凝溶胶蛋白对植物微丝的调节作用及在花粉中的定位

以植物花粉为实验材料, 研究了来源于动物的凝溶胶蛋白对植物肌动蛋白丝的作用及凝溶胶蛋白在植物细胞中的定位. 利用离心沉淀丝状肌动蛋白及电子显微镜负染的实验结果显示, 花粉纯化肌动蛋白丝及粗提液中肌动蛋白丝可被凝溶胶蛋白剪切, 而且这种剪切作用依赖于Ca²⁺. 另外, 利用免疫沉淀测定凝溶胶蛋白与花粉肌动蛋白单体结合的实验表明, 当溶液中有Ca²⁺. 存在时, 花粉肌动蛋白与凝溶胶蛋白的摩尔比值约为2.0 ± 0.21; 用EGTA去除Ca²⁺. 后, 该比值有所降低, 减至1.2 ± 0.23; 而加入PIP2后, 这种结合比值又降至0.8 ± 0.10, 表明植物肌动蛋白与凝溶胶蛋白的结合有类似于动物肌动蛋白的特性, 受到Ca²⁺. 和PIP2的调节. 花粉中凝溶胶蛋白的免疫鉴定及免疫荧光定位实验结果表明, 花粉中存在凝溶胶蛋白, 在未萌发的花粉粒中凝溶胶蛋白主要集中在萌发沟处, 而在萌发2 h的花粉管中, 花粉管胞质内均可看到荧光分布, 但花粉管顶端荧光较强, 推测凝溶胶蛋白可能参与花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长.     

植物中的磷脂酶D

介绍了植物磷脂酶D(PLD)的生化性质、克隆、基因组结构、氨基酸序列结构、活性调控、信号转导和细胞生理功能的研究进展.     

植物细胞骨架与细胞生长

文章就微管和肌动蛋白在植物细胞生长中的调节作用以及调节植物细胞骨架的信号途径的研究进展作简单介绍。     

植物的碳酸酐酶

本文介绍了植物碳酸酐酶的化学特性,在植物中的分布、定位以及环境条件对酶活性的影响。对植物碳酸酐酶的可能生理功能进行了论述,同时对近年来藻类碳酸酐酶的研究成果也做了较详细的介绍。     

花粉中的收缩蛋白与细胞质流动

从植物的花粉中提取得到了肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白,用4－30％SDS梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定丝瓜花粉肌球蛋白重链的分子量为165kD.花粉肌球蛋白的ATP酶活性与兔肌肌球蛋白ATP酶活性具有一致的特征,即在0．5mol/l KCl的条件下,其K＋－EDTA ATP酶活性最高,Ca^2 -ATP酶活性次之,Mg^2 -ATP酶活性最低,用SDS制备型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,制备得到了电泳纯的玉米花粉肌动蛋白,用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了肌动蛋白的分子量,结果表明,花粉肌动蛋白与兔肌肌动蛋白具有相同的分子量（43kD)。药物处理表明,细胞松弛素B,氯丙嗪和氯四环素对花粉管细胞质流动均有抑制作用。而秋水仙碱对细胞质流动没有抑制作用,对肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白在花粉管细胞质流动中所起的作用进行了讨论。     

不饱和脂肪酸及其衍生物在植物抗逆反应中的作用

不饱和脂肪酸及其衍生物在植物抗逆反应中发挥着重要的生理功能,该文概述了这类物质生物功能的最新研究进展,并对不饱和脂肪酸及其衍生物的研究方向作了简单论述.     

植物挥发性物质及其代谢工程

植物挥发性物质在植物之间和植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中起着重要作用.有关这些次生物质的生物合成、代谢调控、生理功能以及与环境相互作用的研究近十多年来取得了重要进展.迄今为止,已经有3 0多种植物挥发性物质的合成酶基因被克隆.这些基因调控着植物萜类、芳香化合物、脂肪酸衍生物这三大类主要挥发性物质的生物合成.由于潜在的应用价值,近几年该领域颇受注目,特别是应用基因工程技术设计植物释放特殊气味物质,诸如特定的驱避剂或者其它控制植物或昆虫行为的特殊气味乃至与人类健康相关的药用气味物质.该文就植物挥发性物质的生物合成、生理和生态功能以及基因工程方面的研究进展作一概述.     

