嗜盐菌群对酸性金黄G的脱色特性和机理

【目的】为了获得能够在高盐环境下脱色偶氮染料的嗜盐菌群及其降解机理。【方法】采用富集驯化的方法获得一个嗜盐菌群,采用Illumina HiSeq2500测序平台对其群落结构进行测定;采用分光光度法测定了其降解特性;采用GC-MS和红外图谱分析了其降解机理;采用微核实验的方法比较了偶氮染料降解前后的毒性。【结果】该菌群在10%的盐度下,使100mg/L的酸性金黄G在8h内脱色。菌群主要由Zobellella、Rheinheimera、Exiguobacterium和Marinobacterium组成。最适宜的脱色条件是:pH=6,酵母粉为碳源,蛋白胨或硝酸钾作为氮源,盐度为1%–10%。酸性金黄G降解产物的毒性比降解前降低。酸性金黄G主要的降解产物是对氨基二苯胺和二苯胺。此外,该菌群还能使酸性大红GR和直接湖蓝5B等多种偶氮染料脱色,具有较好的脱色广谱性。【结论】获得了快速降解偶氮染料的嗜盐菌群及降解机理,为该嗜盐菌群应用于高盐印染废水的处理提供菌种资源和理论支持。     

果糖共代谢强化功能菌群/菌株降解活性黑5效能差异及机制比较

【背景】偶氮染料及其降解产物对生物具有高毒性和“三致”效应,利用共代谢强化纯培养细菌菌株或共培养混合菌群降解偶氮染料去除效能是一种环境友好型方法,但针对共基质调控下菌群/菌株的效能差异机制比较研究有待深入。【目的】考察果糖作为共基质强化功能菌群DDMZ1和功能菌株DDMZ1-1(经鉴定属于Burkholderia sp.)降解脱色活性黑5(reactive black 5, RB5)的效能差异机制。【方法】优化功能菌群/菌株培养条件,对果糖共代谢强化功能菌群/菌株的脱色性能及偶氮还原酶活性进行测定,通过液相色谱-飞行时间串联质谱联用仪(LC-TOF-MS)及植物毒性实验对RB5降解产物进行分析鉴定及毒性评估,并考察比较功能菌群/菌株对不同结构染料的广谱脱色性能。【结果】功能菌群DDMZ1和功能菌株Burkholderia sp. DDMZ1-1在优化条件下(pH 5.5, 37℃)对RB5的去除效率分别为79%和73%,而且功能菌群对高盐环境具有更强的适应优势。果糖的添加能够显著提升功能菌群/菌株对不同初始浓度RB5的脱色性能,特别是针对200 mg/L RB5的去除效率相较于不添加果...     

脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的驯化分离

【目的】获得降解混合偶氮染料的高效降解菌,应用于印染行业偶氮染料废水的生物处理和资源化。【方法】以某污水处理厂的脱水污泥作为分离源,经偶氮染料废水驯化后,分离筛选出9株偶氮染料脱色株(命名为T-1-T-9),通过形态观察、生理特征及基于16S rRNA基因序列的分子生物学鉴定,初步认定分离株分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、寡单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和副球菌属(Paracoccus)。【结果】所得分离株纯培养均可不同程度地脱色单一偶氮染料和混合偶氮染料,其中T-8对甲基橙和金橙I的脱色速率最大,40 h的脱色率分别为85.9%和86.2%,T-8菌株干粉也可在无外源碳源的条件下完全脱色金橙I。分离株混合培养脱色混合偶氮染料的效率明显高于纯培养,可达90.1%。【结论】脱水污泥作为脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的新来源具有良好的应用价值。     

嗜热菌群降解偶氮染料的特性及机制

【背景】印染废水的出水温度高,抑制了微生物对偶氮染料的降解,而关于嗜热菌在高温下降解偶氮染料的报道较少。【目的】富集能在高温下降解偶氮染料的嗜热微生物菌群,并研究其降解潜力和基因组特征。【方法】通过富集的方法获得嗜热微生物菌群,利用分光光度法测定其降解特性;采用全波长扫描、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)和气相质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)分析其降解机理;采用植物毒性的方法比较偶氮染料降解前后的毒性;采用高通量测序技术分析其功能基因和群落结构。【结果】该菌群(SD1)可以在65℃降解偶氮染料,Caldibacillus、unclassified＿f＿＿Bacillaceae、Geobacillus等为优势属,在降解过程中起关键作用;菌群SD1能在较宽泛的p H (5.0-9.0)、温度(50-75℃)、染料浓度(100-500 mg/L)和盐度(1%-5%)降解酸性大红GR;偶氮还原酶和NADH-DCIP是主要的降解酶,GC-MS和FTIR结果...     

