α-NAA及UV-B辐射对栝楼幼苗生长及蒸腾作用的影响

研究了温室条件下紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射(0.029 J·m~(-2)·s~(-1))和外施a-萘乙酸(a-NAA)(2 mg·L~(-1))相互作用对栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii)幼苗生长及蒸腾速率的影响。本实验设一个对照(T_0)和3个处理:外施a-NAA(T_1),增加UV-B辐射(T_2),增加UV-B辐射并外施a-NAA(T_3)。实验结果:增强UV-B辐射明显降低栝楼的株高及叶面积,根、茎、叶重均较对照低,因而总生物量也较对照低,干物质积累量减少。UV-B辐射增强,对栝楼植株含水量几乎无影响,但却明显增加叶气孔阻力,降低蒸腾速率。与对照(T_0)相比,外施a-NAA(T_1)明显增加株高及叶面积,根、茎、叶重均增加,因而单株总生物量较对照增加,但干物质积累量增幅不大,植株水分含量较对照略高;叶气孔阻力呈降低趋势,蒸腾速率呈增大趋势。在有UV-B辐射下外施a-NAA(T_3),与T_2相比,植株高度、叶重及叶面积降低趋势明显减轻,但根、茎生物量,单株总生物量及干物质积累量并无明显增加;叶气孔阻力降低,蒸腾速率增大。分析认为,栝楼幼苗根系发达,根冠比接近1,而UV-B辐射下补充a-NAA对根、茎影响小,同时本试验处理时间短(5周),表现为对生物量增加及干物质积累量的影响效果不明显,但株高、叶面积明显增加,且在一定程度上减小了叶的气孔阻力,增大了蒸腾速率。结果表明:UV-B辐     

不同混交比例对杉木和大叶榉幼苗功能性状的影响

了解林木功能性状在不同培育模式下的变异和关联,对揭示林木生态适应性及其生态功能具有重要意义。选取了亚热带地区两种常见人工林树种杉木、大叶榉幼苗为研究对象,设置4种不同栽培模式的盆栽试验：单一杉木（4C）,单一大叶榉（4Z）和杉木、大榉树3种混栽模式（1C3Z、2C2Z、3C1Z）,研究不同混交比例对其叶、茎、根功能性状的影响。结果表明：（1）杉木总叶面积、叶干物质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度在混栽模式下显著减小,而比叶面积显著增大;根长和比根长在不同处理间无显著差异;叶、茎、根生物量和单株总生物量在混栽模式下显著低于4C处理,不同混栽模式之间差异不显著。（2）大叶榉单叶面积在3C1Z处理下最高,总叶面积随大叶榉在树种组成中所占比例的降低而逐渐增大,比叶面积在不同处理间无显著差异,叶干物质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均在2C2Z处理下最大,而瞬时水分利用效率在2C2Z处理下最小;根长在3C1Z处理下显著增大,比根长在不同处理间无显著差异;叶、茎、根生物量和单株总生物量随大叶榉在树种组成中所占比例的降低而逐渐增大。综合来看,杉木和大叶榉混合处理中杉木种间竞争大于种内竞争,而大叶榉相反;随杉木在混栽处理中比例减少,其主要通过增加比叶面积,提高净光合速率,减少茎生物量积累来适应种间竞争关系;而大叶榉随其在混栽处理中比例的减少,显著增加叶面积和根长来提高资源利用率,减少地下资源分配,提高地上茎生物量积累。因此,树种混交比例将显著影响林木功能性状及其生物量积累,选择适宜混交比例对混交林可持续经营具有重要意义。     

增强UV-B辐射对喜树幼苗生物量和两种生物碱含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,以自然辐射为对照,研究人工增强UV-B辐射下(5.0 μW/cm2)喜树幼苗生物量和各器官中喜树碱、10-羟基喜树碱含量的变化,试验结果表明:(1 )UV-B辐射处理前20d,处理组幼苗的全株以及各器官的鲜重与对照相差很少.至辐射处理的40d,处理组幼苗的全株以及各器官的生物量均高于正常条件的幼苗.试验后期,处理组单株生物量降低,长时间的UV-B辐射使喜树植株矮化、基茎加粗,同时还改变了喜树生长过程中干物质的分配,较多的干物质分配到喜树的茎和根中,而较少进入叶中;(2)UV-B辐射增强能明显增加喜树地上器官中喜树碱的含量,而对10-羟基喜树碱含量影响不明显.(3)各器官中生物碱含量与生物量的积累速率具有一定的相关性,生物量增长过快时单位质量植物体中的生物碱含量下降.     

