新疆伊犁马铃薯根际芽胞杆菌纯培养多样性

了解马铃薯根际土壤中芽胞杆菌种类多样性,可为挖掘芽胞杆菌新资源提供基础。从新疆伊犁州9个地点采集了30份马铃薯根际土壤样品,采用可培养法从中分离芽胞杆菌,通过16S rRNA基因同源性鉴定了分离菌株的分类地位。共获得芽胞杆菌349株,基于菌落形态特征和16S rRNA基因序列确定了66个代表菌株,其中14株与近缘种模式菌株的16S rRNA基因序列相似性介于93.0–98.5%之间,为潜在芽胞杆菌新种。349株芽胞杆菌属于9属66种,分别为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)的41个种(41/66,62.1%),为最优势属;类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)有9种(9/66,13.6%),赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)共6种(6/66,9.1%),嗜冷芽胞杆菌属(Pscychrobacillus)共4种(4/66,6.1%),虚构芽胞杆菌属(Fictibacillus)有2种(2/66,3.0%),短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)、大洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)、鲁梅尔芽胞杆菌属(Rummelibacillus)和解硫胺素芽胞杆菌属(Aneurinibacillus)皆为1种。新疆9个地点马铃薯根际土壤中芽胞杆菌含量为2.20–8.86×104 cfu/g,其中特克斯蒙古乡马铃薯根际土壤中芽胞杆菌的菌落含量和种类最多,分别为8.86×104 cfu/g和37种;尼勒克县马场马铃薯根际土壤中的芽胞杆菌含量最少,特克斯去昭苏路上和阜康西沟村的芽胞杆菌种类最少,仅9种。但每个地点的优势种均相同,均为简单芽胞杆菌(Bacillus simplex)和阿氏芽胞杆菌(B.aryabhattai)。芽胞杆菌种类可划分为高频度分布型(简单芽胞杆菌等4种)、中频度分布型(植物内生芽胞杆菌等12种)和低频度分布型(其余51种芽胞杆菌,如蕈状芽胞杆菌)。新疆9个地点芽胞杆菌种类分布可分为高含量高丰度型(特克斯蒙古乡和农技推广园)和低含量低丰度型(如尼勒克县马场等地)。相关性分析发现,马铃薯根际芽胞杆菌种类分布与海拔高度无显著相关性。新疆马铃薯根际土壤蕴含种类丰富的芽胞杆菌资源,可为芽胞杆菌功能菌株开发提供丰富的菌种来源。     

基于可培养方法分析云南腾冲小空山火山谷芽胞杆菌分布特征

【目的】为了解云南腾冲小空山火山谷土壤中可培养芽胞杆菌种类分布特征。【方法】采用可培养手段对小空山火山谷阳坡、谷底和阴坡土壤中的芽胞杆菌进行分离培养,根据16S rRNA基因序列同源性对分离菌株进行鉴定,并分析系统发育地位。利用Canoco5软件分析采样点芽胞杆菌种类分布特征与土壤样品理化性质的相关性。【结果】从火山谷土壤样品中共分离获得180株芽胞杆菌,16S rRNA基因测序鉴定结果表明分离菌株隶属于芽胞杆菌纲2个科(芽胞杆菌科和类芽胞杆菌科)、6个属、34个种,其中芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus) 11个种,类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus) 14个种,短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)3个种,赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)4个种,嗜冷芽胞杆菌属(Psychrobacillus)1个种和绿芽胞杆菌属(Viridibacillus)2个种,其中7个菌株与其最近模式菌株16SrRNA相似性低于种的界定阈值(98.65%),为芽胞杆菌潜在新物种。优势属为芽胞杆菌属和类芽胞杆菌属,优势种为蕈状芽胞杆菌(Bacillusmycoides),图瓦永芽胞杆菌(Bacillustoyonensis),蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacilluscereus),解木糖赖氨酸芽胞杆菌(Lysinibacillusxylanilyticus),蜂房类芽胞杆菌(Paenibacillusalvei)和沙地绿芽胞杆菌(Viridibacillus arenosi)。其中16个种分离自阳坡,29个种分离自阴坡,9个种分离自谷底,三者共同种类为6种。阳坡、谷底和阴坡的芽胞杆菌种群分布Bray-Curtis相似性为62.4%,多样性分析结果表明,Shannon指数(H′)大小次序为阴坡阳坡谷底。环境因子分析发现,芽胞杆菌种群分布多样性特征与其土壤的海拔高度、碳氮比和硫含量呈负相关,而和碳源和氮源含量呈正相关。【结论】从以上结果得出,云南腾冲火山谷有着较为丰富的芽胞杆菌资源,且还存在可分离培养的芽胞杆菌的潜在新物种,为利用火山微生物资源提供了保障。     

