何首乌同源四倍体的诱导及生理指标的测定

用秋水仙素诱导何首乌(Polygonum multiflorumThunb.)同源多倍体的最佳条件为用0.2%秋水仙素溶液处理其试管苗幼嫩顶芽36 h,并接种于含2.0 mg.L-16-BA和0.2 mg.L-1IAA的MS启动培养基上。对诱导出的多倍体株系进行染色体计数分析,结果表明,诱导产生的多倍体均为四倍体,染色体基数2n=4x=44。生理指标测定结果表明,何首乌同源四倍体株系试管苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和黄嘌呤氧化酶(APX)活性及叶绿素含量等指标均高于二倍体株系。     

三尖杉的离体胚培养

1植物名称三尖杉(Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook.f.)。2材料类别离体胚。3培养条件芽诱导培养基:MS 6-BA2.0mg·L-1(单位下同) IAA1.0 NAA0.1;芽增殖培养基:MS 6-BA2.0 IAA1.0 NAA1.0;生根培养基:1/2MS IBA1.0 NAA0.5 KT0.2。以上各培养基     

珍稀植物跳舞草的组织培养与快速繁殖

以跳舞草无菌苗为实验材料,以MS、1/2MS为基本培养基,研究不同条件对跳舞草快速繁殖的影响,初步建立了跳舞草组培快繁体系,筛选出最佳愈伤组织诱导及不定芽分化培养基为MS+6-BA2.0mg·mL-1+NAA0.1mg·mL-1+蔗糖30.0g.L-1+VC2.0mg·mL-1,最佳增殖培养基为MS+6-BA2.0mg·mL-1+NAA0.05mg·mL-1,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2mg·mL-1+IAA0.5mg·mL-1。     

白萼吊钟海棠的组织培养与快速繁殖

以带节茎段为外植体进行了白萼吊钟海棠(Fuchsia alba-coccineaHort.)的组织培养和快速繁殖研究,对外植体的灭菌方法以及在试管苗增殖和生根培养过程中不同浓度的激素配比进行了筛选,同时研究了抑制试管苗褐化和玻璃化的方法。结果表明,最适宜白萼吊钟海棠外植体灭菌的方法是用0.1%HgC l2处理4~6 m in;MS培养基中不加NH4NO3可完全消除试管苗玻璃化现象;MS培养基中加入1.0 g.L-1PVP,可基本抑制试管苗褐化;试管苗增殖的最佳培养基为含0.8 mg.L-16-BA、0.10 mg.L-1NAA和1.0 g.L-1PVP的MS培养基;试管苗生根的最适培养基为含0.1~0.2 mg.L-1NAA和1.0 g.L-1PVP的1/2 MS培养基。     

诱导二倍体和同源四倍体白菜细胞质雄性不育系不定芽培养基的筛选

以二倍体和四倍体白菜细胞质雄性不育系的子叶为外植体,采用正交设计研究TDZ(0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·L-1)、NAA(0.1、0.5、0.8 mg·L-1)和AgNO3(0、5、10mg·L-1)三因素三水平诱导不定芽的结果表明:二倍体的不定芽再生优化培养基为MS 1.0 mg·L-1TDZ 0.8mg·L-1NAA 5 mg·L-1AgNO3(其再生率为80.7%),三因素影响的顺序为:NAA＞AgNO3＞TDZ;四倍体的不定芽再生优化培养基为MS 0.5 mg·L-1 TDZ 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA 10 mg·L-1 AgNO3(再生率为83.3%),三因素影响的顺序为:AgNO3＞NAA＞TDZ.后者所需TDZ/IAA的比值低于前者.     

枇杷叶荚蒾的愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

以枇杷叶荚蒾幼叶为外植体,MS为基本培养基,研究不同种类和浓度的植物生长调节物质对愈伤组织诱导、分化及生根的影响,建立了枇杷叶荚蒾再生体系。结果表明:枇杷叶荚蒾最佳灭菌组合为75%酒精预处理20s,再用0.1%HgC12浸泡12min;最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA1.0mg·L-1+NAA0.25mg·L-1+2,4-D1.0mg·L-1,诱导率最高达92%;最适芽分化培养基为MS+6-BA1.5mg·L-1+NAA0.2mg·L-1,分化率达87.25%;适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA1.0mg·L-1,生根率达85%。     

阳桃的组织培养与植株再生

1植物名称阳桃(Averrhoa carambola),别名杨桃、五敛子、三廉子. 2材料类别无菌胚乳. 3培养条件诱导愈伤组织培养基:(1)MS 2,4-D 2.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) 6-BA 0.2;(2)MS 2,4-D 3.0 6-BA 0.1.诱导分化培养基:(3)MS ZT 3.0 NAA 0.2:(4)MS ZT 1.0 NAA 0.2:(5)MS ZT 5.0 NAA 0.2.生根培养基:(6)1/2 MS IBA 0.2 IAA 0.1.     

太子参‘柘参1号’离体快繁试验

以太子参‘柘参1号’叶片、茎段为外植体进行离体快繁试验,结果表明：带腋芽的茎段能够诱导出丛生芽,且诱导率较高,最佳诱导培养基为MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L +蔗糖30 g/L;增殖培养基为MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L +蔗糖30 g/L;生根培养基为MS + NAA 0.2 mg/L +蔗糖30 g/L。     

百合体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

以切花百合(Lilium)品种‘黄天霸’(‘Manissa’)花器官为外植体诱导体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生。结果表明,不同花器官、不同激素配比对愈伤组织形成均具有显著影响。花丝为最佳外植体,激素对愈伤组织诱导的影响效应为NAA>6-BA>2,4-D,最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg.L-1NAA+0.2 mg.L-16-BA;激素诱导体细胞胚胎发生的影响效应为2,4-D>KT>6-BA,最佳培养基配方为MS+1.0 mg.L-12,4-D+0.2 mg.L-1KT+1.0 mg.L-16-BA;MS培养基添加IBA可促进体细胞胚萌发成苗,体细胞胚芽成苗的最佳培养基为MS+0.2 mg.L-16-BA+1.0 mg.L-1IBA。     

白玉兰的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称白玉兰(Magnolia denudata). 2材料类别休眠顶芽. 3培养条件芽诱导增殖培养基:(1)MS 6-BA 0.2mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.05,(2)MS 6-BA0.5 NAA 0.05,(3)MS 6-BA 1.0 NAA 0.05,(4)MS 6-BA 0.2 NAA 0.1,(5)MS 6-BA 0.5 NAA0.1,(6)MS 6-BA 1.0 NAA 0.1,(7)MS 6-BA2.0 NAA 0.05;诱导生根培养基:(8)1/2MS IBA0.2,(9)1/4MS IBA 0.5.以上培养基加0.7%琼脂、100mg·L-1肌醇,蔗糖除生根培养基为20 g·L-1外其余均为30 g·L-1,pH 5.8.培养温度20～28℃,光照度1 500～2500 lx,光照时间9～11 h·d-1.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。