发展林业碳汇推动三北防护林体系建设

三北防护林体系建设作为中国六大林业重点工程之一,30年来取得了巨大成就.但长期以来,工程建设资金不足一直困扰着工程发展.林业碳汇的兴起和快速发展,将对其产生重大影响.本文在对林业碳汇进行分析的基础上,提出了加快发展林业碳汇推动三北防护林体系建设的建议.     

三北防护林体系建设面临的机遇和挑战

在总结三北防护林工程(三北工程)30年建设成就和经验的基础上,立足国内外相关领域发展趋势,全面分析了三北工程在应对气候变化、增加农民收入、拉动内需等方面显现的机遇,剖析了立地条件、发展动力、投资水平和改革创新等带来的严峻挑战,总结提出了三北工程未来发展应坚持以建设完备的区域性防护林体系为目标,以防沙治沙、保持水土为主要任务,以服务新农村建设、发展特色产业、推进林权改革为重点的发展思路和具体措施.     

三北地区防护林气候生态适应性分析

针对目前三北地区防护林出现的衰退、死亡等问题,探讨了该区林木生长的气候生态适应性,并指出这种现象的出现与当地恶劣的气候条件有很大关系.其中,限制三北地区防护林正常生长发育的主要气候因子是降水量不足、蒸发量过大,其次为风大且持续日数长;而温度与日照则不是限制三北地区防护林生长的气候因子.基于此,从气候生态适应性角度出发,提出因地制宜合理营造三北地区防护林的建议.     

基于多元遥感影像的三北地区片状防护林面积估算

三北防护林体系工程是我国重点林业生态工程,其数量与空间分布格局影响着整个三北地区的生态环境.为科学、客观、完整地评价三北防护林体系工程建设30年来(1978-2008)片状防护林的数量与空间分布格局,本文采用多元遥感影像对三北地区片状林面积估算方法进行了研究.首先,利用TM影像(分辨率30 m)监测2008年三北地区片状防护林面积;再基于随机取样原理,建立不同降水气候区的高分辨率影像(SPOT5,分辨率2.5m)与TM影像在片状防护林面积监测的校正关系;最后利用前两部分结果估算出2008年三北地区片状防护林面积.结果表明:截至2008年,三北地区片状防护林(乔木林郁闭度＞0.3,灌木林覆盖度＞40％,精确度约85％)总面积328360.03 km2.其中,东北区116244.55 km2,华北区42981.32 km2,黄土高原区76767.05 km2,蒙新区92367.11 km2.按照防护林树种统计,针叶林62614.74 km2,阔叶林121628.51 km2,针阔混交林22144.09 km2,灌丛121972.69 km2.     

基于MODIS数据的三北防护林工程区植被覆盖度提取与分析

以像元二分模型为基础,构建了基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的植被覆盖度定量估算模型,并利用MODIS-NDVI时间序列数据,估算了三北防护林工程区2001年8月和2007年8月的植被覆盖度,分析了三北防护林工程区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征.结果表明:2001-2007年三北防护林工程区植被覆盖度变化较为明显,平均覆盖度增加了2.07%,其中吉林、山西、陕西和宁夏四省变化幅度最为显著,增加幅度分别达到27.37%、14.12%、9.29%和9.22%.研究区植被覆盖度增加的主要自然原因是降雨量的增加,主要人为原因是人们环境意识的提高以及国家实施的封山育林、退耕还林还草等一系列生态保护政策,特别是三北防护林体系建设工程.     

三北防护林体系建设工程区森林水源涵养格局变化研究

三北防护林体系水源涵养功能是三北地区生态环境状况的重要指示器,然而,三北防护林体系水源涵养研究仍较缺乏。动态评估三北防护林体系建设工程区(三北工程区)森林水源涵养功能及其影响因素,对科学认识、保护和调控三北防护林体系森林水源涵养,制定三北工程植被建设与保护决策具有重要意义。以三北工程区森林为研究对象,通过收集和分析相关数据,在植被分区的基础上,分析三北工程区森林水源涵养时空格局与变化特征,对比研究各区不同森林类型水源涵养功能差异,揭示各区森林水源涵养功能与地形及森林状况与质量的定量关系。结果表明:(1)三北工程区森林水源涵养功能持续增强,单位面积水源涵养量从1990年的73.92mm增加到2015年的75.14mm,空间格局呈东高西低、南高北低态势。(2)森林水源涵养功能在植被分区和森林类型间差异显著,森林植被区是三北工程区森林水源涵养的主体;针阔混交林是三北工程区水源涵养功能最强的森林类型。(3)三北工程区森林水源涵养受其地形、状况与质量的影响显著,除个别植被区外,各区森林水源涵养量随坡度、覆盖度和NPP增加而增大,随生物量增加而降低,这是区域植被适应及滥砍滥伐、毁林开垦、植被建设与保护等人为干扰共同作用的结果。因此,可通过调整与优化林分结构,调控区域森林水源涵养功能。     

防护林衰退研究进展

森林衰退问题已成为21世纪全球环境发展的难题之一,而占中国森林总面积31%的防护林出现部分严重衰退,形势严峻.本文在广泛收集国内外相关文献的基础上,提出防护林在生长发育过程中出现的生理机能下降,因生产力、地力衰退、林分结构不合理等导致防护效能下降的状态即为防护林衰退.总结了引起防护林衰退的主要原因,包括:没有适地适树、林分结构不合理、缺乏合理的经营管理、人为干扰和频发的自然干扰等.本文从防护林衰退机理、防护林结构、经营管理、人为干扰、林种结构等方面分析了中国防护林研究存在的主要问题,建议今后应加强对防护林衰退形成过程和机制、衰退的早期诊断与评价、防护林衰退防治以及防护林宏观布局和应对干扰策略等方面的研究.     

日本的防护林

随着世界人口不断增长、自然资源的不断减少 ,人类所面临的环境挑战正日趋严峻。防护林以其防护性、资源性和可再生性等强大的森林功能作为迎接这一挑战的工具 ,在环境保护与资源管理中正在发挥着愈来愈大的作用 ,世界各国对此都给予了极为广泛的重视。中国的防护林建设经营历史悠久 ,尤其是自1978年启动了三北防护林体系工程以来 ,以防护林为主体的林业生态工程已在中华大地蓬勃发展起来 ,其数量之多、规模之大已为全球所瞩目 ;防护林的生态、经济和社会效益与日俱增 ,为保障西部开发 ,控制三北地区的风沙干旱、水土流失等自然灾害 ,提高农…     

浅谈农田防护林对生态环境的影响

国家重点"三北"防护林体系建设的主要目的是改善生态环境`防风固沙,促进农业增产增收,无论怎样改造,这个根本目的不能丢。因此,本文指出了农田防护林对生态环境的功效。     

试论“三北”生态经济型防护林体系

本文介绍了“三北”防护林体系工程的概要、建设指导思想和技术路线,从理论上较深入地探讨了林业观念更新的意义及其基础。从而,提出“生态经济型防护林体系”的学术概念,以及它同建立区域性人工生态系统的相互关系,并结合“三北”黄土高原昕水河流域生态经济型防护林体系示范区的特点进行分析,探讨丘陵山地条件下,生态经济型防护林体系的技术内涵、组成及其生态经济特点。最后,作者提出了由“三北”防护林工程的实践对我国如何建设好其它防护林工程的几点启示。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.