利用蛋白质组学手段鉴定新型贻贝足丝蛋白

贻贝通过足腺分泌特有的足丝并以此粘附于水下各种基质表面.贻贝足丝中富含各种粘附蛋白,其优异的水下粘附性能使其成为开发新型生物粘合剂的候选分子.厚壳贻贝足丝粘附能力强,本文采用尿素及盐酸胍抽提结合二维双向电泳技术（two-dimensional electrophoresis, 2-DE）,分别对厚壳贻贝足丝纤维和足丝盘的蛋白质进行分离及染色;采用串联质谱技术结合常规搜库和表达序列标签（EST) 数据库搜索,对分离获得的蛋白质点进行鉴定,从中获得了mfp-3、mfp-6、胶原蛋白以及3种未曾报道过的新型贻贝足丝蛋白成分.上述研究为深入了解厚壳贻贝足丝蛋白的分子多样性、探讨其粘附机理以及从中筛选具有应用前景的贻贝足丝蛋白奠定了基础.     

利用质谱技术结合EST库搜索鉴定厚壳贻贝新型足丝蛋白

贻贝利用足丝粘附于水下各种基质表面.作为一种具有优异粘附性能的生物材料,贻贝足丝蛋白在新型水下粘附剂及表面保护涂层的研制与开发中具有重要的仿生学意义.目前,已报道的贻贝足丝蛋白分子达11种,但是仍然有更多的足丝蛋白分子不为人知.为进一步探讨贻贝足丝蛋白的分子多样性,并从中筛选具有特殊生物学功能的足丝蛋白分子,本文采用鸟枪法-液相色谱-质谱/质谱技术（shotgun-LC-MS/MS）对厚壳贻贝足丝蛋白进行了蛋白质组学分析.将厚壳贻贝足丝分为足丝纤维和足丝盘两部分,每一部分均采用醋酸-尿素溶液,以及醋酸-盐酸胍溶液进行蛋白质抽提;抽提后的足丝蛋白经胰蛋白酶酶解,利用线性离子阱四级杆质谱（LTQ）进行鸟枪法质谱分析.二级质谱图（MS/MS）用以搜索公共数据库中的贻贝表达序列标签（expressed sequence tag,EST）数据库.采用上述方法,获得14种贻贝新型足丝蛋白的高可信度结果及其所匹配的部分或全长cDNA序列;经结构域分析,发现上述新型贻贝足丝蛋白分子的序列中多数包含各种类型的结构域,包括胶原蛋白结构域、C1Q结构域、C1Q结合结构域、微管蛋白辅助折叠结构域、蛋白酶拮抗结构域、VWA结构域、几丁质酶结构域等.在此基础上,对上述新型足丝蛋白在贻贝足丝形成以及粘附方面的功能进行了推测.上述结果对进一步了解贻贝足丝的分子组成以及粘附机理奠定了基础.     

厚壳贻贝Mytilus coruscus足丝盘及足丝的多巴分析

多巴(3,4-1-dihydroxyphenylalanine,DOPA)是贻贝足丝粘附蛋白中的一种特殊的氨基酸,由酪氨酸经羟化后生成,与贻贝足丝粘附蛋白的强粘附性能具有直接联系.目前,已鉴定的多种贻贝足丝蛋白序列中均发现有不同含量的DOPA存在.蛋白中DOPA的定量检测对于了解DOPA在蛋白粘附中的作用以及粘附蛋白的...     

基于illumina测序的厚壳贻贝足组织转录组研究

贻贝足丝是贻贝足组织分泌的足丝蛋白形成的非细胞组织,具有在水环境下的极强粘附性能,是当前生物粘附剂及抗腐蚀材料的研发热点．为进一步了解贻贝足丝蛋白的分子多样性特征,采用新一代Illumina高通量测序平台对厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)足组织进行转录组测序,首次构建了厚壳贻贝足组织的转录组数据库．共计获得7 199 799 840 nt的碱基数据经过序列拼接和组装,获得88 825条unigene．对上述unigene开展了序列注释,共计37 007条unigene获得注释．在此基础上,经序列检索和比对,从中筛选出与目前已知的11种足丝蛋白同源的56条unigene序列并进行分析．结果表明,厚壳贻贝足丝蛋白具有明显的氨基酸偏好性,部分足丝蛋白具有重复序列,且厚壳贻贝足丝蛋白与其他种类的贻贝足丝蛋白具有较高的序列相似性．上述结果为后续贻贝足丝蛋白的批量鉴定以及在此基础上的贻贝足丝形成、固化以及粘附机制相关研究奠定了基础．     