青海可可西里嗜碱芽胞杆菌资源调查

【目的】了解可可西里嗜碱芽胞杆菌资源多样性及产酶多样性,为芽胞杆菌功能资源挖掘和菌剂开发提供基础。【方法】采用Horikoshi I培养基,通过可培养法分离青海可可西里土壤中的嗜碱芽胞杆菌,利用16S r RNA基因序列初步鉴定分离获得的芽胞杆菌。采用透明圈法分析分离菌株的产蛋白酶、纤维素酶及木聚糖酶活性。【结果】从青海可可西里土壤中共分离获得66株嗜碱芽胞杆菌,根据16S r RNA基因序列相似性分析,发现它们隶属于6个属22个种,分别为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、纤细芽胞杆菌属(Gracilibacillus)、喜盐芽胞杆菌属(Halobacillus)、咸海鲜芽胞杆菌属(Jeotgalibacillus)、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和嗜冷芽胞杆菌属(Psychrobacillus),其中以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属。2株嗜碱芽胞杆菌与它们最近匹配模式菌株的16S r RNA基因序列相似性为97.00%和98.65%,为潜在新种。三种酶活检测结果表明产酶菌株约占总分离菌株的95.00%,其中55株具有产蛋白酶活性,27株具有产纤维素酶活性,8株能够产木聚糖酶。【结论】青海可可西里蕴藏着较丰富的嗜碱芽胞杆菌资源及丰富的产酶资源,为后续嗜碱芽胞杆菌的挖掘提供理论基础。     

仙草植物内生芽胞杆菌种群多样性研究

为了研究仙草植株内生芽胞杆菌种群的多样性,利用营养琼脂培养基分离仙草根、茎、叶中的内生芽胞杆菌,采用16SrRNA序列鉴定法对分离获得的芽胞杆菌进行鉴定。同一组织内,对16SrRNA序列及形态完全一样的菌株合并冗余,用ClustalX对分离得到的菌株16SrRNA进行排序,构建Neighbor-Joining系统进化树,并计算多样性指数。实验结果显示,共分离得到58株仙草内生芽胞杆菌(根29株、茎28株、叶1株),分属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),共3个属的11个种,其中与阿氏芽胞杆菌B.aryabhattai、简单芽胞杆菌B.simplex和B.flexus 3个种最接近的内生芽胞杆菌占总分离芽胞杆菌株数的62%;根部内生芽胞杆菌数量及种属均最丰富,其多样性指数高于茎和叶。     

农林生态区土壤中的可培养芽胞杆菌资源调查——以四川省和重庆市部分地区为例

调查了四川和重庆农林生态区土壤中的芽胞杆菌资源种群分布,为芽胞杆菌功能资源挖掘和菌剂开发提供基础。采用可培养法从农林生态区土壤中分离获得芽胞杆菌,利用细菌16S rRNA基因初步确定其分类地位,并通过多样性指数分析芽胞杆菌种群结构。结果表明,共分离获得芽胞杆菌95株,经16S rRNA基因鉴定,7个属38个种,其中芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)22个种、赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinbacillus)4个种、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)7个种、短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)2个种、嗜冷芽胞杆菌属(Psychrobacillus)1个种、鲁梅尔芽胞杆菌属(Rummeliibacillus)1个种和虚构芽胞杆菌属(Fictibacillus)1个种。其中,6株芽胞杆菌与其最相近模式菌株的16S rRNA相似性低于98.65%,为潜在新种。农林生态区土壤芽胞杆菌多样性指数香农指数大小依次为乐山林地盐亭县农地重庆林地盐亭县林地。以芽胞杆菌种类为样本,含量为指标,当欧式距离λ=15时,芽胞杆菌种类可分为高含量分布广型和低含量分布不均匀型。综上所述,农林生态区土壤蕴藏着较丰富的芽胞杆菌种类,为芽胞杆菌资源开发和利用提供了资源保障。     

