宁夏灵武市沟眶象发生特点

系统调查沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis(Olivier)在宁夏灵武市的发生情况和特点发现:沟眶象以成虫和幼虫在土壤中越冬,成虫有2个发生高峰期,越冬结束后以成虫越冬的沟眶象出土出现第1个高峰期,以幼虫越冬的沟眶象经化蛹羽化出土出现第2个高峰期;幼虫危害臭椿根部形成的瘤状物可以作为鉴别沟眶象危害的特征;沟眶象幼虫在土壤中垂直分布范围集中在0～45 cm深土层,约占80%;成虫出土孔集中在距臭椿树干基部75 cm范围内,占88%。据此建议土壤施药化学防治沟眶象时,施药深度不宜低于45 cm,施药点距树干基部水平距离不得少于75 cm,且树周各个方向均需施药。每年10月末沟眶象开始"入土"、翌年4月末开始"出土",在沟眶象"入土"结束后但未冻土之前的11中旬和土壤解冻之后但尚未"出土"前的4月中旬,这两个时期土壤施药防治效果较好;防治沟眶象的同时,还应适时采取打孔注药、熏蒸等措施防治臭椿(Ailanthus altissima(Mill.)Swingle)树干内的臭椿沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus brandti(Harold)。     

Occurrence and life-history of Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis in Lingwu, Ningxia

系统调查沟眶象Eucrypt1orrhynchm chinensis(Olivier)在宁夏灵武市的发生情况和特点发现:沟眶象以成虫和幼虫在土壤中越冬,成虫有2个发生高峰期,越冬结束后以成虫越冬的沟眶象出土出现第1个高峰期,以幼虫越冬的沟眶象经化蛹羽化出土出现第2个高峰期;幼虫危害臭椿根部形成的瘤状物可以作为鉴别沟眶象危害的特征;沟眶象幼虫在土壤中垂直分布范围集中在0～45cm深土层,约占80％;成虫出土孔集中在距臭椿树干基部75cm范围内,占88％.据此建议土壤施药化学防治沟眶象时,施药深度不宜低于45cm,施药点距树干基部水平距离不得少于75cm,且树周各个方向均需施药.每年10月末沟眶象开始“人土”、翌年4月末开始“出土”,在沟眶象“人士”结束后但未冻土之前的11中旬和土壤解冻之后但尚未“出土”前的4月中旬,这两个时期土壤施药防治效果较好;防治沟眶象的同时,还应适时采取打孔注药、熏蒸等措施防治臭椿(Ailanthus altissima(Mill.)Swingle)树干内的臭椿沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus brandti(Harold).     

取食臭椿不同部位对沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象成虫消化解毒酶的影响

沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus和臭椿沟眶象E. brandti是取食单一寄主臭椿Ailanthus altissima不同部位的钻蛀性害虫。二者成虫羽化后交配之前均需补充营养,且取食臭椿不同部位（叶柄、1年生枝、2~3年生枝、主干）对其雌成虫生殖系统发育的影响差异显著。就臭椿沟眶象雌成虫而言,只有取食主干才能够产卵;而对沟眶象雌成虫来说,则只有取食2~3年生枝的无法产卵。本研究使用臭椿的4种不同部位（叶柄、1年生枝、2~3年生枝、主干）饲喂这两种象甲成虫,利用ELISA试剂盒测定两种象甲的3种解毒酶（谷胱甘肽转移酶、羧酸酯酶和细胞色素P450）和3种消化酶（胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶）的酶活性。结果表明,两种象甲中后肠的6种酶活性在取食不同寄主部位后发生显著性差异。其中,臭椿沟眶象雌成虫取食主干显著降低其中后肠的CarE酶活性,沟眶象雌成虫取食2~3年生枝能显著提高中后肠的CarE酶活性,同时降低中后肠AMY酶活性。本文明确了寄主植物不同部位对这两种象甲成虫中后肠消化解毒酶活性的影响,分析了两种象甲初羽化雌成虫补充营养造成生殖系统发育差异的原因,对后续这两种象甲消化解毒酶相关研究有一定参考价值。     

