湖南土家族成人的皮褶厚度和体成分分析

本项目采用人体测量法,测量了976名（男性528人,女性448人）湖南土家族成人的身高、体质量以及肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上和小腿内侧皮褶的厚度,并根据公式计算体密度、体脂率、脂肪质量、脂肪质量指数、瘦体质量和瘦体质量指数。结果显示随年龄增长,小腿内侧皮褶厚度值逐渐减小,肱三头肌、肩胛下和髂前上棘皮褶以及体脂率、脂肪质量、瘦体质量、体质量指数、脂肪质量指数和瘦体质量指数值先增大后减小,体密度值先减小后增大;各年龄组中体密度、瘦体质量及其指数值女性明显低于男性,4项皮褶厚度值以及体脂率、脂肪质量及其指数值女性高于男性;与布朗族等24个族群比较,湖南土家族成人皮褶厚度处于中等水平,与门巴族、珞巴族、僜人、彝族等族群的亲缘关系较近。     

黎族的体成分与体质特征

1982年和1988年已经有学者报道了黎族体质人类学研究资料,近年来又报道了黎族的分子人类学研究成果。目前未见关于黎族身体组成成分的研究,也没有当前黎族的体质人类学数据。2014年11月,在海南省五指山市5个黎族村寨进行607例(男为308例,女为299例)黎族成人的人体测量。研究发现,黎族人偏瘦,肌肉较发达。随年龄增长,黎族男性体脂率的增加,主要是躯干脂肪率增大造成的,与四肢脂肪率关系不大。男性由于骨量、躯干和四肢肌肉量的下降造成瘦体质量的逐渐减小。随年龄增长,黎族女性的体脂率呈线性增大,总肌肉量呈线性减小。体脂率的逐渐增大是由于躯干和四肢的脂肪率逐渐增加造成的,总肌肉量的逐渐减小是左下肢肌肉量、躯干肌肉量逐渐下降造成的。黎族男女均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型、中腿型。与30年前黎族头面部资料相比,本文测量的黎族头宽、面宽值较大,头更圆些、更阔些,面更阔些,红唇较薄,形态面高值较小,男性鼻宽值较小。     

海南临高人身体成分分析

2014年11月在海南省临高县测量了415例(男性为211例,女性为204例)临高人的体重、身高及体成分指标值。临高人男性体重、身高、总肌肉量、四肢肌肉量、躯干肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、水分率、内脏脂肪等级都大于女性,但总体脂率、躯干及四肢脂肪率则小于女性。随年龄增长,临高男性总体脂率、内脏脂肪等级、躯干脂肪率呈线性上升,而身高、总肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、躯干肌肉量呈线性下降。男性躯干部位的脂肪逐渐堆积,这导致临高男性总脂肪率、内脏脂肪等级、躯干脂肪率与年龄呈显著线性正相关。随年龄增长,临高女性总体脂率、总肌肉量、BMI、内脏脂肪等级、身体大部分部位的脂肪率、四肢肌肉量都呈线性增长(P<0.05或P<0.01)。女性的躯干和四肢脂肪率共同增加导致总脂肪率的增大,四肢肌肉量的增加导致总肌肉量的增大。临高男性体脂不发达,体脂率小于邻近汉族。临高人体脂发育情况与黎族较为接近。临高人肌肉较为发达。     

广西少数民族成年女性体成分的差异及年龄变化规律

本文分析了在广西调研的860例(毛南族200例、仫佬族200例、苗族244例、瑶族216例)少数民族女性的体成分数据,结果发现:1)不同民族的体成分比较,脂肪量苗族最高,仫佬族最低,肌肉量毛南族最高,苗族最低,组间差异多数具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2)广西毛南族、仫佬族、苗族和瑶族成年女性的身体质量指数(I_(bm))、腰臀比(R_(wh))及体脂肪率(P_(bf))差异明显,根据I_(bm)、R_(wh)或P_(bf)评价的肥胖人数比率最高的均为苗族,且与其它民族的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3)广西毛南族、仫佬族、苗族和瑶族女性的脂肪量均随年龄的增长先升高,一般至50-54岁达高峰再稍下降,而去脂体重随年龄的增长逐渐波动降低;四民族女性的肌肉量总体随年龄的增长呈波动下降的趋势,毛南族最为明显;四民族各年龄段之间的体成分比较,组间差异绝大多数具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。综上所述,体成分存在民族差异,苗族女性的体成分状况最不健康,表现为脂肪含量过高而肌肉量和骨量偏低;随年龄的增长,本研究四个少数民族的体成分均可能呈现少肌性肥胖和骨质疏松的危险倾向。     