UV-B辐射和干旱对丹参生长和叶片中酚酸类成分的影响

在3种UV-B辐射强度以及3种干旱的单因子以及复合作用下,采用盆栽法对丹参植株生物量、叶面积、株高等形态指标和光合参数以及叶片中丹酚酸B、迷迭香酸、咖啡酸和丹参素含量的变化进行研究。旨在探索西北干旱、半干旱地区强光和干旱对丹参生物量和叶片中酚酸类含量的影响,为丹参的深入开发利用提供依据。结果表明:干旱和UV-B辐射单因子作用均对丹参生长指标有抑制作用,而对酚酸积累有促进作用;相比于干旱,UV-B辐射的影响更加显著。UV-B辐射显著引起植株矮化、叶面积减小、生物量降低、净光合速率降低以及叶片中酚酸类物质含量增加,两种因子复合作用对酚酸类物质积累的效果表现为复杂的加强或交互抗性作用。两种因子单独和复合作用处理下,适宜水分和重度UV-B辐射复合处理(75%T2)最有利于丹参叶片中酚酸类物质积累。     

CO2倍增及UV-B增强对大豆植株生长和根际微生物的影响

以大豆'齐黄27'为研究材料,采用人工气候室模拟大气CO2浓度倍增(350～700 μmol*mol-1)及紫外线B(UV-B,280～320 nm)辐射增强(4～15 μW*cm-2)的环境条件,研究了CO2浓度增加及UV-B辐射增强对大豆生育前期的生长及根瘤、根际微生物数量的影响.结果表明:(1)增强UV-B能显著减少大豆植株地上部生物量,而对株高的抑制作用不显著;CO2浓度倍增促使大豆株高和地上生物量显著增加,对根系生物量的促进作用不显著,但能够减轻UV-B辐射增强对地上及根系生物量的抑制作用;CO2浓度增加、UV-B辐射增强及其复合胁迫均导致大豆植株根冠比下降,且复合胁迫对根冠比的抑制作用更明显.(2)CO2浓度倍增降低了大豆叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及花青素含量,提高了净光合速率;UV-B辐射增强导致叶绿素含量减少,光合速率下降,却增加了类胡萝卜素及花青素含量;CO2浓度增加、UV-B辐射增强复合处理对叶片色素含量及光合速率的影响具有复合效应.(3)CO2浓度倍增能够促进根瘤数量及根际真菌数量的增加,而UV-B增强处理则显著降低细菌和放线菌的数量;CO2浓度倍增能够缓解UV-B增强处理对放线菌的抑制作用,却导致根际细菌数量进一步减少.研究发现,CO2浓度增加及UV-B辐射增强对大豆生育前期植株生长、叶片色素含量及根际微生物数量存在抑制或促进效应,而且在某些性状上存在复合效应,它们可能主要是通过调节大豆植株的干物质分配及根系的代谢间接影响根瘤数量及根际微生物数量.     

UV—B辐射对大豆生长、产量和稳定碳同位素组成的影响

大田条件下,模拟20%的平流层臭氧层衰减时辐射到地表的紫外线B（UV-B,280-320nm)的增强。研究了10个大豆（Glycine max(L.)Merr.)品种根、茎、叶和种子的稳定碳同位素组成（δ^13C)、生物量、产量和收获指数的变化。UV-B辐射增加使所有品种的总生物量和产量分别平均下降24.2%和23.3%,10个品种的收获指数平均提高1.39%,其中6个品种的收获指数增加,4个减少。与对照相比,UV-B作用下9个品种叶、茎、根和种子中稳定碳同位素（δ^13C值）组成降低,一个品种“8907-32”各器官稳定碳同位素组成增加。δ^13C值存在器官差异。10个品种的对照组和处理组的δ^13C平均值由大到小的顺序是根、茎、种子和叶。结果表明,UV-B可能导致大豆代谢过程及代谢产物的分配发生变化。     