四川海螺沟冰川土样芽胞杆菌资源分析

【背景】芽胞杆菌(Bacillus-like)是一类能形成具有强抗性芽胞且可在多种极端环境下存活的细菌,其产生的多种功能代谢产物在多种领域具有重要研究价值。由于冰川低温、寡营养的独特生态环境,其存在的芽胞杆菌可能具有特殊性,因此研究冰川芽胞杆菌有利于发掘新基因、丰富芽胞杆菌多样性。【目的】了解四川海螺沟冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,为挖掘芽胞杆菌新资源提供基础。【方法】采用纯培养法分离获得冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,利用16S r RNA基因进行系统发育分析,测定代表性菌株的生理生化特性并采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析。【结果】共筛选到可培养细菌44株,经16S r RNA基因鉴定确定其中36株为芽胞杆菌,隶属于4个属的19个种,分别为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)11个种24株、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)2个种3株、短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)4个种5株和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)2个种4株,其中以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属。分离菌中仅3株芽胞杆菌可在4°C生存,7株能在50°C生长,大部分菌株在30°C下生长良好;有74%菌株能耐碱,有37%菌株能在无盐条件下生长。根据生理生化结果,采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析,可分为3组,分别包含7种、4种和6种芽胞杆菌。第1组均可以水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第2组均不能水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第3组仅能共同利用葡萄糖。【结论】四川海螺沟冰川土壤蕴藏着较为丰富的芽胞杆菌资源,为芽胞杆菌新资源挖掘提供了资源保障。     

养猪微生物发酵床芽胞杆菌空间分布多样性

了解微生物发酵床大栏养猪垫料中的芽胞杆菌多样性和空间分布规律,为微生物发酵床管理、芽胞杆菌新资源挖掘及菌剂开发奠定基础。将发酵床划分为32个方格(4行×8列),采用五点取样法获得每个方格的样品。采用可培养法从32份样品中分离芽胞杆菌菌株,利用16S rRNA基因序列初步鉴定所分离获得的芽胞杆菌种类。利用聚集度指标和回归分析法,分析芽胞杆菌的样方空间分布型。通过Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Hill指数及丰富度指数分析,揭示微生物发酵床中芽胞杆菌的空间分布多样性。从32份样品中共获得芽胞杆菌452株,16S rRNA基因鉴定结果表明它们分别隶属于芽胞杆菌纲的2个科、8个属、48个种。其中,种类最多的为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus),30种;赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),6种;类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus),5种;短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus),3种;鸟氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Ornithinibacillus)、大洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanibacillus)、少盐芽胞杆菌属(Paucisalibacillus)和纤细芽胞杆菌属(Gracilibacillus)各1个种。芽胞杆菌种类在发酵床空间分布差异很大,根据其空间出现频次,可分为广分布种类,如地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);寡分布种类,如根际芽胞杆菌(B.rhizosphaerae);少分布种类,如弯曲芽胞杆菌(B.flexus)。依据其数量,可分为高含量组优势种群,如地衣芽胞杆菌(B.licheniformis);中含量组常见种群,耐盐赖氨酸芽胞杆菌(Lysinibacillus halotolerans);寡含量组寡见种群,如根际芽胞杆菌(B.rhizosphaerae);低含量组偶见种群,如土地芽胞杆菌(B.humi)。空间分布型聚集度和回归分析测定表明,芽胞杆菌在微生物发酵床的分布类型为聚集分布。微生物发酵床垫料中芽胞杆菌种类总含量高达4.41×108个/g,其种类含量范围为0.01—94.1×106个/g(均值为8.96×106个/g),丰富度指数(D)、优势度指数(λ)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')分别为0.4928、0.2634、1.3589和0.9803,其中香农指数最大的单个芽胞杆菌种类为地衣芽胞杆菌(B.licheniformis)。根据芽胞杆菌种类多样性指数聚类分析,当欧式距离λ=17时,可分为高丰富度高含量和低丰富度低含量类型。微生物发酵床的芽胞杆菌种类丰富、数量高,是一个天然的菌剂"发酵罐",有望直接作为微生物菌剂,应用于土壤改良、作物病害防控、污染治理等领域。     

