黄土丘陵区刺槐与油松人工林生态系统生态化学计量特征

为阐明不同人工林生态系统间生态化学计量特征的差异,采用野外采样与室内分析相结合的方式分析了陕北黄土丘陵区落叶阔叶树种刺槐和常绿针叶树种油松人工林乔木、灌草、枯落物和土壤(土层深度0—100cm)C、N、P化学计量特征。结果表明:1)刺槐乔木各器官(叶、枝、干、皮、根)C含量显著低于油松,但N和P含量显著高于油松。因此,油松的C∶N和C∶P显著大于刺槐,而N∶P小于刺槐。2)刺槐林下枯落物N和P含量显著高于油松,但C含量显著小于油松。此外,油松林下枯落物C∶N(70.21)大于刺槐林下枯落物C∶N(19.71),说明油松林下枯落物分解较慢,有利于养分的存储。3)刺槐和油松人工林土壤C、N含量均随土壤深度增加而减少,P含量则基本保持不变。刺槐人工林土壤中C含量低于油松,N、P含量在两者之间无显著差异。4)刺槐人工林内乔灌草叶、枯落物与土壤C、N、P及其计量比的相关性多集中在10—20、20—30cm土层,而油松林中各组分与土壤营养元素的相关性相对较小,其中20—30cm土层中无显著相关性,说明相比刺槐人工林而言,油松人工林内土壤层N、P供应量对植物叶片N、P含量影响不显著。本研究为深入了解黄土丘陵区生态系统养分耦合循环机制奠定了基础,同时也为黄土丘陵区的植被恢复工作提供了一定的指导意义。     

两种荒漠豆科植物化学计量特征与生境土壤因子的关系

豆科植物是荒漠等干旱生态系统的重要先锋物种,也是生态系统中有效氮的主要来源。为了明确荒漠豆科植物与生境土壤因子之间的关系,该研究以古尔班通古特沙漠广泛分布的荒漠豆科植物弯花黄芪(Astragalus flexus)、镰荚黄芪(Astragalus arpilobus)为对象,测定不同土壤深度(0~5、5~10、10~15 cm)的理化性质,比较分析2种荒漠豆科植物化学计量特征与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:(1)弯花黄芪碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量分别为373.35、25.66、1.03 mg·g^-1,高于镰荚黄芪的331.53、19.59、0.66 mg·g^-1,且二者的N、P含量均差异显著(P<0.05);弯花黄芪的C∶P、N∶P分别为374.38、25.75,均极显著高于镰荚黄芪的166.09、10.12(P<0.01),而弯花黄芪的C∶N(14.62)低于镰荚黄芪(16.99),两种植物的C和C∶N均无显著差异。(2)豆科植物生境土壤在0~5 cm土层的有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量最高,且随土层的加深逐渐减少;土壤化学计量比SOC∶TN、SOC∶TP均随土层加深逐渐增大,而TN∶TP值随土层加深逐渐减少;较低的N含量及TN∶TP 显示该区域土壤属于N素缺乏类型。(3)2种荒漠豆科植物与各层次土壤化学计量特征的相关性无一致规律。其中,弯花黄芪立地0~10 cm土层的TN与N∶P间呈负相关关系,TP与P间呈极显著负相关关系,而TP与C∶N间呈正相关关系,SOC∶TN与N∶P间呈极显著正相关关系;在10~15 cm土层中,SOC∶TN与N∶P间呈正相关关系。镰荚黄芪中仅P含量与其立地0~5 cm土层的SOC∶TP具有极显著正相关关系,而大部分化学计量特征间未显示出相关性。(4)弯花黄芪的植物化学计量指标P含量与5~10 cm土层的电导率(EC)间呈极显著正相关关系,N含量与10~15 cm土层的速效钾(AK)间呈正相关关系;而镰荚黄芪N、AP与N∶P与0~5 cm土层的速效磷(AP)间均呈极显著负相关关系,与其他土层未出现相关关系。研究认为,古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N含量以及TN∶TP较低,土壤N元素贫瘠,且该区豆科植物立地土壤养分含量总体偏低;该区弯花黄芪生长的主要限制元素为P,而镰荚黄芪生长的主要限制元素为N和P;植物化学计量特征并非全部由土壤养分特征直接决定,其明显的种间差异显示植物自身遗传特性在土壤 植物计量特征耦合关系的重要性。     

