西方蜜蜂(Apismellifera)不同级型蜕皮激素早期应答因子ecr和usp的表达及功能分析

为探究蜕皮激素早期应答因子ecr和usp在不同级型的西方蜜蜂体内的表达及其他相关生物学功能和作用,本研究通过荧光定量PCR技术对不同级型、发育时期的西方蜜蜂中的ecr与usp表达水平进行检测。结果表明,ecr、usp在工蜂小幼虫体内的表达与参照相同,随后稍有增加,但在变态期急剧降至最低水平,而后的蛹期又逐步增加,在成年蜂时期的表达持续维持在较高水平;蜂王体内的变化趋势与工蜂基本类似,所不同的是各阶段的表达量都显著高于工蜂,且在产卵王体内的表达显著高于处女蜂王;雄蜂体内ecr的表达在小幼虫时期稍高,但此后至蛹期都一直处于较低的表达水平,至蛹后期才稍有增加,但羽化后水平较低,老龄雄蜂体内又稍有提高。但usp在雄蜂体内的表达却基本呈现出与发育时期无关的高表达,大致为参照的283倍。ecr与usp在三型蜂体内的这种表达模式揭示了MH不仅调控蜜蜂生长发育、蜕皮变态,还可能与蜜蜂的生殖有关,而usp在雄蜂体内的表达说明USP除了与Ec R组成活性复合体参与MH调控蜕皮与生殖外,还可能具有其他的生物学功能。该结果为进一步研究蜕皮激素及其效应因子的生物学功能提供了依据。     

意蜂工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王的LDH和EST同工酶比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,对意蜂工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王以及两种不同大小幼虫之间的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酯酶(EST)同工酶分别作了比较。结果表明,工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王之间LDH同工酶数目无差异,但活性上存在差异;而酯酶同工酶在幼虫阶段与成虫阶段及工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王之间则有着不同的同工酶谱型。说明意蜂同工酶在种内的表达受到发育程度、进食质量、分化方向等因素的影响。     

西方蜜蜂不同级型王浆主蛋白MRJP8基因的表达差异

王浆主蛋白在蜜蜂的级型分化中具有重要的功能。为探究mrjp8在西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera不同级型的表达模式及功能差异。【方法】 利用荧光定量PCR技术对西方蜜蜂工蜂、 雄蜂和蜂王不同发育时期和不同组织的mrjp8表达水平进行检测。【结果】 工蜂体内mrjp8在9日龄前后的毒腺组织内特异性高表达, 为参照基因表达量的上万倍, 在其他发育时期和组织的表达量则明显较低, 其表达具有明显的时空特异性; 在雄蜂体内其表达量与对照相当; 在蜂王体内表达量可达参照的近1 000倍, 没有组织特异性。【结论】 mrjp8的这种表达模式提示其在工蜂防御及维系蜂王长寿命方面有积极作用, 这为进一步研究该基因乃至整个王浆蛋白基因家族的进化和功能分化提供了依据。     

意蜂SOD和POD同工酶在工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王之间的比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,以意大利蜜蜂工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王以及两种不同大小幼虫之间的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶分别作了比较。结果表明,这2种同工酶在意蜂幼虫阶段与成体阶段均有明显差异;意蜂工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王都有着不同的同工酶谱型。说明意蜂同工酶在种内的表达受到发育程度、进食质量、分化方向等因素的影响。     

西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)体内王浆蛋白MRJP6基因的表达

为探究蜜蜂王浆MRJP6基因在意大利蜜蜂体内的时空表达情况,为进一步的功能研究提供依据。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对西方蜜蜂不同级型、发育时期和组织内的mrjp6表达量进行检测和分析。结果表明mrjp在蜜蜂幼虫和蛹期的表达水平较低,与对照基本一致,但在成年蜜蜂体内表达量显著提高,约为对照的2~5~2~8倍(p0.05);在成年三型蜂体内,其在雄蜂体内表达量低,约为对照的2~5倍,而在雌性的工蜂和蜂王体内表达量明显较高,可达28倍(p0.05)。这说明mrjp6的表达与蜜蜂的性别有关。但其在工蜂和蜂王之间的表达没有差异,显示其表达与蜜蜂级型无关;进一步的研究表明,成年工蜂体内,mrjp6在哺育蜂和采集蜂体内表达量很高且比较稳定,通过对不同组织的检测表明该基因主要是在蜜蜂的头部特异性高表达。作为王浆蛋白家族的一员,mrjp6在成年雌性蜜蜂头部高水平表达,但又与典型的一般王浆蛋白在9日龄前后哺育蜂体内高表达、其他阶段低表达的模式不同,说明其具有不同于一般王浆蛋白的功能,分析其可能与蜜蜂神经系统的功能以及成年雌性蜜蜂复杂的行为发育模式有关。     