基于沟眶象属两近缘种不同虫态转录组的气味受体基因鉴定及表达分析

【目的】基于沟眶象属Eucryptorrhynchus两近缘种沟眶象E. scrobiculatus和臭椿沟眶象E. brandti不同虫态的转录组数据进行气味受体(odorant receptor, OR)基因的鉴定及表达特征分析,补充两种象甲的气味受体信息,为之后的功能研究提供理论依据。【方法】从沟眶象(幼虫、蛹和成虫)和臭椿沟眶象(卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫)不同虫态转录组数据库中筛选OR基因序列;基于两种象甲触角转录组数据,对两种象甲筛选得到的ORs进行种间和种内的序列比对;利用最大似然法对两种象甲新鉴定的ORs进行系统发育分析;根据两种象甲不同虫态转录组数据中OR基因的FPKM(fragments per kilobase per million mapped fragments)值对新鉴定的OR基因进行表达丰度分析;利用qPCR检测新鉴定的OR基因在沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象不同发育阶段和成虫不同组织中的表达谱。【结果】从沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象不同虫态转录组数据库中分别鉴定出6和4个OR基因,都具有完整的开放阅读框。根据与触角转录组数据的序列比对结果,从沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象分别新鉴定出4个(EscrOR50-53)和2个(EbraOR46-47)OR基因;在两象甲种间发现了一对可能的同源基因EscrOR53和EbraOR45。系统发育树显示,6个新鉴定的OR蛋白分属于鞘翅目OR亚家族2B和7。结合不同虫态转录组的FPKM数据及qPCR检测的时空表达谱得知,沟眶象3个和臭椿沟眶象2个新鉴定到的OR基因均在成虫的非嗅觉组织中高表达,且在卵、幼虫或蛹期也有表达。【结论】本研究明确了沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象不同虫态转录组中的气味受体基因及其时空表达谱,并且发现两种象甲的生殖器官中可能存在非嗅觉的功能性的ORs,提示其可能在发育的早期阶段就已发挥功能。     

沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象对不同诱源的趋性比较

沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus和臭椿沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus brandti是中国北方严重危害臭椿的钻蛀性害虫。为开发这两种象虫的诱捕技术,本文比较了8种不同波长的LED灯、黑光灯、频振式杀虫灯,糖醋液和臭椿木段对两种象甲的引诱效果,并在室内、野外进行回捕试验。室内不同诱源选择结果表明,沟眶象对臭椿木段最敏感,臭椿沟眶象对频振式杀虫灯最敏感;在室内,臭椿木段对沟眶象的回捕率最高,频振式杀虫灯对臭椿沟眶象的回捕率最高;在野外,频振式杀虫灯对沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象的回捕率均最高。本研究建议使用频振式杀虫灯监测和防治沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象。     

臭椿沟眶象的发生和防治

<正> 近年来,臭椿沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus brandti(Harold)在连云港地区发生较普遍。幼虫期蛀食臭椿Ailanthus altissima Swingle距地面2m以下的韧皮部或木质部,春季成虫为害臭椿幼树顶芽、侧芽或叶柄,造成芽萎蔫和     

沟眶象食物源引诱剂开发初报

为了探索可准确监测与控制沟眶象成虫种群数量的新技术,本文开发了一种沟眶象食物源引诱剂,并研究了不同配方的引诱剂对沟眶象成虫的诱集效果,结果表明:5种配方对沟眶象成虫的引诱效果均显著高于对照,在沟眶象羽化期内共诱捕沟眶象成虫1212头,其中以B配方(苹果:绵白糖:陈醋:95%酒精:大豆油:尼泊金甲酯:山梨酸钾:蒸馏水=2.7 g、1.5 g、6.15 g、4.8 g、0.162 g、0.9 g、0.9 g、60 g)引诱效果最好,共诱捕沟眶象成虫350头;一天中最佳引诱时段是6∶00-10∶00,诱捕器最佳设置高度为0 m(即将诱捕器桶体埋于土中,使桶体上缘与地表齐平,进虫口暴露于地表);沟眶象羽化高峰期为6月13日-7月4日和8月14日-9月5日两个时间段。     

