bank下载的10种25条cox1序列进行了比较分析。结果表明:白洋淀湿地蝗总科昆虫共有6科23属34种,包括1个新记录属,即异爪蝗属(Euchorthippus),和3个新记录种,即素色异爪蝗(E.unicolor)、柳枝负蝗(Atractomorpha psittacina)和日本稻蝗(Oxya japonica);蝗虫在白洋淀湿地主要分布在农田及其周围、堤坝及其周围以及淀边草丛;DNA条形码技术能够在种级阶元对蝗总科物种进行良好地解析,但物种鉴定时,不能完全脱离形态学方法。     

Brain temperature measurement and regulation in awake and freely moving rodents

Temperature measurement and control are essential in most ischemia experiments. Hypothermia lessens ischemic brain injury whereas hyperthermia exacerbates it. A substantial number of ischemia studies rely solely on rectal temperature measurements during the insult. However, rectal temperature may not accurately reflect brain temperature especially during global ischemia. Furthermore, postischemic temperature changes are often inadequately monitored. Delayed cooling reduces injury, whereas delayed hyperthermia aggravates it. This review summarizes our experiences with core and brain telemetry probes to continually measure temperature in various ischemia models. Furthermore, we discuss methods to simultaneously measure and regulate temperature in the freely moving postischemic rodent, and the need for such control in ischemia research.     

Modern theoretical and practical problems of homoiothermia and thermoregulation

The adjuncts to the existing determinations of homoiothermia are made on the basis of new data, the principles of temperature adaptation of humans and homoiothermal animals are presented. The main purposes of the thermoregulation system of homoiothermal animals and humans in various temperature excesses are formulated. The arguments are advanced in favor of the fact that in the thermoneutral zone the thermoregulation system goes from the principles of regulating the temperature homeostasis by one or several temperature points of a body to the regulation by the fluctuations of the total heat content of an organism, which increases the sensitivity and the accuracy of the thermoregulation system operation. The physiological mechanisms are described of determining (measuring) the total heat content of a body.     

Stiffness and rigidity of the temperature profile in a tokamak

The notions of “stiffness” and “rigidity” of the temperature profile in a tokamak are introduced and formalized. By stiffness is meant the consistency of the profile when the plasma density, boundary temperature, and heating power change. By rigidity is meant the strong dependence of the central temperature on the boundary temperature. Analytical and numerical estimates carried out in a transport model with critical temperature gradients show that, at a low boundary temperature (the L-mode), the profiles are, as a rule, stiff but are not rigid. For a sufficiently high temperature pedestal in the H-mode, there exists a parameter range in which the profiles are stiff and at the same time rigid. However, when the pedestal temperature is too high and the deposited power profile is flat, the temperature profile may be neither stiff nor rigid. This behavior of the electron temperature profile was observed in a number of H-mode discharges with high plasma densities in the DIII-D and JET tokamaks. An analysis is also made of the stiffness and rigidity of the temperature profiles in the MAST and T-10 tokamaks.     

Coordinate and non-coordinate expression of the stress 70 family and other molecular chaperones at high and low temperature in spinach and tomato

Stress 70 molecular chaperones are found in all the major subcellular compartments of plant cells, and they are encoded by a multigene family. Twelve members of this family have been identified in spinach. The expression of the stress 70 molecular chaperones in response to heat shock is well-known and it appears that low temperature exposure can also stimulate their expression. However, it has been difficult to determine which member(s) of the family are specifically responsive to low temperature. This study was initiated to determine the levels of expression of the stress 70 family members and other selected chaperones in response to high and low temperature exposure. During heat shock of spinach, of the 10 stress 70 family members that were examined, all 10 showed increased RNA levels after one hour, and all showed down-regulation at longer durations of high temperature exposure. However, the response to low temperature was quite variable and complex. Some members were induced, some were transiently up-regulated, while others showed sustained up-regulation at a low non-freezing temperature. In comparison, the entirety of the molecular chaperone expression response of cold-sensitive tomato at the same low non-freezing temperature was even more dramatic with 11 of 15 molecular chaperones tested exhibiting elevated expression. The increased chaperone expression is consistent with the hypothesis that the biogenesis or stability of some proteins is compromised at low non-freezing temperatures. In contrast, mild freezing sufficient to cause injury of spinach did not materially activate chaperone expression.     

Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review

Because of global land surface warming, extreme temperature events are expected to occur more often and more intensely, affecting the growth and development of the major cereal crops in several ways, thus affecting the production component of food security. In this study, we have identified rice and maize crop responses to temperature in different, but consistent, phenological phases and development stages. A literature review and data compilation of around 140 scientific articles have determined the key temperature thresholds and response to extreme temperature effects for rice and maize, complementing an earlier study on wheat. Lethal temperatures and cardinal temperatures, together with error estimates, have been identified for phenological phases and development stages. Following the methodology of previous work, we have collected and statistically analysed temperature thresholds of the three crops for the key physiological processes such as leaf initiation, shoot growth and root growth and for the most susceptible phenological phases such as sowing to emergence, anthesis and grain filling. Our summary shows that cardinal temperatures are conservative between studies and are seemingly well defined in all three crops. Anthesis and ripening are the most sensitive temperature stages in rice as well as in wheat and maize. We call for further experimental studies of the effects of transgressing threshold temperatures so such responses can be included into crop impact and adaptation models.     

玉龙雪山地区地表三维温度场时空变化分析

玉龙雪山属于海洋型冰川,对全球气候变化敏感,具有重要的生态研究价值。为了获取玉龙雪山地区的地表温度变化情况,提出了一种基于地表三维温度场的定量分析方法。首先,采用高分辨率立体测绘卫星影像构建数字表面模型,作为三维底图参考,并利用多时序热红外卫星影像数据反演地表温度场模型,提供地表温度变化依据;然后,在统一参考坐标系下将数字表面模型和多时序地表温度场模型套合,准确地分析地表温度时空变化情况。试验利用1987年至2018年间同一季节的Landsat卫星遥感影像反演地表温度,结合资源三号卫星立体影像构建的数字表面模型,并采用四阶温度区间分析多时序范围内玉龙雪山地区的地表温度变化情况。试验结果表明玉龙雪山低温区和次低温区面积逐渐减小,减小速度分别为2.096 km²/a和2.662 km²/a,中温区和暖温区面积逐渐增大,增大速度分别为2.902 km²/a和1.703km²/a,玉龙雪山地区的地表温度呈现整体上升的趋势,为全球生态环境变化提供参考。     

Thermal‐specific patterns of longevity and fecundity in a set of heat‐sensitive and heat‐resistant genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster

Fitness‐related traits are often affected by temperature. Heat‐resistant genotypes could influence the dependence of fitness traits on temperature, which should be important in adaptation to directional changes in temperature including global warming. Here, we tested temperature‐dependent variation in longevity and fecundity between Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) genotypes that differ in heat‐resistance QTL. Longevity and fecundity were affected by heat‐resistance genotypes at constant moderate and high temperature. However, these differences between heat‐resistant and heat‐sensitive genotypes disappeared in a cyclic thermal regime. Analysis with the logistic mortality function indicated that mortality patterns are dependent on temperature and genotype. The results suggest that genotype*temperature interactions are substantial for senescence‐related traits. In particular, fluctuating temperatures can drastically reduce any differences in life‐history traits between heat‐resistance genotypes, even if such genotypes differentially affect the traits at constant temperatures.     

