长期轮作对黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质的影响

在长期定位试验条件下,研究了黄土高原旱地粮草(小麦-红豆草)、粮豆(小麦-豌豆)和粮饲(小麦-玉米)3种典型轮作制度对小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质的影响.结果表明:轮作制度及茬口年限可对黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质产生不同程度的影响.与连作小麦相比,实行小麦-红豆草轮作后,小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较稳定,且其籽粒蛋白质必需氨基酸含量、氨基酸评分、氨基酸比值系数、化学评分和氨基酸指数均较高,可作为黄土高原生产优质蛋白小麦的轮作制度;小麦与豌豆进行轮作,豌豆茬后1年小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较高,但豌豆茬后2年小麦籽粒蛋白质必需氨基酸含量较低,且多种必需氨基酸评分和化学评分低于连作小麦,必需氨基酸指数比连作小麦低12.2％,营养品质较低;虽然粮饲轮作小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较稳定,但其粗蛋白、必需氨基酸含量及氨基酸平衡程度均低于连作小麦.     

秀珍菇辐射新株系蛋白质营养价值的主成分和聚类分析

对18个秀珍菇辐射新株系子实体中的必需氨基酸指数、生物价、营养指数、氨基酸比值系数分、化学评分和氨基酸评分的6项蛋白质营养价值指标进行主成分分析.结果表明,必需氨基酸指数和生物价因子、氨基酸比值系数分和化学评分因子、营养指数因子,这3个主要因子对变异的累积贡献率达95.88%.依据主成分向量将18个秀珍菇辐射新株系聚为4类.     

黑色食品新秀—乌麦

河东乌麦是山西省农业科学院棉花研究所1995年选育而成的冬小麦新品种。该品种粒质有硬质和软质型,长势长相近似普通小麦,有奇特的功能叶片,分染力强,成穗率高,根系发达,适应性广,颖壳白,籽粒呈黑色。河东乌麦的蛋白质和氨基酸含量均高于白粒小麦。据山西省粮油研究所测定结果：乌麦蛋白质高于白粒小麦（晋麦ZI号）193％,18种氨基酸均值高于白粒小麦32,94％,其中8种必需氨基酸均值高于白粒小麦38．2％,5种半必需氨基酸均值高于白粒小麦20．1％,4种非必需氨基酸高于白粒小麦380％O／J‘麦的营养品质主要是指蛋白质含量和氨基…     

黄土高原旱地长期种植作物对土壤微量元素形态和有效性的影响

在长期定位试验的基础上,用连续浸提方法对土壤微量元素进行形态分级,研究了长期种植作物条件下黄土高原旱地土壤中微量元素的形态组成及其在不同土壤组分间的分配特征,探讨了种植系统对土壤微量元素有效性的影响。土壤中有效态微量元素含量的剖面分布除与土壤中微量元素的全量有关外,还与不同的种植系统有关。各种植系统有效锌和有效铜含量均低于休闲土壤,有效锌以小麦连作和苜蓿连作降低最多,有效铜以小麦连作和粮豆轮作降低最多。小麦连作系统40 cm以上土层土壤有效锰含量和休闲土壤接近,40~100cm土层低于休闲土壤,苜蓿连作和粮豆轮作整个剖面土壤有效锰含量均有所增加。各种植系统40cm以上土层土壤有效铁含量均高于休闲土壤,40~100cm土层土壤有效铁分布趋势相同,其含量均随土层深度的增加而增加,并且小麦连作低于休闲土壤,粮豆轮作高于休闲土壤,苜蓿连作与休闲相近,这些结果表明长期种植作物可以显著改善土壤锰素营养和铁素营养状况。苜蓿连作和小麦连作使锌和铁从矿物态向有机结合态转化,增加了土壤有效锌和有效铁的储备,粮豆轮作系统各形态锌低于休闲土壤,并且土壤中锌的总贮量有所减少;各种植系统土壤氧化物结合态铁在耕层增加,在古耕层降低,这也表明种植作物可以活化深层土壤难溶态铁。长期种植作物使耕层土壤各形态铜含量降低,粮豆轮作和小麦连作系统古耕层土壤各形态铜含量较休闲土壤有所增加。3种种植系统碳酸盐结合态、氧化物结合态和有机结合态锰含量均有不同程度的下降,且耕层土壤交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态锰高于古耕层,氧化物结合态和矿物态锰含量低于古耕层。     