黄土高原南北样带刺槐林土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

为了解黄土高原南北样带刺槐林土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征,采集了黄土高原南北样带上12个典型样点的刺槐林土壤,测定了土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量并分析其生态化学计量特征。结果表明：刺槐林土壤SOC、TN、TP含量均随降水量降低而降低,且土壤SOC与TN的空间变化具有一致性;土壤SOC、TN、TP及其生态化学计量比与降雨量呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,且TN、C：P、N：P与土壤含水量也呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）。     

黄土高原子午岭地区人工油松林碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

分析人工植被重建背景下,森林植物、枯落物与土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征有助于深入理解森林生态系统养分循环规律和系统稳定机制。以黄土高原子午岭地区的3个林龄(10、25 a和40 a)的人工油松林为对象,通过测定油松林叶片、枯落物和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,研究人工油松林不同林龄叶片、枯落物和土壤的化学计量学特征。结果表明,不同林龄油松叶片C、N、P含量分别为538.85—560.54 g/kg、9.00—10.47 g/kg和1.04—1.13 g/kg。在3个林龄油松林中,除叶片C含量外,叶片N、P含量存在显著差异(P0.05);枯落物层以及土壤层的C、N、P含量均存在显著差异(P0.05),且枯落物层含量大于土壤层。随着林龄的增加,叶片C∶N比呈现先减小后增大的变化,N∶P和C∶P比呈显著增加趋势,而枯落物层C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比无显著差异。同时,随着林龄的增加,除10—20 cm土层的C∶N比外,土壤的C∶N比在0—10 cm土层和C∶P和N∶P比在0—10和10—20 cm皆呈显著增加趋势。研究区油松林叶片N∶P比平均值为9.13,低于14,表明油松林生长主要受氮的限制。土壤的N含量与叶片和枯落物层的N含量、以及三者间N∶P比呈显著线性相关(P0.05),充分体现了油松林植物、枯落物与土壤之间的互动关系。研究结果可为我国黄土高原脆弱生态区的生态功能恢复与植被重建提供科学依据。     

不同坡向乌丹蒿化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系

不同立地条件下生境的变化、土壤养分的再分配及相应的植物生长与养分回馈效应,对土壤-植物系统化学元素循环具有重要影响。该研究以乌丹蒿为对象,分析不同坡向条件下乌丹蒿叶片、根系化学计量特征及其与土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明:(1)从阳坡到阴坡,乌丹蒿叶片的N、C∶P和N∶P逐渐降低,土壤C含量、C∶P和N∶P逐渐升高,土壤P含量和土壤C∶N在不同坡向之间无显著差异。(2)叶片P含量与根系P含量以及C∶P、N∶P呈极显著正相关,叶片N含量与土壤C含量呈显著负相关,根系P含量与土壤C、N含量呈显著正相关。(3)叶片C、N含量随着土壤养分含量的增加而下降,叶片P和根系N、P含量随土壤养分的增加而上升;叶片C含量、C∶N与土壤的相关性大于根。研究认为,坡向对乌丹蒿的生长具有重要影响,乌丹蒿的化学计量特征与土壤养分含量之间呈线性相关关系,不同的坡向导致乌丹蒿化学计量有一定范围的波动,但总体生态化学计量是稳定的,阳坡乌丹蒿的生长受氮和磷共同限制。     