布朗族成人的身体成分分析

本文采用生物阻抗分析法,研究了布朗族成人的体成分特点。我们在云南省测量了604例（男性248例,女性356例）布朗族成人19项身体成分指标,运用Excel 2003、Spss 19.0对其各项指标进行统计分析。结果显示,男性全身脂肪分布特征为躯干和下肢的脂肪率都大于上肢脂肪率,女性脂肪率从大到小依次为下肢、躯干、上肢;男、女性双侧下肢脂肪率和肌肉量接近,左上肢肌肉量低、脂肪率高;布朗族男性的身高、体质量、肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、水分率、内脏脂肪等级均大于女性,而体脂率、BMI小于女性。随着年龄的增长,布朗族成人身体肌肉量、骨量、下肢脂肪率、能量代谢等呈明显下降,而内脏脂肪等级明显增加。与云南汉族比较,布朗族成人的体脂率较低、肌肉较发达。     

城市汉族的瘦体质量和脂肪质量

2009-2013年测量了城市汉族成人10451例(男性5048例,女性5403例)的16项指标值,研究了不同纬度地区汉族城市成人的瘦体质量、脂肪质量值的变化规律。研究发现:1)31个族群脂肪质量、瘦体质量均数彼此相差较大,脂肪质量最大值男性、女性均为保定汉族;最小值男性为宜春汉族、女性为宁乡汉族。瘦体质量最大值男性为呼兰汉族、女性为南阳汉族;最小值男性为赣州汉族,女性为琼海汉族。2)各族群女性脂肪质量值均大于男性,而瘦体质量值均小于男性。3)胸部、臀部(女性还有腹部)围度的发育以及全身的皮下脂肪发育水平影响着城市汉族脂肪质量的发育水平,躯干与下肢围度(男性还有上肢骨骼)发育情况影响着城市汉族人的瘦体质量发育水平。4)随纬度的增加,即从中国的南方到北方,城市汉族人的体质量、脂肪质量、瘦体质量均呈线性增大。脂肪质量、瘦体质量随纬度增加而增大共同引起了体质量规律性的变化。     

中国乡村汉族脂肪质量指数与瘦体质量指数的地理性分布

2009-2013年测量了中国36个汉族乡村族群的体质数据值,计算了脂肪质量指数和瘦体质量指数,进行了乡村汉族人的脂肪质量指数、瘦体质量指数与纬度的相关分析。研究结果表明:男性瘦体质量指数与纬度呈正相关(P0.05)。女性的脂肪质量指数、瘦体质量指数与纬度均呈正相关(P<0.01)。从南方到北方,男性瘦体质量指数呈线性增长是导致男性体质量指数与纬度相关的原因。女性瘦体质量指数、脂肪质量指数均呈线性增长,共同导致女性体质量指数与纬度的相关。     