辣椒叶片物理性状对烟粉虱寄主选择的影响

以10个不同抗性水平的辣椒品种为材料,通过笼内释放烟粉虱的方法,研究了不同辣椒品种对烟粉虱寄主选择的影响,同时通过对辣椒叶片茸毛密度、维管束埋深、叶片蜡质含量、叶片颜色等4个主要物理性状的分析,探讨了辣椒叶片物理性状对烟粉虱的抗选择性机制。结果表明:烟粉虱对不同品种辣椒的选择性存在明显的差异,不同品种辣椒叶片茸毛密度、维管束埋深、蜡质含量以及叶片颜色也存在明显的差异;烟粉虱在不同品种辣椒上落虫量与物理性状的相关性分析发现,叶片茸毛密度与烟粉虱成虫量存在显著正相关,维管束埋深和叶片颜色与烟粉虱成虫量存在显著负相关,而蜡质含量与烟粉虱成虫量没有显著的相关性;释放24 h后,叶片茸毛密度、维管束埋深和叶片颜色与烟粉虱虫量的回归方程分别为:Y=0.632x+13.493(r=0.953,P=0.000)、Y=-587.572x+449.035(r=0.660,P=0.038)、Y=-209.815 x+259.088(r=0.642,P=0.046);成虫量(Y)与叶片茸毛密度(X_1)、维管束埋深(X_2)、叶片颜色(X_4)的多元逐步回归方程为:Y=0.583X1+26.999 X2-56.126 X4+56.953,通径系数分别为P茸毛密度→Y=-0.879、P维管束埋深→Y=0.030、P叶片颜色→Y=-0.172;释放72 h时叶片颜色与烟粉虱成虫量没有明显的相关性。表明在烟粉虱寄主选择的前期,叶片颜色起最主要的作用,72 h时后叶片茸毛密度起最主要的作用;产卵选择与取食选择趋势基本一致。     

三种杀虫剂对昆虫病原线虫侵染臭椿沟眶象幼虫能力的影响

昆虫病原线虫在20世纪初后已发展成为生物防治领域研究热点之一,作为生防制剂被广泛使用,且可与杀虫剂混用.臭椿沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus brandti是重要的林木蛀干害虫,对宁夏农田防护林主要树种臭椿Ailanthus altissima造成严重危害.目前臭椿沟眶象的主要防治方法之一是化学防治,但效果不理想.为了降低对臭椿沟眶象幼虫的农药使用剂量并提高防治效果,须筛选与昆虫病原线虫混用适合的杀虫剂.本研究测试了4.5％氯氰菊酯乳油、10％吡虫啉可溶液剂、5％啶虫脒乳油对小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All、长尾斯氏线虫Steinernema longicaudum X-7存活以及侵染率的影响,以筛选对臭椿沟眶象3龄幼虫致死效果好、能与昆虫病原线虫混用的杀虫剂和混用配比.结果 表明,3种杀虫剂对2种线虫的存活均无亚致死作用;吡虫啉对2种线虫的致死率无明显影响;不同浓度的氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒对2种线虫的致死率存在显著差异,其中有效成分为88.97 μg/mL、17.79 μg/mL的氯氰菊酯和有效成分为307.89 μg/mL、61.58 μg/mL的啶虫脒对2种线虫的致死率均显著高于对照.3种药剂与X-7、All混用对臭椿沟眶象3龄幼虫均表现为增效或叠加作用,其中有效成分为8.89 μg/mL的氯氰菊酯和有效成分为7.67 μg/mL的吡虫啉与线虫X-7混用对臭椿沟眶象3龄幼虫表现出增效作用,致死率分别为41.67％、54.17％,其它浓度和其它药剂与2种线虫混用的各处理均表现为叠加作用.该结果为进一步利用昆虫病原线虫开展野外防治试验奠定了基础.     

果园梨小食心虫越冬幼虫与成虫发生的关系

【目的】探明梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)在果园中的越冬场所及越冬幼虫与越冬代成虫发生的关系, 为更好地防治梨小食心虫提供科学依据。【方法】选取山东省不同地区（济南、泰安、肥城、广饶、莱芜）6个代表性的果园进行系统调查, 刮树皮调查记录梨小食心虫越冬幼虫在树体上的分布和存活情况, 利用封闭纱网调查土壤中梨小食心虫越冬幼虫数量, 同时利用性诱集和糖醋液对越冬代成虫发生量进行监测, 分析同园越冬幼虫与成虫发生的关系。【结果】梨小食心虫幼虫平均越冬成活率高达62.99%; 不同果园间梨小食心虫的越冬幼虫数量差异显著（P<0.001）。 越冬场所选择更倾向于树体下部（45.10%）和中部（46.28%）以及相应的主干（28.48%）和主枝（44.24%）, 而位于树体上部(8.62%)及相应的侧枝(27.28%)的相对较少; 对树枝方位的选择没有显著差异（P>0.05）（东27.57%, 西26.13%, 南23.76%, 北22.54%）。同园越冬幼虫数量与越冬代成虫诱集数量无显著相关性。【结论】梨小食心虫以老熟幼虫在果树中、下部主干和主枝及树干周围的土壤中越冬。梨小食心虫在果园调查获得的越冬幼虫数量不能作为该果园翌年越冬代成虫发生和防治的依据, 发生危害情况还需根据周围环境情况做综合考虑。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).