稻田土壤－作物－家畜系统中氮的循环研究

本文用Ｎ￣（１５）标记水稻和绿肥研究了稻田土壤－作物－家畜系统中氮的循环。Ｎ￣（１５）标记稻草喂羊,羊体回收饲料稻草Ｎ３１．１６％,羊粪２８．２６％,羊尿５．７２％,总回收６５．１４％,损失３４．８６％。将羊粪尿单施,稻谷回收饲料稻草Ｎ３．１９％,水稻全株回收４．８２％,土壤残留１９．００％,损失１０．１４％。故羊体、水稻及土壤残留共回收饲料稻草Ｎ５４．９８％．将羊粪与尿素配施,则饲料稻草Ｎ的总回收率为５５．８８％。Ｎ￣（１５）标记绿肥喂猪;猪体回收饲料绿肥Ｎ２３．５１％．猪粪２３．８５％,猪尿２８．７６％,总回收率７６．１２％,损失率２３．８８％。将猪粪、尿还田,稻谷回收饲料绿肥Ｎ６．６９％,水稻全株回收１０．０５％,土壤残留１９．１７％,故猪体、水稻和土壤残留共回收饲料绿肥Ｎ５２．７３％,将猪粪与尿素配施,则饲料绿肥Ｎ的总回收率为５２．７５％。     

不同树种混交林及其纯林对土壤理化性质影响的研究

对针阔混交林土壤理化性质的研究表明,针阔混交林比针叶树纯林对土壤的改良作用要好,它使土壤总孔隙度增加２—１９％,水分含量增加６—３１％,枯枝落叶年凋落量增加２—２００％;土壤养分含量全Ｎ、ＮＨ４－Ｎ、代换性Ｃａ、代换性Ｍｇ和腐殖质含量分别增加４５—７５％、３３—８２％、５５—８５％、４４—８４％和３７—４６％．     

粉被虫草N^6—（2—羟乙基）腺苷高产菌株的原生质体诱变育种

在粉被虫草无性型－－粉被马利娅霉原生质体和再生的前期研究基础上,报道了通过原生质体诱变培育高产Ｎ＾６－（２－羟乙基）腺苷菌株的研究结果。粉被马利娅霉Ｃｐ－１４单孢子株经１５Ｗ紫外灯照射后,获得一高产突变株ＭｐＭ－１３５。经多代移植后,此这经出发菌株Ｃｐ－１４的Ｎ＾６－（２－羟乙基）腺苷含量提高了１４．８％。实验还表明,粉被虫草无性力丝提取物对枯草杆菌抗紫外辐射效果与菌丝所含Ｎ＾６－（２－羟乙基）腺     

微生物发酵合成L－缬氨酸－~（15）N

采用含有稳定同位素￣（１５）Ｎ－硫铵为主要氮源的专用发酵培养液配方和相应的工艺条件,在国内首次用微生物直接发酵研制成Ｌ－缬氨酸－￣（１５）Ｎ高丰度精制产品。产品￣（１５）Ｎ丰度９７．６８％,反比原料￣（１５）Ｎ－硫铵丰度下降０．５３％,Ｌ－缬氨酸－￣（１５）Ｎ产酸率最高达４％以上（未校正）。每克￣（１５）Ｎ－硫铵可得到１克以上的Ｌ－缬氨酸－￣（１５）Ｎ（分析值）。提取精制收率平均为８０－９０％（单程）,最高达到９５％以上（二次提取）。实际每克￣（１５）Ｎ－硫铵可得０．６克左右的Ｌ－缬氨酸－￣（１５）Ｎ精制产品。     

农田生态系统N、P营养平衡及其肥料效应

９年的农田生态系统Ｎ、Ｐ营养平衡定位试验研究表明,Ｎ、Ｐ肥配合施用,实行秸秆还田,可提高土壤有机质和全Ｎ含量,使土壤速效和迟效Ｐ库容量得到补充．最后几年的Ｐ肥利用率达２１．１—６５．１％,Ｎ肥为４９—７５％．储备性施Ｐ第１年的利用率只有６．５－７．３％,而前３年之和达到２４—２８．５％,９年３个时段平均利用率２７．９—４２．８％,补偿性施Ｐ的１９．５—４２．９％．施Ｐ６５．５ｋｇ·ｈａ－１·ｙｒ－１时,既能满足作物对Ｐ的需求又能补充土壤速效Ｐ库容量．     