Cold-induced paralysis and recovery of lung respiration and heart contractions in newborn rats (inversion of Arrhenius law for physiological functions)

Arrest of respiration and heart activity in new-born rats aged 3-4 days and 10-11 days was shown to occur at a body temperature 6-7 degrees C and 2-3 degrees C lower than in adult rats, resp. At room temperature the body temperature of profoundly cooled rat's litter gradually increases and the functions are restored. In 3-4-day old rats, at the body temperature rising from profound cooling to 15-18 degrees C, the respiration and heart rates are 2-4-fold more than at the same temperature attained from the normal body temperature. These differences in the respiration and heart rates at the same body temperature suggest an inversion of the Arrhenius law (the Q10 coefficient) for physiological functions in early ontogenesis. This effect completely disappears in 10-11-day old rats.     

Temperature effect on entrainment,phase shifting,and amplitude of circadian clocks and its molecular bases

Effects of temperature and temperature changes on circadian clocks in cyanobacteria, unicellular algae, and plants, as well as fungi, arthropods, and vertebrates are reviewed. Periodic temperature with periods around 24 h even in the low range of 1-2 degrees C (strong Zeitgeber effect) can entrain all ectothermic (poikilothermic) organisms. This is also reflected by the phase shifts-recorded by phase response curves (PRCs)-that are elicited by step- or pulsewise changes in the temperature. The amount of phase shift (weak or strong type of PRC) depends on the amplitude of the temperature change and on its duration when applied as a pulse. Form and position of the PRC to temperature pulses are similar to those of the PRC to light pulses. A combined high/low temperature and light/dark cycle leads to a stabile phase and maximal amplitude of the circadian rhythm-when applied in phase (i.e., warm/light and cold/dark). When the two Zeitgeber cycles are phase-shifted against each other the phase of the circadian rhythm is determined by either Zeitgeber or by both, depending on the relative strength (amplitude) of both Zeitgeber signals and the sensitivity of the species/individual toward them. A phase jump of the circadian rhythm has been observed in several organisms at a certain phase relationship of the two Zeitgeber cycles. Ectothermic organisms show inter- and intraspecies plus seasonal variations in the temperature limits for the expression of the clock, either of the basic molecular mechanism, and/or the dependent variables. A step-down from higher temperatures or a step-up from lower temperatures to moderate temperatures often results in initiation of oscillations from phase positions that are about 180 degrees different. This may be explained by holding the clock at different phase positions (maximum or minimum of a clock component) or by significantly different levels of clock components at the higher or lower temperatures. Different permissive temperatures result in different circadian amplitudes, that usually show a species-specific optimum. In endothermic (homeothermic) organisms periodic temperature changes of about 24 h often cause entrainment, although with considerable individual differences, only if they are of rather high amplitudes (weak Zeitgeber effects). The same applies to the phase-shifting effects of temperature pulses. Isolated bird pineals and rat suprachiasmatic nuclei tissues on the other hand, respond to medium high temperature pulses and reveal PRCs similar to that of light signals. Therefore, one may speculate that the self-selected circadian rhythm of body temperature in reptiles or the endogenously controlled body temperature in homeotherms (some of which show temperature differences of more than 2 degrees C) may, in itself, serve as an internal entraining system. The so-called heterothermic mammals (undergoing low body temperature states in a daily or seasonal pattern) may be more sensitive to temperature changes. Effects of temperature elevation on the molecular clock mechanisms have been shown in Neurospora (induction of the frequency (FRQ) protein) and in Drosophila (degradation of the period (PER) and timeless (TIM) protein) and can explain observed phase shifts of rhythms in conidiation and locomotor activity, respectively. Temperature changes probably act directly on all processes of the clock mechanism some being more sensitive than the others. Temperature changes affect membrane properties, ion homeostasis, calcium influx, and other signal cascades (cAMP, cGMP, and the protein kinases A and C) (indirect effects) and may thus influence, in particular, protein phosphorylation processes of the clock mechanism. The temperature effects resemble to some degree those induced by light or by light-transducing neurons and their transmitters. In ectothermic vertebrates temperature changes significantly affect the melatonin rhythm, which in turn exerts entraining (phase shifting) functions.