精氨酸、精氨酸盐酸、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸对重组人tPA蛋白复性的影响

以重组人tPA蛋白为材料研究了精氨酸、精氨酸盐酸盐、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸对蛋白质复性效果的影响,重组tPA蛋白包涵体经尿素变性溶解后,在精氨酸、精氨酸盐酸盐、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸存在的条件下进行复性,结果表明,碱性的精氨酸在质量分数0.2%时可减少蛋白质凝聚,显著提高复性效果,tPA复性后的活性可提高50%以上,半胱氨酸单独使用具有类似β-巯基乙醇的作用,精氨酸盐酸盐和胱氨酸单独使用对复性无影响,而半胱氨酸和胱氨酸联合使用,有类似氧化-还原系统作用。可提高活性20%。     

厚壳贻贝足丝黏附蛋白mfp-3的重组表达及黏附功能分析

厚壳贻贝（Mytilus coruscus）中富含各种黏附蛋白分子,其中贻贝足丝蛋白3（mussel foot protein-3, mfp-3）是贻贝用以与外界基质进行黏附的主要蛋白分子.贻贝足丝中天然的mfp-3的含量低,水溶性差,因此纯化困难.本文以厚壳贻贝足丝蛋白mfp-3的cDNA序列为目的基因,用PCR法扩增Mfp-3基因,并成功构建含有多聚组氨酸标签的重组mfp-3原核表达载体pET-21a/ Mfp-3.经IPTG（isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside）诱导表达出重组蛋白,利用亲和层析和反相高效液相色谱分离纯化,获得分子量为9.18 kD的重组蛋白.经酪氨酸酶催化、玻璃包被和石英晶体微天平（quartz crystal microbalance,QCM）分析.结果表明,重组厚壳贻贝mfp-3蛋白经酪氨酸酶催化后,L-3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(即多巴,L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine, DOPA) 含量较高并且具有较好的黏附性能.上述研究为开发以mfp-3黏附蛋白为来源的生物粘合剂奠定了良好的基础.     

厚壳贻贝低分子量足丝蛋白的初步鉴定(英文)

足丝蛋白是贻贝科(Mytilidae)所特有一种在水环境中也能表现出强黏附功能的蛋白,也是目前开发新型生物黏附剂的主要候选分子。厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)广泛分布于我国东部沿海,是我国具有重要经济价值的贻贝,其足丝粗硬,黏附力强,关于厚壳贻贝的足丝蛋白的研究目前尚未见报道。通过醋酸抽提结合反相高效液相色谱分离,从厚壳贻贝足丝盘中分离纯化到数种低分子量足丝蛋白,经质谱鉴定和氨基酸序列测定,其中三种足丝蛋白(分子量6 kD左右)属于贻贝足丝蛋白-3(mytilus foot protein-3,mfp-3)家族,且序列中富含DOPA,另有三种足丝蛋白为未知新型足丝蛋白。石英晶体微天平分析表明,厚壳贻贝低分子量足丝蛋白在金表面有较强的吸附能力,这与其黏附功能是直接相关的。以上工作为深入了解厚壳贻贝低分子量足丝蛋白的分子多样性以及黏附机制奠定了基础。     

厚壳贻贝足丝盘黏附蛋白mcofp-3的重组真核表达

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)黏附蛋白分子mcofp-3(M.coruscusfoot protein-3)主要分布于贻贝足丝盘,贻贝在水环境下的黏附过程中起到关键作用,但因其难溶于水且在贻贝足丝盘中含量极低,故妨碍了对其进行深入研究。为建立厚壳贻贝足丝蛋白mcofp-3的真核表达体系,并获得足够的mcofp-3黏附蛋白进行后续研究,采用酵母表达体系对mcofp-3进行了重组表达。通过PCR方法克隆厚壳贻贝的mcofp-3基因,构建mcofp-3的酵母真核表达载体pVT102U/α/mcofp-3,鉴定结果表明,重组表达质粒pVT102U/α/mcofp-3由真核载体pVT102U/α和mcofp-3的成熟肽DNA片段组成,插入的mcofp-3成熟肽DNA片段与预期序列完全一致;采用LiAC转化法将重组表达质粒转化到S78酿酒酵母中,经过RT-PCR分析以及1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,结果表明,重组的mcofp-3得到了成功的转录;发酵菌液经阳离子交换柱及高效液相色谱分离,以及Tris-Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测,结果表明,重组的厚壳贻贝黏附蛋白分子mcofp-3得到了成功表达,表达...     