ATP和钾离子对肌动蛋白与前纤维蛋白结合的影响及其在植物肌动蛋白纯化中的应用

根据ATP和钾离子影响肌动蛋白聚合及肌动蛋白及肌动蛋白与前纤维蛋白结合的实验结果,通过对以往报道的利用多聚脯氨酸-琼脂糖亲和柱层析法纯化植物肌动蛋白过程中ATP及钾离子浓度的改变,不需要加源前纤维蛋白。可得到较大量高纯度具活性的花粉肌动蛋白。SDS凝胶电泳、免疫印迹、电镜负染及紫外检测表明,所得肌动蛋白在纯度、聚合特性等方面均与原方法所得结果相同,肌动蛋白产率为原方法的73.5%,而整个肌动蛋白提纯过程所需时间缩短了1/3,节省了纯化重组前纤维蛋白所需的费用,消除了外源前纤维蛋白的使用对一些实验室的限制,而且同时得到了大量纯化的花粉前纤维蛋白。     

植物类整合素蛋白研究进展

整合素是动物细胞膜上普遍存在的一类胞外基质受体,它所介导的粘附作用参与调节多种细胞功能.近年来的研究发现在植物细胞中可能也存在类整合素.综述了在植物类整合素检测、定位、组成、结构、基因以及生理功能研究方面所取得的初步进展与存在的问题,并与动物整合素的研究作了比较.     

花粉中的收缩蛋白与细胞质流动

从植物的花粉中提取得到了肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白,用4－30％SDS梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定丝瓜花粉肌球蛋白重链的分子量为165kD.花粉肌球蛋白的ATP酶活性与兔肌肌球蛋白ATP酶活性具有一致的特征,即在0．5mol/l KCl的条件下,其K＋－EDTA ATP酶活性最高,Ca^2+-ATP酶活性次之,Mg^2+-ATP酶活性最低,用SDS制备型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,制备得到了电泳纯的玉米花粉肌动蛋白,用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了肌动蛋白的分子量,结果表明,花粉肌动蛋白与兔肌肌动蛋白具有相同的分子量（43kD)。药物处理表明,细胞松弛素B,氯丙嗪和氯四环素对花粉管细胞质流动均有抑制作用。而秋水仙碱对细胞质流动没有抑制作用,对肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白在花粉管细胞质流动中所起的作用进行了讨论。     

湖北大洪山野生植物资源调查研究

大洪山位于湖北省中北部,地处中纬度北亚热带季风气候带,植物种类非常丰富。初步统计大洪山共有野生资源植物1137种,隶属于132科、529属。对大洪山的野生植物资源按其性质和用途分为观赏植物、能源植物、药用植物、油脂植物、蜜源植物、纤维植物、淀粉及糖类植物、芳香植物、鞣料植物、饲用植物、土农药植物、树脂及树胶植物,并对其进行了统计和分析。文中列举了一些有代表性、经济价值较高的植物种类,分析了该地区野生植物资源的特点及存在问题,提出了合理开发利用植物资源的建议。     

高原湿地纳帕海水生植物群落分布格局及变化

采用3S技术与植物群落研究法,对高原湿地纳帕海24a来的湿地植物群落分布格局及变化的研究结果表明：与24a前水生植物群落相比较。纳帕海水生植物群落类型、数量改变,原生群落不断减少或消失,耐污、喜富营养类群如水葱群落（Com．Scirpus tabernaemontani）、茭草群落（Com．Zizania caduciflora）、穗状狐尾藻群落（Com．Myriophyllum spicatum）、满江红（Com．Azolla imbricata）群落等大量出现;群落总数由24a前的9个增至当前的12个,其中挺水植物群落增加2个,浮叶植物群落增加1个,挺水植物群落增幅最大。由东向西、由南向北,纳帕海水生植物群落分布大致呈现出浮叶群落、挺水群落、沉水群落斑块状依次配置的水平格局规律。挺水植物群落分布面积最大,达528．42hm^2,其次是沉水植物群落,分布面积为362．50hm^2,浮叶植物群落分布面积最小,为70．23hm^2。随沉水群落、浮叶群落向挺水群落的演替,群落伴生种数量增加、优势种优势度减小、层次类型改变,群落结构变得更为复杂。纳帕海湿地水生植物群落分布格局及变化是对湿地环境变化的响应,表明了在人为干扰作用影响下,纳帕海湖岸线内移、水量减少、水质恶化等湿地水文条件的改变,致使湿地生态系统功能不断退化。     