花后干旱和渍水对不同品质类型小麦籽粒品质形成的影响

 防雨池栽条件下研究了花后干旱和渍水胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦（Triticum aestivum）品种籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,花后渍水和干旱处理明显降低了小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。在整个灌浆期内干旱处理明显提高了籽粒蛋白质和醇溶蛋白含量,而渍水处理降低了籽粒蛋白质及其组分的积累量。籽粒总淀粉和直链淀粉含量以渍水处理最高,而支链淀粉以对照最高。干旱处理提高了籽粒干、湿面筋含量、沉降值和降落值,而渍水处理降低了上述品质指标。试验表明干旱和渍水胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质与淀粉的含量和组分及面粉品质等均有不同程度的影响,从而改变了不同品质类型小麦的籽粒品质。     

三种蜂王浆蛋白质的营养评价

采用国际上通用的营养价值评价方法,全面评价了中蜂王浆、意蜂王浆和卡蜂王浆蛋白质的营养价值。三种王浆的必需氨基酸含量分别占其氨基酸总量的42.88%,40.98%和42.72%,含硫氨基酸为第一限制氨基酸。蛋白质的化学评分(CS)、氨基酸评分(AAS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)和氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)计算结果表明,三种蜂王浆都是良好的蛋白源,但中蜂王浆蛋白质的营养价值高于意蜂王浆和卡蜂王浆,明显与常规品质评价指标10-HDA的含量高低顺序不同。     

绣球菌蛋白质的营养评价

采用国际上通用的营养评价方法,对绣球菌[Sparassis crispa(Wulf.)Fr.]子实体进行了蛋白质营养价值评价。结果为绣球菌子实体的粗蛋白质含量为12.9%,氨基酸总量为9.33%,其中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的33.9%。绣球菌的赖氨酸为第一限制氨基酸,苏氨酸相对过剩。绣球菌子实体蛋白质的化学评分(CS)、氨基酸评价(AAS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)和氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)分别为80.9,87.3,78.3,73.6,10.1和87.9。绣球菌的营养价值高于松口蘑(Tricholoma matsutake)和茶树菇(A-grocybe aegerita)。因此,绣球菌子实体是良好的菌类蛋白源。     

豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系

研究旱作条件下豆科绿肥轮作影响旱地小麦产量变化的作物营养生态机制,对优化旱地作物种植施肥制度,促进水分资源高效利用、土壤培肥、作物增产有重要意义。通过两年定位试验,分析了与不同豆科作物轮作引起的后茬小麦产量变化及其与干物质、氮磷钾养分累积、转移的关系。结果表明:与秋豆轮作的第一季,小麦籽粒产量无显著变化,但第二季小麦产量提高23.4%;与绿豆轮作,两季产量分别降低19.2%和4.4%;与大豆轮作,产量无显著变化。与秋豆轮作增加了小麦花后干物质及氮、磷养分累积,和对照相比分别增加了35.1%,128.8%和14.0%,而与大豆和绿豆轮作花后干物质累积分别降低26.7%和17.0%,花后氮累积分别降低44.2%和24.4%,花后磷累积与对照相比无显著差异。与此对应,秋豆-小麦轮作,其后茬小麦花后干物质及养分累积对产量形成的贡献显著增加,茎叶花前累积氮、磷向籽粒的转移对产量的贡献明显小于大豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦轮作处理。与氮、磷不同,小麦茎叶花前累积钾素向籽粒转移的同时,花后植株钾素没有累积,反而明显损失,其中与秋豆轮作的小麦花后植株钾素损失量较小,为3.8 kg/hm2,籽粒钾素占转移钾的81.0%;休闲或与大豆、绿豆轮作的小麦花后植株钾素损失较多,分别为10.9,12.6和5.5kg/hm2,籽粒钾素占转移钾的52.9%,52.9%和66.8%。与秋豆-小麦轮作处理小麦增产的主要原因是花后植株能累积更多干物质和氮、磷养分,减少了花前累积于茎叶的钾素在花后的损失。     