中度嗜盐菌群对酸性大红GR的脱色性能研究

【目的】获得能够在高盐环境下脱色偶氮染料的高效脱色菌群,应用于印染废水的生物处理。【方法】采用在5%盐度培养基富集的方法,从印染废水的活性污泥中富集能够在5%盐度下脱色酸性大红GR的嗜盐混合菌群,利用高通量测序方法研究其群落结构,利用静置培养的方法研究其脱色性能。【结果】该菌群可以在5%盐度、静置培养下15 h内将100 mg/L的酸性大红GR几乎完全脱色,主要由Halomonas、Salinicoccus、Nitratireductor和Aequorivita等4个属组成,Halomonas是主要的脱色菌。高浓度的Na NO_3、Na_2SO_4和Na Cl抑制菌群的脱色,其中Na NO_3抑制作用最强。该菌群的最佳脱色条件是在p H 7.0、盐度5%、30°C脱色效果最好,可脱色直接耐黑G和分散深蓝S-3BG等偶氮染料,并且具有连续脱色的能力。【结论】嗜盐菌群在处理偶氮染料废水中具有良好的应用价值。     

红树林混合菌群协同降解偶氮染料活性黑5脱色性能研究

通过对福建省龙海市海门岛红树林保护区的近海沉积物样品进行富集驯化,得到了能够协同降解偶氮染料活性黑5的混合菌群HMD9-Q7。经过生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该混合菌群主要由越南蔷薇菌（Rossellomorea vietnamensis）、转化异源物食烷菌（Alcanivorax xenomutans）和近海生微泡菌（Microbulbifer maritimus）组成。与单一菌株相比较,混合菌群具有显著的脱色效果,可能因其菌株之间存在着相互协同促进作用。该混合菌群对含20~100 mg/L浓度的活性黑5均产生脱色作用。混合菌群HMD9-Q7可以广泛利用外加碳源和氮源,如葡萄糖、硝酸铵、牛肉膏等;NaCl浓度在5~30 g/L范围内都可对活性黑5进行脱色;在pH 7和温度30℃条件下脱色率最高。在最优条件下,该混合菌群在60 h内对活性黑5的脱色率可达到85%~90%。该新型混合菌群主要通过生物降解途径来实现对活性黑5的脱色。随着降解反应的发生,活性黑5的最大吸收峰逐渐变小直至完全消失,降解产物吸收峰位于近紫外光区。     

细菌利用不同碳、氮源共代谢降解脱色偶氮染料研究进展

本文主要综述了细菌利用碳、氮源等不同共代谢基质降解脱色偶氮染料的研究进展。综合文献结果表明,在单一碳源、单一氮源、复合碳氮源等不同共代谢基质条件下,细菌降解脱色偶氮染料的效能存在较大差异。其影响因素主要包括碳源种类、氮源种类、浓度、碳氮源复合比例等,其中碳、氮源种类影响最为显著。针对偶氮染料,只有提供合适的碳、氮源共代谢基质,才能对细菌降解脱色的效果起到明显的促进作用。同时,在不同碳、氮源共代谢基质条件下,细菌菌群群落结构及优势功能菌种差异较大,而不同碳、氮源共代谢基质作为偶氮染料还原脱色的电子供体,产生的脱色效能也有显著不同。最后,对利用碳、氮源共代谢降解脱色偶氮染料的研究方向进行了展望,认为复合合适的碳、氮源在提高细菌菌群降解脱色效率方面具有较大潜力,另一方面,细菌混合菌群利用碳、氮源共代谢降解脱色偶氮染料的微观分子生态学机制,酶学作用机制,功能菌种与功能蛋白之间相互作用机制等还有待深入研究。     

绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体在无营养条件下对偶氮染料刚果红的脱色作用

【目的】在无营养条件下,利用白腐真菌绒毛栓孔菌(Trametes pubescens)菌丝体对染料进行脱色可减少试验成本,提高染料处理的实用性。【方法】将该菌株液体培养的菌丝体在无营养条件下对染料进行脱色,并对其中脱色效果较好的偶氮染料刚果红的脱色过程进行分析。在此过程中,测定了该菌株分泌的胞外胞内酶活力,优化影响因子如初始pH值、温度、染料浓度和盐度,同时利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析无营养条件下偶氮染料刚果红的降解产物。植物毒性试验测定刚果红经绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体脱色前后的毒性变化。【结果】菌丝体对偶氮染料刚果红有较好的脱色效果,在初始pH值为2.0,温度为30°C,染料浓度为80 mg/L,盐度为2.5%(质量体积比)时,150 r/min转速下培养7 d后脱色率可达80.52%。在此过程中,菌丝体可被连续使用2次,且其所分泌的酶系可降解染料。此外,通过气相色谱-质谱联用分析得到刚果红的降解产物为萘胺、联苯胺和叠氮萘。植物毒性试验显示在无营养条件下的绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体对染料有明显的脱毒作用。【结论】研究发现绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体在无营养条件下的偶氮染料废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

偶氮染料的微生物脱色研究进展

微生物法是染料废水治理的重要方法。本文综述了特异性酶作用下好氧细菌和真菌对偶氮染料的脱色以及厌氧条件下氧化还原介质作为电子穿梭体时偶氮染料的非特异性还原过程。指出厌氧偶氮还原是偶氮染料还原的主要形式, 电子供体不同脱色效率不同。对目前生物法去除偶氮染料存在的问题进行了分析, 提出了相应的对策措施。     

脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌

近年来,随着印染与染料工业的发展,染料的数量和品种不断增多,由染料废水造成的污染呈增加的趋势,开发环境友好、高效、快速、低成本的染料废水处理方法是当前研究的热点。国内外常用的偶氮染料废水处理的方法可以分为物理法、化学法和生物法。传统的物化法虽然效果好,但较高的成本以及严重的二次污染,限制了其在实际中的应用,生物法以廉价、高效与环境友好等优势而广为应用。目前利用微生物处理偶氮染料废水的应用和研究居于首位,许多研究者致力于高效脱色偶氮染料微生物的筛选、分离和驯化[1-2]。本刊2014年第12期刊登了解井坤、花莉等的文章《脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的驯化分离》[3]。作者以脱水污泥作为脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的新来源,经驯化分离获得降解混合偶氮染料的高效降解菌株若干,菌株所制备干粉也可在无外源碳源的条件下完全脱色金橙I,研究表明脱水污泥是耐胁迫工程菌株的理想种质来源。近年来该研究团队利用研究所得菌株,对脱水污泥处理不同偶氮染料废水的微生物群落结构进行了基于分子生物学的分析,得到了偶氮染料结构和功能群落结构组成的信息,研究结果表明偶氮染料结构同降解菌群落组成有对应关系,不同偶氮染料驯化下的混合微生物更倾向于形成以优势种群为主的特定微生物群落结构,而群落多样性在偶氮染料的脱色作用中不是主要因素[4];基于脱污污泥中分离得到的偶氮染料脱色菌种构建的聚氨酯泡沫固定化微生物体系,能够快速、反复用于偶氮染料废水的脱色[5]。由于实际偶氮染料废水的成分十分复杂,针对不同的偶氮染料废水构建特定的高效脱色微生物群落结构在实际中的应用有待进一步探究;其次本研究在固定化微生物的脱色过程中,采用的是较小的反应器,对于反应器放大后的脱色效果也需要进一步的研究。进行了脱色偶氮染料废水的微生物燃料电池体系的搭建和运行,证明分离株能够有效进行胞外电子传递,在脱色偶氮染料的同时实现产能资源化,同时说明脱水污泥也可作为保外电子呼吸菌的种质来源[6-7];在MFC同步脱色产电性能的研究中,虽然MFC加速了偶氮染料的脱色,但是其产电水平整体偏低,达不到有效利用水平,所以如何进一步提升产电能力从而到达有效利用水平也是亟待解决的问题。     