重组贻贝足蛋白的研究进展与应用*

贻贝足蛋白是一类通过贻贝足腺分泌的蛋白质复合物,与基质表面发生反应而产生极强的黏附作用。其在海洋环境中具有强黏附能力、可降解性和优秀的生物相容性等优点,因此常被用做生物医药黏合剂。但提取天然蛋白质受原料来源限制,且工艺烦琐导致价格高昂,阻碍了贻贝足蛋白的进一步应用发展。微生物合成的最新进展为贻贝足蛋白的产出提供了一种新思路,并且具有扩大规模生产的意义。主要综述了贻贝足蛋白的基因工程生产方法,总结了重组蛋白在黏附抗污涂层、组织工程材料等领域的应用现状。同时对其研究方向进行了展望,指出重组贻贝足蛋白的进一步发展的关键技术是解析蛋白质的构效和层级结构,在此基础上提高其异源表达水平,以获得更多生物功效性的衍生产品。     

重组贻贝足蛋白的研究进展与应用*

贻贝足蛋白是一类通过贻贝足腺分泌的蛋白质复合物,与基质表面发生反应而产生极强的黏附作用。其在海洋环境中具有强黏附能力、可降解性和优秀的生物相容性等优点,因此常被用做生物医药黏合剂。但提取天然蛋白质受原料来源限制,且工艺烦琐导致价格高昂,阻碍了贻贝足蛋白的进一步应用发展。微生物合成的最新进展为贻贝足蛋白的产出提供了一种新思路,并且具有扩大规模生产的意义。主要综述了贻贝足蛋白的基因工程生产方法,总结了重组蛋白在黏附抗污涂层、组织工程材料等领域的应用现状。同时对其研究方向进行了展望,指出重组贻贝足蛋白的进一步发展的关键技术是解析蛋白质的构效和层级结构,在此基础上提高其异源表达水平,以获得更多生物功效性的衍生产品。     

Novel Proteins Identified in the Insoluble Byssal Matrix of the Freshwater Zebra Mussel

The freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is an invasive, biofouling species that adheres to a variety of substrates underwater, using a proteinaceous anchor called the byssus. The byssus consists of a number of threads with adhesive plaques at the tips. It contains the unusual amino acid 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which is believed to play an important role in adhesion, in addition to providing structural integrity to the byssus through cross-linking. Extensive DOPA cross-linking, however, renders the zebra mussel byssus highly resistant to protein extraction, and therefore limits byssal protein identification. We report here on the identification of seven novel byssal proteins in the insoluble byssal matrix following protein extraction from induced, freshly secreted byssal threads with minimal cross-linking. These proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis of tryptic digests of the matrix proteins by spectrum matching against a zebra mussel cDNA library of genes unique to the mussel foot, the organ that secretes the byssus. All seven proteins were present in both the plaque and thread. Comparisons of the protein sequences revealed common features of zebra mussel byssal proteins, and several recurring sequence motifs. Although their sequences are unique, many of the proteins display similarities to marine mussel byssal proteins, as well as to adhesive and structural proteins from other species. The large expansion of the byssal proteome reported here represents an important step towards understanding zebra mussel adhesion.     

Spatial distribution of proteins in the quagga mussel adhesive apparatus

The invasive freshwater mollusc Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel) sticks to underwater surfaces via a proteinacious ‘anchor’ (byssus), consisting of a series of threads linked to adhesive plaques. This adhesion results in the biofouling of crucial underwater industry infrastructure, yet little is known about the proteins responsible for the adhesion. Here the identification of byssal proteins extracted from freshly secreted byssal material is described. Several new byssal proteins were observed by gel electrophoresis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to characterize proteins in different regions of the byssus, particularly those localized to the adhesive interface. Byssal plaques and threads contain in common a range of low molecular weight proteins, while several proteins with higher mass were observed only in the plaque. At the adhesive interface, a plaque-specific ~8.1 kDa protein had a relative increase in signal intensity compared to the bulk of the plaque, suggesting it may play a direct role in adhesion.     

Byssal proteins of the freshwater zebra mussel,Dreissena polymorpha

The freshwater zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a notorious biofouling organism. It adheres to a variety of substrata underwater by means of a proteinaceous structure called the byssus, which consists of a number of threads with adhesive plaques at the tips. The byssal proteins are difficult to characterize due to extensive cross-linking of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which renders the mature structure largely resistant to protein extraction and immunolocalization. By inducing secretion of fresh threads and plaques in which cross-linking is minimized, three novel zebra mussel byssal proteins were identified following extraction and separation by gel electrophoresis. Peptide fragment fingerprinting was used to match tryptic digests of several gel bands against a cDNA library of genes expressed uniquely in the mussel foot, the organ which secretes the byssus. This allowed identification of a more complete sequence of Dpfp2 (D. polymorpha foot protein 2), a known DOPA-containing byssal protein, and a partial sequence of Dpfp5, a novel protein with several typical characteristics of mussel adhesive proteins.     