不同水分条件下氮素供应对小麦植株氮代谢及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

土壤水分逆境是限制小麦籽粒品质形成的重要生态因子,明确土壤水分逆境下小麦籽粒品质形成的生理机制及调优技术途径,对于深化小麦品质生理生态研究和指导小麦调优栽培具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。在防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理,每个水分处理下再设置120和240 kg.hm-2两个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种植株氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质积累的影响。结果表明,与正常水分处理相比,花后干旱和渍水均降低旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、叶片总氮含量和游离氨基酸含量。干旱处理提高了茎鞘总氮与游离氨基酸含量以及籽粒蛋白质含量,而渍水处理则使其降低。水分逆境下增施氮肥提高旗叶硝酸还原酶活性、叶片与茎鞘总氮和游离氨基酸含量以及籽粒游离氨基酸和蛋白质含量。花后干旱和渍水均显著降低了小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。增施氮肥提高适宜水分和水分亏缺条件下小麦籽粒产量,但不利于渍水下小麦产量的提高。这说明,花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥对小麦植株氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质积累有明显的调节效应。     

旱地小麦休闲期覆盖增磷对籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

为探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水配施磷肥高产、优质的技术途径,在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地采用大田试验研究了休闲期覆盖或不覆盖条件下低(75 kg/hm2)、中(112.5 kg/hm2)、高(150 kg/hm2)施磷水平对土壤水分、籽粒蛋白质形成的影响及其生理机制。结果表明:休闲期覆盖后,播种期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,达39-42 mm,而开花期60-100 cm土层降低。覆盖后,花后旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性提高,籽粒游离氨基酸和灌浆后期GMP含量提高,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇均提高。增加施磷量,开花期20-60 cm、80-100 cm土层蓄水量降低,而花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性提高,且覆盖条件下花后0-15 d、20 d旗叶GOGAT活性,花后5 d、15 d、25-30 d籽粒GOGAT活性,籽粒游离氨基酸含量、籽粒GMP含量提高,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量显著提高,产量提高940-1452 kg/hm2。此外,休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下,开花期深层土壤水分与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性密切相关,旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均与游离氨基酸含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量关系密切。总之,旱地小麦休闲期覆盖有利于提高底墒,且配合施磷量150 kg/hm2可促进根系吸收深层土壤水分,提高产量的同时也提高了籽粒蛋白质含量、GMP含量和谷/醇。     

Long-Term Effect of Crop Rotation and Fertilisation on Bioavailability and Fractionation of Copper in Soil on the Loess Plateau in Northwest China

The bioavailability and fractionation of Cu reflect its deliverability in soil. Little research has investigated Cu supply to crops in soil under long-term rotation and fertilisation on the Loess Plateau. A field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design to determine the bioavailability and distribution of Cu fractions in a Heilu soil (Calcaric Regosol) after 18 years of rotation and fertilisation. The experiment started in 1984, including five cropping systems (fallow control, alfalfa cropping, maize cropping, winter wheat cropping, and grain-legume rotation of pea/winter wheat/winter wheat + millet) and five fertiliser treatments (unfertilised control, N, P, N + P, and N + P + manure). Soil samples were collected in 2002 for chemical analysis. Available Cu was assessed by diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction, and Cu was fractionated by sequential extraction. Results showed that DTPA-Cu was lower in cropping systems compared with fallow control. Application of fertilisers resulted in no remarkable changes in DTPA-Cu compared with unfertilised control. Correlation and path analyses revealed that soil pH and CaCO₃ directly affected Cu bioavailability, whereas available P indirectly affected Cu bioavailability. The concentrations of Cu fractions (carbonate and Fe/Al oxides) in the plough layer were lower in cropping systems, while the values in the plough sole were higher under grain-legume rotation relative to fallow control. Manure with NP fertiliser increased Cu fractions bound to organic matter and minerals in the plough layer, and its effects in the plough sole varied with cropping systems. The direct sources (organic-matter-bound fraction and carbonate-bound fraction) of available Cu contributed much to Cu bioavailability. The mineral-bound fraction of Cu acted as an indicator of Cu supply potential in the soil.     

苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

在长武长期轮作与施肥定位试验的基础上,对黄土高原沟壑区苜蓿和小麦连作27年后的黄盖黏黑垆土土壤酶活性及土壤养分进行了测定,探讨苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及肥力的影响.结果表明： 苜蓿和小麦连作施肥都能提高土壤酶活性;同一作物不同施肥措施的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性差异不显著,但相同施肥条件下,苜蓿连作比小麦连作的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性高;不同作物种类及施肥措施的土壤过氧化氢酶活性差异不明显;氮磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较高,而蔗糖酶活性较低;苜蓿连作比小麦连作更有利于土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮的积累,氮磷肥和有机肥配施有利于培肥土壤.
     

Much Improved Irrigation Use Efficiency in an Intensive Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System in the North China Plain

Crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain (NCP). A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system. Soil water depletion (△SWS)by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while △SWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments. High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and △SWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season. Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems. Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiration(ET) when ET reached about 300 mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET. For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650 mm. These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP. Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.     

The effects of wheat-pea mixed intercropping on biocontrol potential of generalist predators in a long-term experimental trial

Arthropod generalist predators can be effective natural control agents of pests and weeds in agroecosystems. Their activity and contribution to biocontrol may increase in response to more complex agricultural habitats. In this study, we investigated the effects of winter wheat-pea mixed intercropping on the biocontrol potential of generalist predators compared with the respective mono-crops. We evaluated not only the effects during the intercropping season but also the pre-crop values of the mixture for the subsequent barley crop. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of different long-term soil organic carbon and fertility management regimes on activity and biocontrol potential of predators. Field work was conducted over two seasons in a field experiment located in Gembloux, Belgium. A set of proxies for ecosystem functions were measured using the Rapid Ecosystem Function Assessment approach. We measured attack and predation rates of sentinel prey and weed seeds artificially placed in the field. Furthermore, we assessed activity density of the main groups of generalist predators during the exposure of the baits. Our results showed that crop type affected activity and biocontrol potential of predators. Predation rates were much lower in wheat than pea and wheat-pea. The mixture wheat-pea had a positive effect on predator activity density compared to wheat mono-crop, while pea supported an intermediate activity of epigeal predators. In the second season of the field work, we found the highest biocontrol potential by predators in barley plots cultivated after pea. Finally, our results failed to find any differences in biocontrol potential of predators between long-term soil organic carbon and fertilisation management strategies. These results suggest that crop type has a major relevance in influencing the activity of generalist predators, and the mixed intercropping wheat-pea may represent a valid strategy to enhance biological pest control in comparison to wheat cultivated as mono-crop. Furthermore, we show that the cultivation of pea as mono-crop may have an important pre-crop value within the rotation increasing the provision of ecosystem services such as biocontrol.     

不同种植密度下玉米与豌豆间作对群体总产量的影响

于2014和2015年在黄土高原半干旱区全膜覆盖种植技术下,研究了不同种植密度下玉米行内间作豌豆对作物群体总产量的影响.结果表明: 2014年,当玉米株距为40和50 cm时,与不插播相比,在玉米株间插播2株豌豆显著提高了作物群体籽粒总产量;而在株距60 cm情况下,插播豌豆对作物群体总产量无显著影响.2015年,玉米株距40和50 cm情况下,与对应株距的单作玉米相比,在玉米株间插播2株豌豆对群体籽粒总产量无显著影响;但是在玉米株距60 cm的情况下,株间插播2株豌豆使作物群体籽粒总产量显著增加.导致两个试验年份之间玉米行内间作豌豆的产量效应差异的主要原因是生长季降水量在2014年较2015年充沛.综合比较,玉米株距40 cm、株间插播2株豌豆间作形式的籽粒总产量最高.此外,在玉米单作和行内间作中,籽粒总产量均随玉米株距的增大而减小.     

黄土高原半干旱区柴胡种植模式

采用大田试验,设计冬小麦收获后复播大豆、大豆套作柴胡(小麦-大豆/柴胡)和冬小麦收获后复播柴胡(小麦-柴胡)及玉米套作柴胡(玉米/柴胡)3种种植模式,探讨黄土高原半干旱区适宜柴胡的"粮药"栽培模式.结果表明:与玉米/柴胡和小麦-柴胡种植模式相比,小麦-大豆/柴胡种植模式经济产量最高,生态效益最好;不同柴胡品种中,万柴胡(原产地温度相对较高)产量最高,左柴胡(原产地温度相对较低)最低,表明柴胡适宜从高温地区引种到低温地区栽培,可提高产量.小麦-大豆/柴胡种植模式为最佳"粮药"栽培模式,其柴胡产量比玉米/柴胡和小麦-柴胡种植模式分别增产11.6%和16.8%.     