三峡消落带不同坡度狗牙根及实生土壤生态化学计量特征

三峡库区消落带反季节水位波动驱使下植物的养分适应策略和内稳态特征研究对消落带植被恢复及生态功能调控有重要意义。然而,三峡消落带范围广、地形复杂,不同生境下植物适应特征仍存在不确定性。本研究以三峡消落带广泛分布的优势植物狗牙根为研究对象,选取28个地形差异较大的样地进行采样分析,重点探讨不同坡度（0-5°、5-10°、10-15°、15-20°、>20°）狗牙根及其实生土壤生态化学计量特征的变异关系,揭示坡度对狗牙根养分适应及内稳态的影响机制。结果表明：（1）坡度对狗牙根实生土壤的养分及化学计量特征具有显著影响,土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、速效氮（SAN）、全磷（STP）、速效磷（SAP）含量均随坡度增加而降低,<10°的缓坡消落带土壤养分显著高于10°以上的样地;土壤碳氮比（C ∶ N）、碳磷比（C ∶ P）均随坡度增加而降低,而氮磷比（N ∶ P）比相对稳定,表明坡度增大,土壤营养物的流失具有同步性,且流失速度较有机碳慢;（2）随坡度增加,狗牙根各营养器官C含量呈增加趋势,而氮（N）、磷（P）则呈降低趋势,且坡度变化改变了狗牙根各营养器官间的养分分配;植物根、茎C ∶ N、C ∶ P随坡度增加而增加,N ∶ P随坡度增加而降低,而叶片均没有明显变化,表明在坡度改变了土壤养分供应水平的情况下,狗牙根优先稳定其叶片化学计量比以提高适应能力;（3）坡度与土壤中SOC、STN、SAN含量呈现显著负相关,而土壤STN与狗牙根植物养分及化学计量特征均有显著相关关系,由此可见,坡度变化导致土壤氮素流失增加是影响狗牙根生态化学计量特征分异的主要机制;（4）狗牙根与实生土壤的碳氮磷元素内稳性整体表现为C>P>N,化学计量比内稳性表现为C ∶ P>C ∶ N>N ∶ P,随着坡度增加,狗牙根N、P的内稳性呈增强趋势,而C ∶ N、N ∶ P呈显著降低,表明坡度变化导致狗牙根形成了不同的适生策略。研究表明,在三峡库区复杂的地形条件下,狗牙根能有效维持体内化学计量平衡以响应不同的坡度条件,并且内稳性较好,是三峡库区消落带植被恢复与保护的优势植物物种。     

黄土丘陵区不同森林类型叶片-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,测定了黄土丘陵区主要人工林(刺槐、小叶杨和油松)和天然次生林(辽东栎、麻栎和白桦)中乔叶、凋落物以及土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量,探讨不同森林类型叶片-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征差异,旨在进一步了解研究区森林生态系统的养分供求现状。结果表明:1)人工林叶片和凋落物的C含量大于天然次生林,N、P含量均小于天然次生林,叶片和凋落物C∶N和C∶P值均表现为人工林大于天然次生林;2)人工林中土壤的C、N、P含量及化学计量比的显著性差异主要集中在土壤表层(0—10 cm),而天然次生林则集中在10—50 cm的土层,随着土层深度增加,二者的C、N、P含量逐渐减小;3)人工林N含量在叶片与凋落物间为显著正相关,天然次生林N含量在凋落物与土壤间为极显著正相关、C∶P值在叶片与土壤间则为显著负相关,其余各指标无显著相关性。揭示了除刺槐和辽东栎的生长受P限制外,其余各树种均受N限制,人工林凋落物的分解速率较快,且人工林土壤P有效性高于天然次生林,这些研究结果可为我国黄土丘陵区的植被恢复与重建工作提供理论依据。     

