犬冠状病毒流行株膜蛋白基因序列分析及其表达研究

对国内分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV)DXMV、V1和V2流行毒株膜蛋白(M)基因进行了扩增、测序和遗传进化分析。3个CCoV流行毒株M基因全长均为792bp,编码263个氨基酸,其中前17个氨基酸为信号肽。DXMV、V1和V2流行株与Insavc-1疫苗株M基因相比,核苷酸的同源性分别为92.6%、90.9%和91.6%,推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别为92.5%、92.0%和92.3%,在M基因前1/3区域内存在变异,其中74-76、120-124和131-135三个区域变异较大。国内DXMV、V1、V2、NJ1和NJ1-175个流行株M基因核苷酸同源性为96.6%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为96.4%,显示出很高的保守性。基于M基因的遗传进化分析表明,目前国内绝大多数CCoV流行毒株都属于CCoV基因II型,只有Fox3-1和Rac2-1两个毒株属于基因I型。另外,将DXMV株M基因亚克隆到pET28a中,在BL21(DE3)中实现了M蛋白的表达,表达量约占菌体蛋白的10.2%。     

犬冠状病毒大熊猫株纤突蛋白全基因的克隆与序列分析

在国内首次对犬冠状病毒大熊猫野毒株(CCV DXMV)纤突蛋白基因进行了克隆和序列测定.该基因全长4362bp,编码1453个氨基酸,N端前18个氨基酸为推测的信号肽序列,后1435个氨基酸构成成熟蛋白.与GenBank中已发表的11个CCV毒株S基因相比,S基因核苷酸序列同源性在40.2%～99.5%之间;推导的氨基酸序列同源性在15.9%～99.0%之间.DXMV株S基因变异区主要集中在该基因前1/2处,其中350-370、439-478、1718-1818三个区域碱基变异较大,而1060-1700区却十分保守.基于S全基因及其蛋白的聚类分析表明,DXMV株与K378、NVSL和US patent株亲源关系最近.推导的DXMV株S蛋白氨基酸序列潜在的N-联糖基化位点与CCV强毒V54相同,为34个,比Insavc-1弱毒多一个;其中第566-568位糖基化位点为多数强毒拥有而弱毒没有的.另外,DXMV株S蛋白疏水性及抗原表位与其它毒株有一定的差异,这些差异对DXMV株致病性和免疫原性等影响尚待进一步的研究.     

犬冠状病毒南京株M基因的同源重组分析

对来自腹泻犬粪样的犬冠状病毒(CCV)南京株NJ17株及参考株1-71的M基因进行了克隆、测序,并与GenBank中所有已知CCV毒株及同亚群的猪冠状病毒(TGEV)和猫冠状病毒(FCoV)代表株的M基因进行了同源性比较和系统进化分析,同时对M蛋白的结构和功能进行了预测分析.结果表明,CCV1-71与近年在中国分离到的CCV毒株V1、V2及大熊猫源的毒株具有98.9%～99.5%的同源性,说明这些毒株可能是来自同一毒株的准种.NJ17与其他中国分离株及国外分离株的同源性为87.0%～91.9%,显示国内可能存在一个相对独立进化的CCV毒株.序列比较发现,所有CCV毒株在可能的同源重组"热点"区内都有一个CTTTAG序列,与鸡传染性支气管炎病毒同源重组模板交换位点附近的特征序列相似.CCV NJ17株M蛋白在N端50氨基酸序列与FCoV 79-1683同源性高,而在后212氨基酸序列与TGEV同源性高,提示该毒株可能在M基因上曾经发生过不同病毒的同源重组.CCV M蛋白的结构及功能预测表明,所有毒株都具有分泌型信号肽,有4个螺旋跨膜区,N末端和C末端均位于膜内.M蛋白的两末端具有较强的抗原性,M蛋白上存在多种功能性氨基酸修饰位点且相对保守.N末端的氨基酸变异很大,但是功能性修饰位点相对保守,提示N末端的功能可能与构象有关.     