固N树种在混交林中的作用研究I.沙棘混交林内根瘤固N与林木生长

研究了沙棘作为下木在混交林中的作用。结果表明,沙棘有明显的供Ｎ效应。林冠下生长７ａ的沙棘,年平均固Ｎ量达５４ｋｇ·ｈｍ＾－２。土壤含Ｎ量比杨树或柳树纯林提高２０￣２２％,主林木高生长比纯林提高１８￣１９．４％。     

微生物发酵合成L－缬氨酸－15N

采用含有稳定同位素^１５Ｎ－硫铵为主要氮源的专用发酵培养液配方和相应的工艺条件,在国内首次用微生物直接发酵研制成Ｌ－缬氨酸－^１５Ｎ高丰度精制产品。产品^１５Ｎ丰度９７．６８％,反比原料^１５Ｎ－硫铵丰度下降０．５３％,Ｌ－缬氨酸－^１５Ｎ产酸率最高达４％以上（未校正）。每克^1５Ｎ－硫铵可得到１克以上的Ｌ－缬氨酸－^１５Ｎ（分析值）。提取精制收率平均为８０－９０％（     

外加氮源对杉木叶凋落物分解及土壤养分淋失的影响

采用原位（Ｉｎ ｓｉｔｕ）模拟实验方法研究了外加Ｎ源对杉木叶凋落物分解及土壤养分淋失的影响,结果表明,施加ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ时,杉木叶凋落物的失重率与对照（未加任何Ｎ的处理）相比,没有差异：而施加ＮＯ＾－１－Ｎ时,使杉木叶凋落物分解速率显著提高（ｐ＝０．０５,达１０％以上,与施加ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ相比,施加ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ明显促进了杉木叶凋落物的分解（ｐ＝０．０５）。施加ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ和ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ会产生     

玉米根际联合固氮菌Klebsiella planticola 19—1固氮特性的研究

从新疆鄯善砍儿乡砂地生长的玉米根际分离到一株联合固氮菌Ｋ１９－１,经鉴定为植生克雷伯氏菌。Ｋ１９－１在４０℃,于无氮培养基上生长良好,并具有乙炔还原及＾１５Ｎ２还原能力。ｎｉｆＨｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｒ：ｌａｃＺ融合子在Ｋ１９－１中的表达在４０℃不受阻抑。ＮＨ４＾＋不抑制Ｋ１９－１的固氮酶活性,但阻抑ｎｉｆＨｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｒ：ｌａｃＺ融合子在Ｋ１９－１中表达。Ｋ１９－１在厌氧条件下具有固氮活性,在氧浓度增     

基因工程菌发酵合成L－苏氨酸－N~（15）

采用含有稳定同位素１５Ｎ－硫酸铵为主要氮源的专用发酵培养基配方和提取精制条件,在国内、外首次采用基因工程菌ＡＡ７（ｐＴＨ２）（ＡＨＶｒＡＥＣｒ,Ｔｈｒ－Ｎ－,Ｈｏｍｒ,Ａｐｒ）直接发酵方法研制Ｌ－苏氨酸－Ｎ１５高丰度精制产品。每ｍｏｌ１５Ｎ－硫酸铵实际得到０．６３８ｍｏｌＬ－苏氨酸－Ｎ１５,产品Ｎ１５丰度达９９．０９％,仅比原料１５Ｎ－硫酸铵丰度下降０．４２％,提取精制得率高达９２．８３％。     

Untersuchungen über die Druckammonisierung von kohlenhydrathaltigen Futterstoffen

Chopped wheat straw was homogeneously mixed with urine of horses (5.75 gN per 1, 16.88 atom‐% ¹⁵N‐excess) and airtightly stored in plastic containers for 6 months. Three rumen fistulated sheep and goats each were fed with untreated or urine treated straw. Concentrate was added to straw. Untreated and urine treated straw were given in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen of sheep and goats for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. A three compartment exponential function was used to fit the measurements of ¹⁵N‐ex‐cess and ¹⁵N‐amount of bag content. The curves and the calculated partial Y‐values of the three compartments show the inflow and outflow of ¹⁵N into or from the bags and allow conclusions about the binding of urine N. Most N of urine was not compactly bound by straw during storage. Primarily micro‐bial N was attached to the straw in the rumen. About 6% of urine N were bound more compact to the straw. Similar curves were calculated for ¹⁵N‐excess and ¹⁵N‐amount of nylon bags. The curves allow conclusions about tracer flows without quantitative knowledge. There were no significant differences between animal species.     