贵州半夏块茎腐烂病拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

【目的】从半夏根际土壤筛选对半夏块茎腐烂病致病菌有拮抗活性的细菌并进行鉴定。【方法】采用稀释分离法和平板对峙法分离拮抗菌,然后根据菌落形态、生理生化特性,结合分子生物学方法进行鉴定。【结果】从半夏根际土壤共分离到228株细菌,其中菌株GZDF2、GZDF3、GZDF4对病原细菌及病原真菌均有拮抗活性,抑菌圈大小达23 mm,并且抑菌谱广。经形态学观察、生理生化特性分析和分子生物学方法,将菌株GZDF2、GZDF3、GZDF4鉴定为短短芽胞杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis)。进一步采用gyr B和rpo B基因对3株短短芽胞杆菌进行聚类分析,结果显示GZDF3菌株与其他2株短短芽胞杆菌存在遗传差异。【结论】半夏根际土壤中分离到的3株短短芽胞杆菌抑菌活性强、抑菌谱广,具有开发成生防剂的潜力。     

武夷山地衣表生和内生芽孢杆菌种群的多样性

摘要:【目的】分析武夷山地衣表生和内生芽孢杆菌种群的多样性。【方法】从武夷山自然保护区采集扁枝衣属(Evernia)、珊瑚枝属(Stereocaulon)、孔叶衣属(Menegazzia)等分属于7科9属的地衣样品9份,分离地衣表面附生(表生)和内生芽孢杆菌,并根据16S rRNA基因序列同源性对分离得到的芽孢杆菌进行种的鉴定。【结果】未从扁枝衣属、树花属(Ramalina)和茶渍属(Lecanora)的3个样品中分离出表生或内生芽孢杆菌,从另外6个样品中分离出芽孢杆菌34株,分别鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)和绿芽孢杆菌属(Viridiibacillus)的24个种。类芽孢杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属是这些地衣表生、内生芽孢杆菌的优势种群,分别占分离得到菌株的41.2%(14株)和35.3%(12株);短芽孢杆菌属、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属和绿芽孢杆菌属为首次报道从地衣中分离获得。从不同的地衣样品分离的表生和内生芽孢杆菌的种类、数量存在差异。蜈蚣衣属(Physcia)表生的芽孢杆菌数量最多、可达3.85×106 cfu/g,而珊瑚枝属表面附生和内生芽孢杆菌的种类最多、共有12个种。分离到的芽孢杆菌大部分来自单独的一种地衣;台中类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus taichungensis)、土壤短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus agri)等4个种存在于2－3种地衣中;蕈状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mycoides)分布最广,在蜈蚣衣属、珊瑚枝属等4种地衣中都有存在。【结论】武夷山地衣表生和内生芽孢杆菌存在种类和数量的多样性。     

南方红豆杉根际溶无机磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其促生效果

【目的】对南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)根际溶无机磷细菌进行了分离、筛选与鉴定,并对获得的高效溶磷菌株进行了温室盆栽试验。本研究为通过生物途径改善南方红豆杉磷素供应,促进其生长提供了优良的菌株资源。【方法】利用选择培养基从南方红豆杉根际土壤中共分离出具溶磷能力的细菌;采用NBRI-BPB培养基进行复筛获得溶磷能力较强的溶无机磷细菌;并采用钼锑抗比色法测量其在NBRIP培养基中经4d发酵后的可溶性磷含量;通过形态指标、生理生化测定、Biolog系统和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定细菌种类;并进行了溶磷菌株的室内盆栽实生苗接种试验。【结论】从南方红豆杉根际共分离出4株高效溶磷细菌,分别鉴定为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、草木樨中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)和地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);4株细菌对南方红豆杉苗期的生长有明显的促进作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.