犬冠状病毒大熊猫株纤突蛋白全基因的克隆与序列分析

在国内首次对犬冠状病毒大熊猫野毒株(CCVDXMV)纤突蛋白基因进行了克隆和序列测定。该基因全长4362bp,编码1453个氨基酸,N端前18个氨基酸为推测的信号肽序列,后1435个氨基酸构成成熟蛋白。与GenBank中已发表的11个CCV毒株s基因相比,s基因核苷酸序列同源性在40．2％-99．5％之间;推导的氨基酸序列同源性在15．9％-99．O％之间。DXMV株s基因变异区主要集中在该基因前1／2处,其中350．370、439．478、1718．1818三个区域碱基变异较大,而1060．1700区却十分保守。基于s全基因及其蛋白的聚类分析表明,DXMV株与K378、NVSL和USpatent株亲源关系最近。推导的DXMV株s蛋白氨基酸序列潜在的N-联糖基化位点与CCV强毒V54相同,为34个,比Insavc．1弱毒多一个;其中第566．568位糖基化位点为多数强毒拥有而弱毒没有的。另外,DXMV株S蛋白疏水性及抗原表位与其它毒株有一定的差异,这些差异对DXMV株致病性和免疫原性等影响尚待进一步的研究。     

贵州省PEDV与PoRV分子流行病学调查

为探明贵州省近几年引起猪病毒性腹泻两个主要病原PEDV与PoRV的变异情况,本研究对贵州省贵阳市、遵义市、安顺市、黔东南洲等5个地(州市)26个规模化养猪场采集了213份疑似腹泻的粪便样品,采用实验室建立的PEDV、TGEV和PoRV三重RT-PCR检出PEDV阳性的病料12份和PoRV阳性病料4份。根据GenBank登录的PEDV和PoRV基因序列,分别设计PEDV M基因和PoRV VP7基因特异性引物,扩增目的基因、克隆、测序和遗传进化分析。结果显示:成功克隆了12株PEDV M基因(681 bp)和4株PoRV的VP7基因(981 bp),M基因核苷酸及推导的氨基酸同源性分别在98.1%~100%和98.2%~100%之间,与国内外参考毒株核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别在97.4%~100%和97.3%~100%之间;VP7基因核苷酸及推导的氨基酸同源性分别为95.5%~99.7%和96.9%~99.7%,与国内外参考毒株核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为71.9%~95.1%和72.7%~99.1%。贵州省PEDV地方流行株与疫苗株CV777、Attenuated DR13亲缘关系较远,PoRV地方流行株与G4型毒株Gottfried、HeN4等属于同一群。结果表明,本研究从分子流行病学角度证实了贵州省PEDV和PoRV流行与变异情况,为贵州省PEDV和PoRV合理的防控措施提供参考依据。     

中国6省2005年麻疹病毒分离株分子特征分析

研究2005年我国6省麻疹暴发、流行的野毒株基因型特征和分子流行病学,为进一步的麻疹防治策略提供科学依据.用RT-PCR方法,从2005年6省分离的48株麻疹病毒株中扩增出核蛋白（nucleoprotein, N）基因C末端676个核苷酸片段.再对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定和分析,并以C末端456个核苷酸片段构建基因亲缘性关系树,进行核苷酸、氨基酸同源性分析.6省分离的48株麻疹病毒均为H1基因型,其中两株为H1b亚型, 其余为H1a亚型.48株野毒株的核苷酸同源性为95.1%～100%（核苷酸差异为0～22bp）,氨基酸同源性为92.7%～100%;与我国疫苗株S191的核苷酸同源性为88.7%～92.5%,氨基酸同源性为88.0%～91.2%.其中Shaanxi05-1和Yunnan05-1,Anhui05-2和Ningxia05-9的N末端456个核苷酸的同源性为100%;Hebei05-19、Anhui00-2和Liaoning02-2,Hebei05-1和Chongqing04-3的核苷酸的同源性为100%.引起2005年我国6省麻疹暴发流行的野毒株为H1基因型,并以H1a为绝对优势亚型.各省之间存在相同毒株引起的传播链,不同年份之间存在相同麻疹野毒株的持续循环传播.同时提示,有必要进一步研究由核苷酸变异引起的氨基酸变异及中和抗原位点等生物学性状的改变,可能影响麻疹病毒的毒力和传播力.     