福建三种常绿阔叶林碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探明福建三种常绿阔叶林生态系统的养分循环状况及其主要影响因素,采用样地调查采样法,研究了福建武夷山自然保护区甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei）林、天宝岩自然保护区刨花润楠（Machilus pauhoi）林和虎伯寮自然保护区薄叶润楠（Machilus leptophylla）林的植物、凋落物和表层土壤（0-10 cm）碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量、化学计量特征及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）比较3个样点同组分C、N和P含量,除了乔木层的N含量外,虎伯寮植物和凋落物层C、N和P含量均显著高于天宝岩和武夷山;武夷山表层土壤的C和N含量显著高于虎伯寮和天宝岩,P含量排序为天宝岩>武夷山>虎伯寮。（2） P是福建天然林植物生长的主要限制因子,土壤P的缺乏是影响福建常绿阔叶林养分循环的重要因素。（3）植物叶片与凋落物中的养分含量及化学计量比呈极显著正相关,与表层土壤呈极显著负相关,可见福建常绿阔叶林生态系统养分循环过程中,土壤养分消耗速率超过了凋落物的养分供给速率,导致生态系统养分循环缓慢。（4）气温和土壤C ∶ N是影响常绿阔叶林生态系统养分循环的关键环境因子。     

不同生长阶段杉木人工林土壤C∶N∶P化学计量特征与养分动态

在福建省白砂国有林场选取幼龄林(5年)、中幼龄林(8年)、近熟林(21年)、成熟林(27年)和过熟林(40年)5个生长阶段的杉木人工林,测定不同土层(0～10、10～20、20～40 cm)土壤总碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、全钙(Ca)、全镁(Mg)含量以及C∶N∶P化学计量比,探究杉木人工林土壤碳氮磷(C∶N∶P)化学计量特征与养分随林龄的变化规律。结果表明: 随着林分发育,TC、TN未发生显著变化,土壤C∶N保持不变。随着林分发育,0～20 cm土层土壤TP含量呈增加-降低-增加的变化趋势,其中在杉木成熟林达到最低,C∶P和N∶P最大,而20～40 cm土层土壤TP在各个林龄之间无显著变化。Ca、Mg含量在所有土层均在杉木成熟林达到最低。土壤TC与C∶P、N∶P、C∶N均呈显著正相关,TP与C∶P、N∶P呈显著负相关,土壤TP含量是调控土壤C∶P和N∶P的关键因子。杉木人工林发育到成熟期受到P的限制,为保证人工林正常发育,可在杉木速生阶段施加P肥,促进养分良性循环。适当提高杉木林的轮伐期可能会有利于土壤养分的恢复与保持。     

陕西省3种主要树种叶片、凋落物和土壤N、P化学计量特征

以陕西省29个县(市)39个样点的刺槐、辽东栎和油松林为研究对象,分析比较不同树种乔木叶片、凋落物与土壤N、P化学计量特征及其与经纬度、海拔、年均温度和年降水等环境因子间关系的异同以及三者之间可能存在的关系,以期为认识陕西省主要森林树种养分限制状况、制定合理的植被管理和恢复措施提供理论依据。结果表明:3树种叶片N、P含量及比值均为刺槐辽东栎油松,与叶片相比,凋落物中N、P含量变化幅度较小,为刺槐辽东栎油松,N∶P比值为油松辽东栎刺槐。10—20 cm与0—10 cm土层相比,3树种中除辽东栎中P含量差异不显著外,其它指标N、P含量及N∶P比值均显著下降(P0.05)。刺槐、辽东栎和油松叶片N、P含量与土壤N、P含量均没有显著相关性,以刺槐、辽东栎和油松3种植物叶片为总体来说,P含量与土壤P含量显著正相关(P0.05)。叶片N、P含量均大致表现出随着年均温度和年降水的增加而增加,随着经纬度的增加而降低的趋势,这一点在刺槐叶中最为明显。凋落物N含量随着年均温度和年降水的增加而增加,随着纬度和经度的增加而降低;P含量随着年降水和经度的增加而降低;N∶P比值随着年均温度和年降水的增加而增加,随着纬度的增加而降低。研究区内,土壤N、P含量随着纬度、海拔的增加和年均温度、年降水、经度的降低而增加,N∶P比值则呈相反的趋势。3树种土壤N、P含量及N∶P比值中,P含量比N含量受环境影响更大,且0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层N、P含量及N∶P比值与各环境因子的关系基本一致。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。