生物电阻抗法测定广西京族的体成分

本文利用生物电阻抗法对广西京族的体成分进行了测定,初步分析了其体成分形成的原因。研究组于2020年12月在广西壮族自治区东兴市“京族三岛”测定了430例京族成人（男182例,女248例）的16项指标。结果表明,京族男、女性的体质量、总肌肉量、躯干肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢与年龄呈显著负相关。体成分随年龄增长而发生的变化,主要是自然的生理变化和劳动强度下降所致。随着年龄增长,男性的体脂率升高,这主要是躯干脂肪增多造成的。京族男性的体质量、总肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、水分率、四肢和躯干肌肉量均大于女性,而体脂率、四肢和躯干脂肪率均小于女性。京族男性比女性拥有更大的体质量和更高比例的骨骼肌,这两方面因素再加上劳动强度的差异,可能导致男性肌肉量、骨量、脂肪率等体成分与女性存在差异。总体来看,京族成人身体偏胖,脂肪含量较高,身体含水量基本正常,体成分特征与同为南亚语系或同在沿海地区的其他中国族群并不相似,而相对更接近于中国蒙古族,并且表现在体质量、体脂率、水分率等方面接近。生活环境、社会经济、日常饮食和劳动强度等因素是导致京族成人体质量及体脂率较高的原因。     

8～10岁超重肥胖儿童HOMA-IR指数分布及与人体成分的相关性研究

目的：探讨8～10岁超重肥胖儿童稳态胰岛素评估模型胰岛素抵抗（HOMA IR）指数的分布及与人体成分等测量指标的关系。方法：以2018年北京市某小学8～10岁超重肥胖儿童为研究对象,采集人体测量指标（体质量、身高、体质量指数、腰臀比）、人体成分指标（肌肉量、去脂体重量、体脂肪、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积、基础代谢率）,检测血液空腹血糖、胰岛素水平,采用HOMA IR指数评估胰岛素抵抗。结果：共收集149名儿童,其中超重57名、肥胖92名;肥胖者体质量指数、腰臀比、体脂肪、体脂百分比、空腹胰岛素、内脏脂肪面积、HOMA IR指数均显著高于超重者,两者空腹血糖比较无显著差异（P=0.108）。男生（109例）在肌肉量、去脂体重、基础代谢率方面大于女生（40例）（P＜0.05）。48例（32.2%）儿童存在胰岛素抵抗状态（IR＞4）,且各检测指标均显著升高（P＜0.001）。体质量指数、腰臀比、体脂肪、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积均与HOMA IR指数呈显著正相关（P＜0.001）,其中腰臀比相关性最大（r=0.472）。结论：超重肥胖儿童HOMA IR指数普遍偏高。HOMA IR指数大于4时,体重、BMI、体脂肪、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积等显著增加。人体成分分析可用于超重肥胖儿童体格评估。     

不同营养评价方法对住院患者营养状况评价的比较及意义

目的:分析比较身高标准体重法、体质指数法(BMI法)、体质指数校正法与生物电阻抗测量方法在住院患者营养评价中的意义。方法:随机抽取我院内科176名患者作为观察对象,用以上4种方法分别进行营养状况评价,测量结果采用单因素卡方分析法和Ridit分析比较。结果:用4种方法评价同一群体住院病人的营养状况时,其结果的差异有显著意义。结论:评判体脂和肥胖时应该首选能反映身体脂肪量及比例和身体内脂肪分布的腰臀比指标。标准体重法、BMI法和BMI校正法三种方法,在评价住院患者的营养状况时,最好能将腰臀比指标与其他指标共同使用。     

Stem cell activation in adults can reverse detrimental changes in body composition to reduce fat and increase lean mass in both sexes

Detrimental changes in body composition are often associated with declining levels of testosterone. Here, we evaluated the notion that multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, that give rise to both fat and muscle tissue, can play a significant role to alter existing body composition in the adult. Transgenic mice with targeted androgen receptor (AR) overexpression in stem cells were employed. Wild-type littermate and AR-transgenic male and female mice were gonadectomized and left untreated for 2 months. After the hypogonadal period, mice were then treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 6 weeks. After orchidectomy (ORX), wild-type males have reduced lean mass and increased fat mass compared to shams. DHT treatment was beneficial to partially restore body composition. In wild-type females, ovariectomy (OVX) produced a similar change but there was no improvement with DHT. In targeted AR transgenic mice, DHT treatment increased lean and reduced fat mass to sham levels. In contrast to wild-type females, DHT treatment in female transgenic mice significantly ameliorated the increased fat and decreased lean mass changes that result after OVX. Our results show that DHT administration reduces fat mass and increases lean mass in wild-type males but not females, indicating that wild-type females are not as sensitive to androgen treatment. Because both male and female transgenic mice are more responsive than wild-type, results suggest that body composition remains linked to stem cell fate in the adult and that targeted androgen signaling in stem cells can play a significant role to reverse detrimental changes in body composition in both sexes.     