香港西贡牛尾海邻近岛屿野生植物资源的初步研究

作者通过野外调查,报道了香港西贡牛尾海邻近岛屿的植被概况和物种多样性。结果表明:该地区共有维管束植物108科254属345种。作者将其植物资源按用途分为10类:药用植物、观赏植物、材用植物、纤维植物、油脂植物、饲用植物、有毒植物、食用植物、鞣料植物和芳香植物,并论述了各类资源植物的主要种类。并对合理开发、利用和保护该地区植物资源提出了建议。     

福建闽江源自然保护区野生经济植物资源

闽江源自然保护区位于福建省建宁县。区内有野生维管束植物168科635属1058种20亚种(或变种),按其经济用途分为11类,即纤维植物、鞣料植物、芳香植物、油脂植物、淀粉植物、观赏植物、蜜源植物、树脂及胶用植物、色素植物、药用植物和国家重点保护的珍稀濒危植物。本文还分析各属的区系成分,并对保护区植物资源的利用提出建议。     

21世纪植物化学生态学前沿领域

植物和其它有机体通过次生物质为媒介的化学作用关系近年引入注目,其中植物的诱导化学防御,植物的化学通讯,植物次生物质和进化的关系,植物与人类的化学关系和海洋植物化学生态学是21世纪植物化学生态学值得关注的前沿领域。植物化学生态学前沿领域的进展将为实现21世纪的持续,发展是在生态安全条件下提高农业产量并达到对病虫草害的有效控制方面具有重要意义。     

Linking species performance to community structure as affected by UV-B radiation: an attenuation experiment

Aims UV-B radiation is known to affect plant physiology and growth rate in ways that can influence community species composition and structure. Nevertheless, comparatively little is known about how UV-B radiation induced changes in the performance of individual species cascades to affect overall community properties. Because foliage leaves are primarily responsible for photosynthesis and carbon gain and are the major organ that senses and responds to UV-B radiation, we hypothesized that, under reduced UV-B radiation, species with larger leaf areas per plant would manifest higher growth rates and hence tend to improve their community status compared to species with smaller leaf areas per plant in herbaceous plant communities.Methods We tested this hypothesis by examining plant traits (leaf area per plant and plant height), plant growth rate (aboveground biomass per plant and plant biomass per area) and community status (species within-community relative biomass) for 19 common species in a two-year field experiment in an alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau.Important findings Aboveground biomass per plant, as well as per area, progressively increased in a 39% reduced (relative to ambient) UV-B treatment during the experimental period. At the second year, 11 out of 19 species significantly or marginally significantly increased their plant height, leaf area per plant and aboveground biomass per plant. No species was negatively affected by reducing UV-B. As hypothesized, the increase in aboveground biomass per plant increased with increasing leaf area per plant, as indicated by cross-species regression analysis. Moreover, the change in species within-community status increased with increasing leaf area per plant. Our study demonstrates that UV-B radiation has differential effects on plant growth rate across species and hence significantly affects species composition and plant community structure. We suggest that UV-B radiation is an ecological factor structuring plant communities particularly in alpine and polar areas.     

Distribution patterns and changes of aquatic plant communities in Napahai Wetland in northwestern Yunnan Plateau,China

Using GPS technology and community research methods for plant communities,we investigated the distribution patterns of aquatic plant communities in the high plateaus of the Napahai Wetlands,Yunnan,China,as well as the species changes of plant communities compared with that of 24 years ago since 2005.We found that the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities have changed.Some pollution-tolerant,nutrient-loving plant communities such as Scirpus tabernaemontani,Zizania caduciflora,Myriophyllum spicatum,and Azolla imbricata flourished,while the primary aquatic plant com-munities were reduced or even disappeared.The number of aquatic plant communities were increased from nine to 12 with the addition of two new emergent plant com-munities and one new floating-leaved plant community.The increase in emergent plant communities was signifi-cant.From east to west and from south to north,various types of plant communities were continuously distributed,including floating-leaved plant communities,emergent plant communities and submerged plant communities.The composition of the communities became more com-plicated and the number of accompanying species increased,while the percentage ratio of dominant plant species declined.In 2005,the coverage of emergent plant communities was the largest (528.42 hm2) followed by submerged plant communities (362.50 hm2) and the float-ing-leaf plant communities was the smallest (70.23 hm2).The variations in the distribution of aquatic plant com-munities in the Napahai Wetlands reflect the natural responses to the change of the wetland ecological envir-onment.This study indicates that human disturbances have led to an inward movement of the wetland shoreline,a decrease in water quality and a reduction in wetland habitat.     