15N2 incorporation by rhizosphere soil influence of rice variety,organic matter and combined nitrogen

Summary Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation by rhizosphere soil samples from 20 rice cultivars grown under uniform field conditions was estimated employing¹⁵N-tracer technique. Rhizosphere soil samples from different rice cultivars showed striking differences with regard to their ability to incorporate¹⁵N₂. Rhizosphere samples from rice straw-amended (3 and 6 tons/ha) soil exhibited more pronounced nitrogen-fixing activity than the samples from unamended soil; while the activity of the rhizosphere samples from soils receiving combined nitrogen (40 and 80 kg N/ha) was relatively low. However, the inhibitory effect of combined nitrogen was not expressed in the presence of rice straw at 6 tons/ha. Results suggest that plant variety, application of combined nitrogen and organic matter influence the rhizosphere nitrogen fixation.     

The effect of a single application of cow urine on annual N2 fixation under varying simulated grazing intensity, as measured by four 15N isotope techniques

The effects of dairy cow urine and defoliation severity on biological nitrogen fixation and pasture production of a mixed ryegrass-white clover sward were investigated over 12 months using mowing for defoliation. A single application of urine (equivalent to 746 kg N ha^–1), was applied in late spring to plots immediately after light and moderately-severe defoliation (35 mm and 85 mm cutting heights, respectively) treatments were imposed. Estimates of percentage clover N derived from N₂ fixation (%Ndfa) were compared by labelling the soil with ¹⁵N either by applying a low rate of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulphate, immobilising ¹⁵N in soil organic matter, adding ¹⁵N to applied urine, or by utilising the small differences in natural abundance of ¹⁵N in soil. Urine application increased annual grass production by 85%, but had little effect on annual clover production. However, urine caused a marked decline in %Ndfa (using an average of all ¹⁵N methods) from 84% to a low of 22% by 108 days, with recovery to control levels taking almost a year. As a result, total N fixed (in above ground clover herbage) was reduced from 232 to 145 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Moderately–severe defoliation had no immediate effect on N₂ fixation, but after 108 days the %Ndfa was consistently higher than light defoliation during summer and autumn, and increased by up to 18%, coinciding with an increase in growth of weeds and summer-grass species. Annual N₂ fixation was 218 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 under moderately-severe defoliation compared to 160 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 under light defoliation. Estimates of %Ndfa were generally similar when ¹⁵N-labelled or immobilised ¹⁵N were used to label soil regardless of urine and defoliation severity. The natural abundance technique gave highly variable estimates of %Ndfa (–56 to 24%) during the first 23 days after urine application but, thereafter, estimates of %Ndfa were similar to those using ¹⁵N-labelling methods. In contrast, in urine treated plots the use of ¹⁵N-labelled urine gave estimates of %Ndfa that were 20–30% below values calculated using conventional ¹⁵N-labelling during the first 161 days. These differences were probably due to differences in the rooting depth between ryegrass and white clover in conjunction with treatment differences in ¹⁵N distribution with depth. This study shows that urine has a prolonged effect on reducing N₂ fixation in pasture. In addition, defoliation severity is a potential pasture management tool for strategically enhancing N₂ fixation.     

Crop uptake and leaching of 15N applied in ruminant slurry with selectively labelled faeces and urine fractions

Two animal slurries either labelled with ¹⁵N in the urine or in the faeces fraction, were produced by feeding a sheep with unlabelled and ¹⁵N-labelled hay and collecting faeces and urine separately. The slurries were applied (12 g total N ^-2) to a coarse sand and a sandy loam soil confined in lysimeters and growing spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Reference lysimeters without slurry were supplied with¹⁵ NH₄ ¹⁵NO³ corresponding to the inorganic N applied with the slurries (6 g N m^-2). In the second year, all lysimeters received unlabelled mineral fertilizer (6 g N m^-2) and grew spring barley. N harvested in the two crops (grain + straw) and the loss of nitrate by leaching were determined. ¹⁵N in the urine fraction was less available for crop uptake than mineral fertilizer ¹⁵N. The first barley crop on the sandy loam removed 49% of the ¹⁵N applied in mineral fertilizer and 36% of that applied with urine. The availability of fertilizer ¹⁵N (36%) and urine¹⁵ N (32%) differed less on the coarse sand. Of the¹⁵ N added with the faeces fraction, 12–14% was taken up by the barley crop on the two soils. N mineralized from faeces compensated for the reduced availability of urine N providing a similar or higher crop N uptake in manured lysimeters compared with mineral fertilized ones.About half of the total N uptake in the first crop originated from the N applied either as slurry or mineral fertilizer. The remaining N was derived from the soil N pool. Substantially smaller but similar proportions of¹⁵ N from faeces, urine and fertilizer were found in the second crop. The similar recoveries indicated a slow mineralization rate of the residual faeces N since more faeces was left in the soil after the first crop.More N was lost by leaching from manured lysimeters but as a percentage of N applied, losses were similar to those from mineral fertilizer. During the first and second winter, 3–5% and 1–3%, respectively, of the ¹⁵N in slurry and mineral fertilizer was leached as nitrate. Thus slurry N applied in spring just before sowing did not appear to be more prone to loss by nitrate leaching than N given in mineral fertilizer. Slurry N accounted for a higher proportion of the N leached, however, because more N was added in this treatment.     

Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emissions from urine-affected soil under controlled conditions

A ¹⁵N labelling technique was used to measure N₂O and N₂ emissions from an undisturbed grassland soil treated with cow urine and held at 30 cm water tension and 20°C in a laboratory. Large emissions of dinitrogen were detected immediately following urine application to pasture. These coincided with a rapid and large increase in soil water-soluble carbon levels, some of this increase being attributed to solubilization of soil organic matter by high pH and ammonia concentrations. Emissions of nitrous oxide generally increased with time in contrast to dinitrogen fluxes which decreased as time progressed. Estimated losses of N₂O and N₂ over a 30 day period were between 1 to 5% and 30 to 65% of the urine N applied plus N mineralized from soil organic matter, respectively. Most of the N₂ and N₂O originated from denitrification with nitrification-denitrification being of minor significance as a source of N₂O. Comparisons of the ¹⁵N enrichments in the soil mineral N pools and the evolved N₂O suggested that much of the N₂O was produced in the 5–8 cm zone of the soil. It is concluded that established grassland soils contain large amounts of readily-oxidizable organic carbon which may be used by soil denitrifying organisms when nitrate is non-limiting and soil redox potential is lowered due to high rates of biological activity and high soil moisture contents. ei]{gnR}{fnMerckx}     

Nitrogen gas (N2+N2O) flux from urea applied to lowland rice as affected by green manure

A field study was conducted on a clay soil (Andaqueptic Haplaquoll) in the Philippines to directly measure the evolution of (N₂+N₂O)−¹⁵N from 98 atom %¹⁵N-labeled urea broadcast at 29 kg N ha⁻¹ into 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 15 days after transplanting (DT) rice. The flux of (N₂+N₂O)−¹⁵N during the 19 days following urea application never exceeded 28 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. The total recovery of (N₂+N₂O)−¹⁵N evolved from the field was only 0.51% of the applied N, whereas total gaseous¹⁵N loss estimated from unrecovered¹⁵N in the¹⁵N balance was 41% of the applied N. Floodwater (nitrate+nitrite)−N in the 5 days following urea application never exceeded 0.14 g N m⁻³ or 0.3% of the applied N. Prior cropping of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] to flowering with subsequent incorporation of the green manure (dry matter=2.5 Mg ha⁻¹, C/N=15) at 15 days before rice transplanting had no effect on fate of urea applied to rice at 15 DT. The recovery of (N₂+N₂O)−¹⁵N and total¹⁵N loss during the 19 days following urea application were 0.46 and 40%, respectively. Direct recovery of evolved (N₂+N₂O)−¹⁵N and total¹⁵N loss from 27 kg applied nitrate-N ha⁻¹ were 20% and 53% during the same 19-day period. The failure of directly-recovered (N₂+N₂O)−¹⁵N to match total¹⁵N loss from added nitrate-¹⁵N might be due to entrapment of denitrification end products in soil or transport of gaseous end products to the atmosphere through rice plants. The rapid conversion of added nitrate-N to (N₂+N₂O)−N, the apparently sufficient water soluble soil organic C for denitrification (101 μg C g⁻¹ in the top 0.15-m soil layer), and the low floodwater nitrate following urea application suggested that denitrification loss from urea was controlled by supply of nitrate rather than by availability of organic C.     