Body condition of shorebirds upon arrival at their Siberian breeding grounds

Arctic breeding shorebirds carry substantial body stores on their long-distance migrations from their non-breeding grounds. Upon arrival at the breeding area the remains of these stores can be used for egg formation, insurance against poor feeding conditions or rebuilding organs. We quantified body condition (body mass, total body water, lean body mass and fat mass estimated using the deuterium dilution method) in seven shorebird species caught upon arrival in the Siberian Arctic. Arrival condition was compared with incubation condition in a subset of species. After correction for structural size, body mass was significantly lower at arrival than during incubation in most of the species (but 3–18% above lean mass). Fat index (fat mass/lean mass) varied between 5.1 and 13.2%. Fat stores were estimated to enable survival for 0.6 days for the smallest and 2.5 days for the largest species. We discuss possible functions of arrival stores: insurance, egg-formation or rebuilding organs. G. H. Visser: Deceased.     

Pre-menarcheal physical activity predicts post-menarcheal lean mass and core strength,but not fat mass

Objectives:Youth exercise is associated with improved body composition, but details regarding timing and persistence are limited. We examined pre- and circum-menarcheal organized physical activity exposure (PA) as a factor in development of early post-menarcheal lean mass, fat mass and muscle strength.Methods:Participants in a longitudinal study of musculoskeletal growth using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were included based on: 1) Whole body DXA scans: 0.5-1.5 years pre-menarche, 0.5-1.5 years post-menarche; 2) PA records for ≥6 months preceding the first DXA (PREPA) and for the inter-DXA interval (CIRCUMPA). Dominant arm grip strength and sit-ups tests coincided with DXA scans; PA, height and maturity were recorded semi-annually. Regressions correlated PA with lean mass/fat mass/strength, accounting for maturity, body size, and baseline values.ResultsSeventy girls [baseline: 11.8 yrs (sd 1.0), follow-up: 13.9 years (sd 1.0)] demonstrated circum-menarcheal gains of 25-29% for lean and fat mass and 33% for grip strength. PREPA correlated with pre- and post-menarcheal lean mass, sit-ups and pre-menarcheal fat mass (p<0.05), but not grip strength. CIRCUMPA correlated with only post-menarcheal sub-head lean mass (p=0.03).Conclusions:Lean mass and core strength at 1-year post-menarche were more strongly predicted by pre-menarcheal organized PA than by recent circum-menarcheal PA.     

Body composition changes and inhibition of fat development in vivo implicates androgen in regulation of stem cell lineage allocation

Androgens regulate body composition in youth and declining testosterone that occurs with aging is associated with muscle wasting, increased fat mass and osteopenia. Transgenic mice with targeted androgen receptor (AR) over-expression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were generated to explore the role of androgen signaling in the regulation of body composition. Transgenic males, but not females, were shorter and have reduced body weight and visceral fat accumulation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) revealed significant reductions in fat mass with a reciprocal increase in lean mass, yet no difference in food consumption or locomotor activity was observed. Adipose tissue weight was normal in brown fat but reduced in both gonadal and perirenal depots, and reduced hyperplasia was observed with smaller adipocyte size in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Although serum leptin, adiponectin, triglyceride, and insulin levels were no different between the genotypes, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing (IPGTT) showed improved glucose clearance in transgenic males. High levels of the AR transgene are detected in MSCs but not in mature fat tissue. Reduced fibroblast colony forming units indicate fewer progenitor cells resident in the marrow in vivo. Precocious expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) was observed in proliferating precursor cultures from transgenic mice compared to controls. In more mature cultures, there was little difference between the genotypes. We propose a mechanism where enhanced androgen sensitivity can alter lineage commitment in vivo to reduce progenitor number and fat development, while increasing the expression of key factors to promote smaller adipocytes with improved glucose clearance.