安徽宿州大方寺林区植物种类及其资源的初步调查

大方寺位于淮北平原萄丘陵地带,天然次生林属于暖温带叶阔叶林。由于自然条件复杂,植物种类丰富,木本植物130余种,草本植物100余种;植被类型多种多样,主要群落为：青檀（Pterooeltis tatarinowii）、牡荆（Witex negundo）、华隐子草（Cleistogenes chinensis）群落,栓皮栎（Quercus wvriabilis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）裂稃草（Schizachyrium brevifolium）群落和黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、扁担杆（Creuia biloba）、沿阶草（Ophiopogon bodinievi）群落等三种。大方寺植物资源丰富,具有用材经济植物的约60余种,药用植物200余种,香料及密源植物10余种,纤维植物30余种,庭园观赏植物40余种。     

Current plant diversity but not its soil legacy influences exotic plant invasion

植物多样性而非其土壤遗留效应影响外来植物入侵 植物多样性可以影响外来植物入侵,然而植物多样性的土壤遗留效应是否能够影响外来植物入侵目前仍不清楚。植物多样性能够改变土壤微生物群落和土壤理化性质,这种遗留效应可能会对该土壤中外来植物的生长产生影响。因此,我们假设植物多样性的土壤遗留效应会影响外来植物的入侵。为了检验该假说,我们开展了一个两阶段的植物-土壤反馈实验。在土壤驯化阶段,我们将12个植物物种(4种禾草植物、3种豆科植物和5种杂类草植物)分别单独种植,或者随机选择8个物种(包含3个功能型)混合种植在土壤中。在反馈阶段,我们将入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)分别与本地禾草荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)、本地杂类草翅果菊(Pterocypsela indica)或者同时与荩草和翅果菊种植在被驯化过的土壤中。研 究结果显示,三叶鬼针草相对于其本地竞争植物的生长取决于驯化植物和竞争植物物种的功能型。驯化植物的多样性对三叶鬼针草与其本地竞争植物之间的生长差异没有显著影响。然而,随着本地竞争植物物种多样性的增加,三叶鬼针草相对于其本地竞争植物的生长显著降低。这些结果表明,当前的植物多样性可以通过增加入侵植物和本地植物之间的生长不平衡性来减少外来植物的入侵。但是,植物多样性的土壤遗留效应对外来植物入侵的影响可能很小。     

Functional traits determine plant co-occurrence more than environment or evolutionary relatedness in global drylands

Plant–plant interactions are driven by environmental conditions, evolutionary relationships (ER) and the functional traits of the plants involved. However, studies addressing the relative importance of these drivers are rare, but crucial to improve our predictions of the effects of plant–plant interactions on plant communities and of how they respond to differing environmental conditions. To analyze the relative importance of – and interrelationships among – these factors as drivers of plant–plant interactions, we analyzed perennial plant co-occurrence at 106 dryland plant communities established across rainfall gradients in nine countries. We used structural equation modelling to disentangle the relationships between environmental conditions (aridity and soil fertility), functional traits extracted from the literature, and ER, and to assess their relative importance as drivers of the 929 pairwise plant–plant co-occurrence levels measured. Functional traits, specifically facilitated plants’ height and nurse growth form, were of primary importance, and modulated the effect of the environment and ER on plant–plant interactions. Environmental conditions and ER were important mainly for those interactions involving woody and graminoid nurses, respectively. The relative importance of different plant–plant interaction drivers (ER, functional traits, and the environment) varied depending on the region considered, illustrating the difficulty of predicting the outcome of plant–plant interactions at broader spatial scales. In our global-scale study on drylands, plant–plant interactions were more strongly related to functional traits of the species involved than to the environmental variables considered. Thus, moving to a trait-based facilitation/competition approach help to predict that: (1) positive plant–plant interactions are more likely to occur for taller facilitated species in drylands, and (2) plant–plant interactions within woody-dominated ecosystems might be more sensitive to changing environmental conditions than those within grasslands. By providing insights on which species are likely to better perform beneath a given neighbour, our results will also help to succeed in restoration practices involving the use of nurse plants.