犬冠状病毒南京株M基因的同源重组分析

对来自腹泻犬粪样的犬冠状病毒(CCV)南京株NJ17株及参考株171的M基因进行了克隆、测序,并与GenBank中所有已知CCV毒株及同亚群的猪冠状病毒(TGEV)和猫冠状病毒(FCoV)代表株的M基因进行了同源性比较和系统进化分析,同时对M蛋白的结构和功能进行了预测分析。结果表明,CCV171与近年在中国分离到的CCV毒株V1、V2及大熊猫源的毒株具有98.9%～99.5%的同源性,说明这些毒株可能是来自同一毒株的准种。NJ17与其他中国分离株及国外分离株的同源性为87.0%～91.9%,显示国内可能存在一个相对独立进化的CCV毒株。序列比较发现,所有CCV毒株在可能的同源重组“热点”区内都有一个CTTTAG序列,与鸡传染性支气管炎病毒同源重组模板交换位点附近的特征序列相似。CCVNJ17株M蛋白在N端50氨基酸序列与FCoV791683同源性高,而在后212氨基酸序列与TGEV同源性高,提示该毒株可能在M基因上曾经发生过不同病毒的同源重组。CCVM蛋白的结构及功能预测表明,所有毒株都具有分泌型信号肽,有4个螺旋跨膜区,N末端和C末端均位于膜内。M蛋白的两末端具有较强的抗原性,M蛋白上存在多种功能性氨基酸修饰位点且相对保守。N末端的氨基酸变异很大,但是功能性修饰位点相对保守,提示N末端的功能可能与构象有关。     

三株牛源亚洲1型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因的克隆与序列分析

以3株国内分离的亚洲1型口蹄疫病毒(分别命名为F1、F2、F3)为研究目标,根据GenBank中注册的FMDV VP1基因的序列设计1对引物,采用RT-PCR方法成功地扩增出含有VP1全基因的片段,并测定了3个毒株VP1基因的序列.结果表明,3株亚洲1型FMDV毒株VP1基因长度均为633 bp,编码211个氨基酸.3株毒株彼此之间的核苷酸序列同源性在82.8% ～99.1%之间,推导氨基酸序列同源性在89.1% ～99.1%之间.从系统发生树看,F1株与我国香港2005年牛毒株序列同源性99.5%,属同一遗传谱系,F2株、F3株与2005年引起河北省万全县、北京市延庆县、甘肃静宁县疫情的毒株分属同一个基因群.     

广东人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因特性、进化和变异

通过对人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因序列的变异分析,揭示毒株M基因特征与进化。检测广东地区人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因核苷酸序列,同时检索全球人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因序列,采用DNAStar5.0软件对检索的人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因核苷酸序列进行比对和分析;并结合流行病学资料对变异毒株进行进化速度分析。结果发现,1997~2006年53株毒株M1基因和51株毒株M2核苷酸序列同源性均分成两组,1997年毒株为第一组(GⅠ),2003~2006年香港、越南、泰国、印尼、中国大陆、土耳其、伊拉克、阿塞拜疆、埃及毒株为第二组(GⅡ)。M1基因20个氨基酸位点置换,占7.94%(20/252),其中2003~2006年毒株M1基因有9个氨基酸位点不同于1997年毒株;M2基因22个氨基酸置换,占22.7%,其中2003~2006年毒株M2基因有4个氨基酸不同于1997年毒株。M2基因Ks值为26.8×10-6~42.6×10-6Nt/d,Ka值为4.39×10-6~6.98×10-6Nt/d;而M1基因的同义突变速度均远高于错义突变速度,显示M1基因受到机体免疫压力较小;检验发现M1基因进化存在负选择性压力。2003~2006年毒株M1基因通过氨基酸S224N置换,增加一个糖基化位点NSS224-226;而来自印尼的8株毒株M2基因发生C50F置换,引起蛋白二级结构改变。1997年中国香港人禽流感毒株自当时出现后,便未在以后人禽流感疫情中出现。2003~2006年毒株M1基因增加糖基化位点NSS224-226,可能与毒株致病性有关。人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因在自然界变异频繁,可能影响H5N1毒株的人-人传播能力。     

贵州省25株狂犬病病毒核蛋白基因序列分析

分析贵州省25株狂犬病病毒的核蛋白基因(N基因)序列,探讨贵州省狂犬病流行特征与狂犬病病毒变异情况。以RT-nested PCR检测来自贵州省2005年至2010年不同地区的病人脑组织、病人唾液以及犬脑组织标本狂犬病病毒RNA,经测序与拼接后得到25条N基因全长序列,采用生物信息学软件对N基因序列进行分析。25株狂犬病病毒核蛋白在核苷酸及氨基酸水平上彼此的同源性分别为89.3%～100%和98.%～100%;与国内其他省已发表基因1型狂犬病病毒核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为88%～99.1%和88%～99.7%,与已知的基因1型狂犬病病毒比较,25株病毒核蛋白氨基酸序列发生了若干位点的取代。进化树分析显示,同一地区内与相邻地区,以及同一时间段与相邻时间段内狂犬病病毒N基因进化亲缘关系相近。25株贵州省狂犬病病毒流行毒株均属基因1型,其核蛋白在基因的核苷酸及推导的氨基酸水平上均有变异,且这些变异具有地域和时间分布特性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.