Microbial decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes: a review

The synthesis of dyes and pigments used in textiles and other industries generate the hazardous wastes. A dye is used to impart color to materials of which it becomes an integral part. The waste generated during the process and operation of the dyes commonly found to contain the inorganic and organic contaminant leading to the hazard to ecosystem and biodiversity causing impact on the environment. The amount of azo dyes concentration present in wastewater varied from lower to higher concentration that lead to color dye effluent causing toxicity to biological ecosystem. The physico-chemical treatment does not remove the color and dye compound concentration. The decolorization of the dye takes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomass or biodegradation by the cells. Bioremediation takes place by anaerobic and/or aerobic process. The anaerobic process converts dye in toxic amino compounds which on further treatment with aerobic reaction convert the intermediate into CO₂ biomass and inorganics. In the present review the decolorization and degradation of azo dyes by fungi, algae, yeast and bacteria have been cited along with the anaerobic to aerobic treatment processes. The factors affecting decolorization and biodegradation of azo dye compounds such as pH, temperature, dye concentration, effects of CO₂ and Nitrogen, agitation, effect of dye structure, electron donor and enzymes involved in microbial decolorization of azo dyes have been discussed. This paper will have the application for the decolorization and degradation of azo dye compound into environmental friendly compounds.     

脱色细菌的分离和对偶氮染料的脱色研究

从印染废水中分离到8株对多种染料具有较好脱色效果的细菌,在所试验的10种染料中对其中大部分都有较好的脱色作用,尤其对三种酸性黑10B、酸性黑NG、直接湖蓝的脱色率最高;在各菌株最适条件下对这三种染料脱色率都能达到80%以上,其中有些菌株对直接湖蓝的脱色率达到100%。本实验研究了这8个菌株在不同的pH值、温度、需氧量条件下对这三种染料的脱色情况,并对有代表性的菌株脱色前后的化学需氧量(COD)值进行测定来判断染料的降解情况。     

Decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria

Studies were carried out on the decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Among the 27 strains of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from effluents of textile industries, three showed remarkable ability in decolorizing the widely utilized azo dyes. Phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence comparisons indicate that these strains belonged to the genus Halomonas. The three strains were able to decolorize azo dyes in a wide range of NaCl concentration (up to 20%w/v), temperature (25-40 degrees C), and pH (5-11) after 4 days of incubation in static culture. They could decolorize the mixture of dyes as well as pure dyes. These strains also readily grew in and decolorized the high concentrations of dye (5000 ppm) and could tolerate up to 10,000 ppm of the dye. UV-Vis analyses before and after decolorization and the colorless bacterial biomass after decolorization suggested that decolorization was due to biodegradation, rather than inactive surface adsorption. Analytical studies based on HPLC showed that the principal decolorization was reduction of the azo bond, followed by cleavage of the reduced bond.     

脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis)S12T的脱色特性

从印染废水活性污泥中分离到一株高效染料脱色菌,经鉴定该菌株为希瓦氏菌属的一个新种,命名为脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanelladecolorationis)S12T。该菌株在偶氮染料浓度为50mg/L的培养基中培养4h后,染料去除率达到96%,对偶氮染料的最高脱色浓度达到2000mg/L。在浓度为500mg/L的偶氮染料平板上生长4d后,可观察到明显的脱色圈。全波长光谱扫描的结果表明希瓦氏菌S12T以生物降解的方式对偶氮染料进行脱色。希瓦氏菌S12T的脱色酶为组成型的胞内酶。     

Biodegradation of textile azo dye by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella decolorationis</Emphasis> S12 under microaerophilic conditions

The complete biodegradation of azo dye, Fast Acid Red GR, was observed under microaerophilic conditions by Shewanella decolorationis S12. Although the highest decolorizing rate was measured under anaerobic condition and the highest biomass was obtained under aerobic condition, a further biodegradation of decolorizing products can only be achieved under microaerophilic conditions. Under microaerophilic conditions, S. decolorationis S12 could use a range of carbon sources for azo dye decolorization, including lactate, formate, glucose and sucrose, with lactate being the optimal carbon source. Sulfonated aromatic amines were not detected during the biotransformation of Fast Acid Red GR, while H₂S formed. The decolorizing products, aniline, 1,4-diaminobenzene and 1-amino-2-naphthol, were followed by complete biodegradation through catechol and 4-aminobenzoic acid based on the analysis results of GC-MS and HPLC.     