Zebra mussel adhesion: structure of the byssal adhesive apparatus in the freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha

The freshwater zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) owes a large part of its success as an invasive species to its ability to attach to a wide variety of substrates. As in marine mussels, this attachment is achieved by a proteinaceous byssus, a series of threads joined at a stem that connect the mussel to adhesive plaques secreted onto the substrate. Although the zebra mussel byssus is superficially similar to marine mussels, significant structural and compositional differences suggest that further investigation of the adhesion mechanisms in this freshwater species is warranted. Here we present an ultrastructural examination of the zebra mussel byssus, with emphasis on interfaces that are critical to its adhesive function. By examining the attached plaques, we show that adhesion is mediated by a uniform electron dense layer on the underside of the plaque. This layer is only 10-20 nm thick and makes direct and continuous contact with the substrate. The plaque itself is fibrous, and curiously can exhibit either a dense or porous morphology. In zebra mussels, a graded interface between the animal and the substrate mussels is achieved by interdigitation of uniform threads with the stem, in contrast to marine mussels, where the threads themselves are non-uniform. Our observations of several novel aspects of zebra mussel byssal ultrastructure may have important implications not only for preventing biofouling by the zebra mussel, but for the development of new bioadhesives as well.     

Effects of artificial epibionts on byssogenesis,attachment strength,and movement in two size classes of the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) can alter the strength of byssal attachment and move between and within mussel aggregations on wave‐swept shores, but this movement ability may be limited by epibiont fouling. We quantified the effects of artificial epibiont fouling on the production of byssal threads, attachment strength, and movement in two size classes of blue mussels. In a factorial experiment, large epibiont‐covered mussels produced more functional byssal threads (i.e., those continuous from animal to substrate) after 24 h than large unfouled and small fouled mussels, but not more than small unfouled mussels. Small unfouled mussels formed and released more byssus bundles compared to any other treatment group, which indicates increased movement. Conversely, epibiont fouling resulted in decreased numbers of byssus bundles shed, and therefore reduced movement in small mussels. Epibiont‐covered mussels started producing byssal threads sooner than unfouled mussels, while small mussels began producing byssal threads earlier compared to large mussels. Mean attachment strength from both size classes increased by 9.5% when mussels were artificially fouled, and large mussels had a 34% stronger attachment compared to small mussels. On the other hand, a 2.3% decrease in attachment strength was found with increasing byssus bundles shed. Our results suggest that fouling by artificial epibionts influences byssal thread production and attachment strength in large mussels, whereas epibionts on small mussels impact their ability to move. Mussels are able to respond rapidly to fouling, which carries implications for the dynamics of mussel beds in their intertidal and subtidal habitats, especially in relation to movement of mussels within and among aggregations.     

Preferences of the Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes for living zebra mussels

A Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes has recently invaded European waters. In the recipient area, it encountered Dreissena polymorpha , a habitat-forming bivalve, co-occurring with the gammarids in their native range. We assumed that interspecific interactions between these two species, which could develop during their long-term co-evolution, may affect the gammarid behaviour in novel areas. We examined the gammarid ability to select a habitat containing living mussels and searched for cues used in that selection. We hypothesized that they may respond to such traits of a living mussel as byssal threads, activity (e.g. valve movements, filtration) and/or shell surface properties. We conducted the pairwise habitat-choice experiments in which we offered various objects to single gammarids in the following combinations: (1) living mussels versus empty shells (the general effect of living Dreissena ); (2) living mussels versus shells with added byssal threads and shells with byssus versus shells without it (the effect of byssus); (3) living mussels versus shells, both coated with nail varnish to neutralize the shell surface (the effect of mussel activity); (4) varnished versus clean living mussels (the effect of shell surface); (5) varnished versus clean stones (the effect of varnish). We checked the gammarid positions in the experimental tanks after 24 h. The gammarids preferred clean living mussels over clean shells, regardless of the presence of byssal threads under the latter. They responded to the shell surface, exhibiting preferences for clean mussels over varnished individuals. They were neither affected by the presence of byssus nor by mussel activity. The ability to detect and actively select zebra mussel habitats may be beneficial for D. haemobaphes and help it establish stable populations in newly invaded areas.