王浆主蛋白MRJP7基因在意大利蜜蜂体内的表达

王浆蛋白是蜂王浆生物功能的物质基础,是由王浆蛋白基因家族(mrjps)编码合成的。但部分家族成员如MRJP7在王浆中的含量极少甚至检测不到。基因功能与其在生物体内的时空表达特性相关,为探究mrjp7的生物学功能,本研究利用荧光定量PCR技术对mrjp7在不同发育时期的工蜂和成年工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王的不同组织部位的表达进行定量检测。结果显示mrjp7在成年雄蜂体内的表达水平最低,成年蜂王次之,且在它们的各不同组织部位之间的表达量差异较小。该基因在工蜂幼虫和蛹期的表达同样较低,但在羽化后9日龄前后的哺育蜂王浆腺和头部特异性高表达,这与哺育蜂分泌蜂王浆哺育幼虫和蜂王的功能是相适应的,该结果在转录水平上证实了mrjp7的营养功能,为进一步的研究和应用打下了理论基础。     

中华蜜蜂dynactin p62基因的克隆及不同发育阶段表达分析

为探究中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana dynactin p62基因的表达特性, 本研究克隆了中华蜜蜂dynactin p62的基因组DNA序列(GenBank登录号： JX101463) 和mRNA序列（GenBank登录号： JX101464）; 采用荧光定量PCR检测了中华蜜蜂dynactin p62在不同发育时期（3日龄和6日龄幼虫、 刚羽化出房蜜蜂）三型蜂中mRNA的表达量。结果表明： 该基因基因组DNA序列全长为2 403 bp, mRNA序列全长为1 491 bp, 编码496个氨基酸残基, 预测的蛋白分子量为56.49 kD, 等电点为8.31。系统发育分析表明中华蜜蜂dynactin p62与西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera dynactin p62聚成一支。该基因在不同发育时期均有表达, 在雌性蜜蜂（蜂王和工蜂）中, 刚羽化成虫期的表达量显著高于幼虫期(P<0.05), 并且同一发育时期相比, 工蜂的表达量显著高于蜂王(P<0.05); 而该基因在雄蜂中表达量没有明显的规律性。这些结果提示该基因可能与中华蜜蜂级型分化有关。     

意大利蜜蜂amPGAM2基因的克隆、序列特征及表达分析

【目的】磷酸甘油酸变位酶(PGAM)是糖酵解和葡萄糖异生途径中一种发挥重要作用的蛋白酶,本研究拟明确amPGAM2基因的序列特征及表达模式。【方法】以意大利蜜蜂Apismellifera为研究对象,克隆了amPGAM2基因的cDNA序列,分析了其序列特征及其在工蜂、雄蜂、蜂王的不同发育时期的表达模式。【结果】序列特征分析表明,克隆所得序列全长976 bp,包含1个完整的开放阅读框,共编码254个氨基酸。该基因核苷酸序列与中华蜜蜂Apiscerana(98.4%)高度相似,并存在15个潜在抗原表位、9个磷酸化位点和5个组氨酸磷酸酶域活性部位,属于组氨酸磷酸酶超家族,是一种二磷酸甘油酸依赖性的可溶中性稳定蛋白。荧光定量PCR结果表明,amPGAM2基因在不同品级、不同发育时期的表达差异显著(P0.05)。工蜂卵期3日龄、幼虫期5日龄表达最高,雄蜂成虫期表达最高,蜂王幼虫期4日龄表达最高,且工蜂、雄蜂及蜂王由卵孵化成幼虫阶段和由红眼蛹羽化至成虫阶段,其表达都呈上升趋势。【结论】本研究结果推测amPGAM2基因在卵的孵化及精卵发生过程中具有重要作用,为进一步认识意大利蜜蜂生殖发育过程中的能量代谢提供理论基础。     

蜜蜂蜂王与工蜂级型分化研究进展

蜜蜂ApismekiferaL .是典型的社会性昆虫 ,蜂王和工蜂都是由受精卵发育而来的二倍体成蜂 ,但是在形态、生理、行为等方面有明显的差异 ,属于不同的级型。蜂王和工蜂的级型分化的关键时期发生在幼虫的 4龄末至 5龄止。分化是由分化基因调控的 ,幼虫期食物的质和量是分化的外部决定因子。JH对两级型中卵巢的分化有非常重要的调控作用。蜜蜂脑或其它组织中可能有分泌调控CA的咽侧体调节激素 ,它们通过对CA中JH的合成和分泌的调控而参与了分化的调控。章鱼胺等生物胺也参与了分化调控过程。     

表观遗传学与蜜蜂级型分化的研究进展

蜜蜂是一种高度社会化的昆虫,一个完整健康的蜂群通常是由蜂王、工蜂和雄蜂组成。尽管蜂王和工蜂的遗传物质相同,但它们在形态特征、行为职能和寿命方面表现出显著的差异。许多研究结果表明,营养因素是造成蜜蜂级型分化现象的主要原因,它可以影响蜂王幼虫和工蜂幼虫体内大量基因和蛋白的差异表达。随着表观遗传学的发展,人们对基因表达的调控机制有了新的认识,它与DNA甲基化、非编码RNA调控和组蛋白乙酰化等密切相关。这也为蜜蜂级型分化的分子机制提供了新的理论。本文就表观遗传学和蜜蜂级型分化的研究进展做一综述。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.