耐盐偶氮染料脱色菌株GYW的筛选及特性

从某印染厂排水沟的底泥中分离筛选到1株对偶氮染料具有脱色能力的耐盐菌株GYW, 经16S rDNA序列分析, 鉴定为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)中度耐盐菌。实验结果表明, 菌株GYW可以耐受10%以上的高盐度, 对酸性大红GR和其它偶氮染料具有广谱的脱色能力, 处于对数生长期的细胞脱色能力最强。对酸性大红GR的最佳脱色条件为：温度30°C, pH 7.5, LB培养基。氯离子对酸性大红GR脱色的抑制作用较强, 硫酸盐对脱色影响不大, 添加甜菜碱可提高染料的脱色速率, 最佳添加量为200 mg/L。     

Accumulation of Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 by growing Schizophyllum commune

The effect of Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 on the growth and decolorization properties of Schizophyllum commune was studied with respect to the initial pH varying from 1 to 6 and initial dye concentration (10-100 mg/L). The optimum pH value was found to be 2 for both growth and color removal of these azo dyes. Increasing the concentration of azo dyes inhibited the growth of S. commune. It was observed that S. commune was capable of removing Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 44.23, 127.53 and 180.17 (mg/g) respectively for an initial concentration of 100 mg/L of the dye. Higher decolorization was observed at lower concentrations for all the dyes. Finally it was found that the percentage decolorization was more in the case of Reactive Black 5 dye compared to the other two dyes used in the present investigation.     

Fe(III)-enhanced Azo Reduction by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella decolorationis</Emphasis> S12

Shewanella decolorationis S12 is capable of high rates of azo dye decolorization and dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. Under anaerobic conditions, when Fe(III) and azo dye were copresent in S12 cultures, dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction and azo dye biodecolorization occurred simultaneously. Furthermore, the dye decolorization was enhanced by the presence of Fe(III). When 1 mM Fe(III) was added, the methyl red decolorizing efficiency was 72.1% after cultivation for 3 h, whereas the decolorizing efficiency was only 60.5% in Fe(III)-free medium. The decolorizing efficiencies increased as the concentration of Fe(III) was increased from 0 to 6 mM. Enzyme activities, which mediate the dye decolorization and Fe(III) reduction, were not affected by preadaption of cells to Fe(III) and azo dye nor by the addition of chloramphenicol. Both the Fe(III) reductase and the azo reductase were membrane associated. The respiratory electron transport chain inhibitors metyrapone, dicumarol, and stigmatellin showed significantly different effects on Fe(III) reduction than on azo dye decolorization.     

Application of redox mediators to accelerate the transformation of reactive azo dyes in anaerobic bioreactors.

Azo dyes are nonspecifically reduced under anaerobic conditions but the slow rates at which reactive azo dyes are converted presents a serious problem for the application of anaerobic technology as a first stage in the complete biodegradation of these compounds. As quinones have been found to catalyze reductive transfers by acting as redox mediators, the application of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) during continuous anaerobic treatment of the reactive azo dye, Reactive Red 2 (RR2), was evaluated. A mixture of volatile fatty acids was used as the electron-donating primary substrate. Batch experiments demonstrated that AQDS could increase the first-order rate constant of RR2 reductive cleavage by one order of magnitude. In the continuous experiment, treatment of RR2 containing synthetic wastewater in a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor yielded low dye removal efficiencies (<30%). Consequently, severe toxicity problems occurred, eventually resulting in almost complete inhibition of the methanogenic activity. Addition of catalytic concentrations of AQDS (19 microM) to the reactor influent caused an immediate increase in the dye removal efficiency and recovery of biological activity. Ultimately, RR2 removal efficiency stabilized at 88%, and higher AQDS loads resulted in higher RR2 removal efficiencies (up to 98% at 155 microM AQDS). Examination of the RR2 decolorizing properties of dye-adapted reactor sludge and of nonadapted reactor seed sludge revealed that RR2 decolorization was principally a biologically driven transfer of reducing equivalents from endogenous and added substrates to the dye. Hydrogen, added in bulk, was clearly the preferred electron donor. Bacteria that couple dye decolorization to hydrogen oxidation were naturally present in seed sludge. However, enrichment was required for the utilization of electrons from volatile fatty acids for dye reduction. The stimulatory effect of AQDS on RR2 decolorization by AQDS-unadapted sludge was mainly due to assisting the electron transfer from endogenous substrates in the sludge to the dye. The stimulatory effect of AQDS on RR2 decolorization by sludge from the AQDS-exposed reactor was, in addition, strongly associated with the transfer of electrons from hydrogen and acetate to the dye, probably due to enrichment of specialized AQDS-reducing bacteria.