Availability of the residual nitrogen from a single application of 15N-labelled fertilizer to subsequent crops in a long-term continuous barley experiment

In an earlier paper we presented data from an experiment in which nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizer was applied in spring to barley on the Rothamsted long-term Spring Barley Experiment, at rates of 48, 96 or 144 kg N ha^–1. A substantial proportion (between 28 and 39%) of this ¹⁵N remained in the soil (0–70 cm) and stubble at harvest, mostly in organic form. The present paper follows the fate of this `residual' <sup>15</sup>N over the following 2 years. Small amounts of `residual' ¹⁵N were recovered in the following two spring barley crops; 8% in the first and 3% in the second. The overall loss of `residual' <sup>15</sup>N (i.e. `residual' ¹⁵N not recovered in crops and soil to a depth of 70 cm) over the 2 years was 23%. This is equivalent to just 8% of the total ¹⁵N originally applied. There was surprisingly little difference in the behaviour of the `residual' ¹⁵N in soils containing very different quantities of soil organic matter.     

Transformations of fertilizer nitrogen in soil

Summary Five crops of oats were grown over a 14-month period on a Chester silt loam soil fertilized with N¹⁵-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄. All plant material from the first four crops was returned to the soil. Following a fifth crop, oat tops and roots were harvested, and the soil was subjected to repeated extractions by autoclaving in 0.01M CaCl₂. The distribution of N¹⁵ and of indigenous soil N among chemical fractions of the extracts, and in the acid-soluble and acid-soluble and acid-insoluble portions of the soil residues following 0.01M CaCl₂ extraction, was remarkably similar. Since appreciable equilibrations between added N¹⁵ and the more resistant forms of soil organic N is unlikely, it is postulated that fertilizer N became incorporated in newly-formed complexes, similar to those already present in the soil. This view is in harmony with the finding that percentage removals of total and N¹⁵-labelled N remained almost the same, even with recovery of approximately 55 per cent of the amounts originally present. N mineralization capacity of the soil was reduced appreciably as a result of extraction.     

Soil nitrogen heterogeneity in a Dehesa ecosystem

The C mineralization and N transformations during the decomposition of sunflower stalks (Helianthus annuus L.) and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) with and without addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ (27.53 atom% ¹⁵N) were studied in a Vertisol. Soil samples were incubated under aerobic conditions for 224 days at 22 °C. The plant residues were added at a rate of 5.2 g kg^-1 soil. Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 50.7 mg N kg^-1 soil. Carbon dioxide emission and inorganic N content in soil were periodically determined. Gross N immobilization and remineralization were calculated on the basis of the isotopic dilution technique. At the end of the incubation period a ¹⁵N balance was established. Respectively, 68 and 45% of the applied residue-C mineralized from the sunflower stalks and wheat straw after 224 days. Both crop residues caused losses of up to 25% of added ¹⁵N after 224 days of incubation. These ¹⁵N losses were about three times larger than in the control soil, and were probably due to denitrification. The net immobilization of soil derived N following residue incorporation was largest in the case of wheat straw, depleting all soil inorganic N. In the wheat straw treatment with added (NH₄)₂SO₄ soil inorganic N remained available, resulting in an enhanced initial C mineralization and N immobilization compared to the treatment without added N. In the case of the sunflower stalks, the high inorganic N content of the stalks suppressed the effects of N addition on C mineralization and N immobilization/mineralization. Gross N immobilization amounted to 31.9 and 28.2 mg N g^-1 added C after 14 days for wheat straw and sunflower stalks, respectively. At the end of the incubation, about 35% of the newly immobilized N was remineralized in both plant residue treatments. Gross N immobilization plotted against decomposed C suggests that fairly uniform C-N relationships exist during the decomposition of divers C substrates. The results demonstrate that low fertilizer N use efficiencies may be expected in a wheat-sunflower cropping system with incorporation of crop residues, as the fertilizer N applied becomes largely immobilized in the soil organic fraction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of N-fertilizers,straw, and dry fallow on the nitrogen balance of a flooded soil planted with rice

Summary Nitrogen balance studies were made on rice (Oryza sativa) grown in flooded soil in pots. A low rate of fertilizer (5.64 mg N. kg⁻¹ soil) did not depress the N gain, but a high rate (99.72 mg N. kg⁻¹ soil) elminated the N gain. Soil N loss was negligible since¹⁵N applied as ammonium sulfate and thoroughly mixed with the soil was recovered from the soil-plant system after 3 crops. The observed N gain, therefore, was caused by N₂-fixation, not by a reduction of soil N loss. Straw enhanced N gain at the rate of 2–4 mg per g straw. However, this gain was not observed when soil N availability was high. Dry fallow between rice crops decreased the N gain.