黄土高原苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统土壤水分时空动态及产量响应

2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年在甘肃庆阳黄土高原连续 3 a研究了紫花苜蓿 -冬小麦轮作系统中土壤 0～ 3 0 0 cm剖面水分动态特征 ,作物产量及其含 N量。处理包括 4龄苜蓿草地 (L C)、4龄苜蓿草地后茬持续休闲 (L F)、4龄苜蓿草地休闲 4个月后种植冬小麦(L Fl W) ,和 4龄苜蓿草地休闲 1个月后种植冬小麦 (L Fs W)。结果表明 ,种植 4a苜蓿后春季翻挖实施休闲至冬小麦播种(L Fl W)的 4个月期间 ,降雨的入渗深度为 150 cm,而苜蓿秋季翻挖休闲至小麦播种 (L Fs W)的一个月间 ,降雨在土壤内的入渗深度为 90 cm,不同休闲长度对头茬冬小麦土壤 0～ 90 cm水分贮存量无显著影响 ,亦不影响头茬冬小麦的出苗和出苗数。苜蓿后茬完全休闲 (L F)一个生长季后 ,60～ 90 cm土壤水分含量达田间最大重力持水量 (Drainage U pper L imit DU L )的 93 % ,0～ 3 0 0cm剖面土壤贮水量达 670 mm ,是剖面田间最大重力持水量 (DUL )的 78% ;L Fl W和 L Fs W处理下头茬小麦籽粒产量之间差异显著 (P<0 .0 5) ,收获指数和千粒重等指数无显著差异 ;L Fl W和 L Fs W处理中获得的二茬小麦产量无显著差异 ;连续种植苜蓿与种植小麦有接近的生物量 ,但苜蓿地植物总 N的输出量较小麦田高 2～ 3倍。由于黄土高原降雨变率大 ,因此预测土壤含水量动态有     

Effects of elevated CO2 on grain yield and quality of wheat: results from a 3-year free-air CO2 enrichment experiment

Spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO) was grown for three consecutive seasons in a free-air carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment (FACE) field experiment in order to examine the effects on crop yield and grain quality. CO₂ enrichment promoted aboveground biomass (+11.8%) and grain yield (+10.4%). However, adverse effects were predominantly observed on wholegrain quality characteristics. Although the thousand-grain weight remained unchanged, size distribution was significantly shifted towards smaller grains, which may directly relate to lower market value. Total grain protein concentration decreased significantly by 7.4% under elevated CO₂, and protein and amino acid composition were altered. Corresponding to the decline in grain protein concentration, CO₂ enrichment resulted in an overall decrease in amino acid concentrations, with greater reductions in non-essential than essential amino acids. Minerals such as potassium, molybdenum and lead increased, while manganese, iron, cadmium and silicon decreased, suggesting that adjustments of agricultural practices may be required to retain current grain quality standards. The concentration of fructose and fructan, as well as amounts per area of total and individual non-structural carbohydrates, except for starch, significantly increased in the grain. The same holds true for the amount of lipids. With regard to mixing and rheological properties of the flour, a significant increase in gluten resistance under elevated CO₂ was observed. CO₂ enrichment obviously affected grain quality characteristics that are important for consumer nutrition and health, and for industrial processing and marketing, which have to date received little attention.     

作物节木代料香菇与纯木屑代料香菇蛋白质营养比较研究

采用国际通用的蛋白质营养评价方法,对2种作物节木代料和纯木屑代料(CK)香菇子实体蛋白质的营养价值进行了比较研究。结果表明,2种作物节木代料香菇子实体蛋白质的NI指标低于纯木屑代料香菇,而CS、AAS、EAAI、BV、SRCAA等指标均高于纯木屑代料香菇。结论:作物节木代料香菇子实体和纯木屑代料香菇子实体蛋白质均具有较高营养价值,且二者之间无显著差异。