Cd胁迫下施N对台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)干物质及N、P、K、Cd积累与分配的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd胁迫下施N对台湾桤木植株的干物质及N、P、K、Cd积累和分配的影响。结果表明:不施N条件下,Cd胁迫显著降低了台湾桤木根、茎和叶干物质积累量以及各器官N、P、K的积累量,在一定程度上降低了根和叶的N、K含量,但对根和叶的P含量均无显著影响;台湾桤木通过增加N、P、K和干物质在根中的分配比例,降低N、P、K在叶中的分配比例,以及提高N利用率(NUEN)和K利用率(NUEK)来更好地适应Cd胁迫环境;台湾桤木Cd的富集部位主要为根部,转移系数在0.06~0.22,而Cd的添加均降低了台湾桤木Cd转移系数和富集系数;30 mg·kg-1Cd胁迫下,施N在一定程度上提高了台湾桤木根、茎和叶干物质以及N、K含量和积累量,缓解了Cd胁迫所引起的对N、K吸收的限制,但对P含量和积累量无显著影响;施N提高了干物质在台湾桤木根中的分配比例和根冠比,而低N(0.4 g·kg-1)促进作用更明显;施N提高了Cd在台湾桤木茎、叶中的积累量和分配比例,而降低了其在根中的积累量和分配比例,提高了Cd转移系数(TF)和茎叶生物富集系数(BCF),显著降低了根BCF。说明施N有利于提高台湾桤木对Cd胁迫环境的适应能力。     

不同生长阶段遮荫对番茄光合作用、干物质分配与叶N、P、K的影响

对番茄植株做了两种不同程度的遮荫处理,观测了夏季午间遮荫对光合速率,干物质积累量及其在根,茎,叶之间的分配,和叶N,P,K的含量以及经济产量的影响,发现不同时期遮荫影响不同。（1）遮荫增加三个阶段（开花早期,盛花期和开花后期）的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,显著降低开花早期中午的净化合速率,但盛花期中度遮荫（40%遮荫）使净光合速率随着时间的增加逐渐上升,在开花后期表现更加明显,平均净光合速率比对照高20%以上,蒸腾速率也增加较多。（2）开花早期和盛花期重度遮荫（如本实验中的75%遮荫）显著降低根,茎的干重,而开花后期中度遮荫的根,茎干重高于对照,但遮荫对叶干重的影响不明显。（3）开花早期和盛花期遮荫不明显影响叶片中N,P,K的含量,但开花后期中度遮荫使N,P,K含量增加,（4）开花早期两种遮荫对果实产量影响较小,但盛花期重度遮荫使产量降低,全部产量中无效部分所占的比例上升,开花后期中度遮荫的总产量和有效产量增加,单果重也增加,这些结果表明,在某些时期中度遮荫可以克服夏天辐射过强,气温过高对番茄的不良影响,对番茄生长,干物质积累和提高产量等有利,在生产上有意义。     

亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄植株水分传输和形态解剖结构的影响

为探讨亚低温和干旱对植株水分传输的影响机制,以番茄幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室设置常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)和亚低温(昼15 ℃/夜8 ℃)环境,采用盆栽进行正常灌水(75%～85%田间持水量)和干旱处理(55%～65%田间持水量),分析了温度和土壤水分对番茄植株水分传输、气孔和木质部导管形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明: 与常温正常灌水处理相比,干旱处理使番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、茎流速率、气孔长度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著减小,而使叶、茎、根导管细胞壁厚度和抗栓塞能力增强;亚低温处理下番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著降低,但气孔变大,叶、根导管细胞壁厚度和叶、茎、根抗栓塞能力显著升高。亚低温条件下土壤水分状况对番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、气孔形态、叶、根导管结构均无显著影响。总之,干旱处理下番茄通过协同调控叶、茎、根结构使植株水分关系重新达到稳态;亚低温处理下番茄植株水分关系的调控主要通过改变叶和根导管结构实现,且受土壤水分状况的影响较小。     

补增UV-B辐射对香蕉叶片光合作用和叶氮在光合碳循环组分中分配的影响

补增UV－B辐射的香蕉叶片光下呼吸速率（Rd））和不包括光下呼吸的CO2补偿点（г*）,分别为0.33μmol·m-2·s-1和46.5μl·L-1,较对照植株分别高5.6％和10.0％。在较高CO2浓度（>340μl·L-1）条件下的An/θp关系最初直线部分斜率,即表观量子产率(α-A)为0.023±0.007,而补增UV-B辐射处理的植株则降低13.0％,光能转换效率（δ）亦降低28.6％,表明UV-B辐射明显降低αA和δ。在高θp（1100μmol·m-2·s-1）和Ci<200μl·L-1条件下,对照植株的An/Ci关系为An=0.028Ci+1.44,补增UV-B辐射处理的植株则为An=0.021Ci+1.01,UV-B辐射降低羧化限制速率。最大羧化速率（Vcmax）和电子传导速率的光饱和值（Jmax）亦较低,补增UV-B辐射的叶片,叶氮在Rubisco的分配系数（PR）和叶氮在生物力能学组分的分配系数（PB）分别较对照低8.1％和3.0％,叶氮分配到类囊体膜捕光色素蛋白组分的则略见增高,UV-B辐射降低叶氮在光合循环组分的分配。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.