桦褐孔菌提取物抗氧化与糖苷酶抑制活性研究

为探索桦褐孔菌(Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pila)生物活性与化学成分之间的相关性,本文用乙醇回流提取、梯度萃取得桦褐孔菌的石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水提取物,对其进行黄酮和多酚类化合物的含量测定,并从抗氧化和降血糖两个方面测定了总还原力、清除DPPH自由基、抑制肝脂质过氧化、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性四种体外模型对不同提取物活性的影响.结果显示:乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物所含的黄酮和多酚类化合物较多(P<0.01)且抗氧化和降血糖活性较好.因此,桦褐孔菌抗氧化和降血糖活性的大小与其所含黄酮和多酚类化合物量密切相关,本研究结果为桦褐孔菌生物活性成分的深入研究奠定了良好的基础.     

人面果叶子、根部、果实提取物体外抗糖尿病活性研究(英文)

为了评价人面果叶子、根部、果实提取物体外抗糖尿病活性,相应测定了其石油醚提取物(PFr.)、乙酸乙酯提取物(EFr.)、正丁醇提取物(BFr.)、水提取物(WFr.)的α-葡萄糖苷酶与α-淀粉酶抑制活性,以及HepG2细胞的促葡萄糖消耗能力。果实乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=17.81±1.09μg/mL)、叶子乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=18.60±1.56μg/mL)、根部乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=14.05±0.24μg/mL)、根部正丁醇提取物(IC50=13.01±0.38μg/mL)显示了较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性(acarbose IC50200μg/mL)。而根部乙酸乙酯与正丁醇提取物在600μg/mL的浓度下就显示了90%的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率,在1.5 mg/mL的浓度下显示了90%的α-淀粉酶抑制率。在促葡萄糖消耗试验中,果实乙酸乙酯提取物在浓度为7.5~30 mg/mL时显示了很好的促HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗能力(P0.001),叶子乙酸乙酯提取物、根部正丁醇与乙酸乙酯提取物的促葡萄糖消耗率达到了3.08、3.12、1.93,仅次于果实乙酸乙酯提取物(3.91)。此次研究为人面果抗糖尿病活性开发提供一定理论基础。     

核桃分心木化学成分与生物活性研究

利用色谱分离方法与现代波谱分析技术,对核桃分心木的化学成分进行了系统的研究.由其醇提物乙酸乙酯部位分离鉴定了11个化合物,分别为大黄素(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、Isosclerone(3)、正十七烷(4)、3-羟基-1-(4-羟基取代苯基)-1-丙酮(5)、硬脂酸甘油单酯(6)、没食子酸(7)、没食子酸乙酯(8)、核桃素D(9)、对羟基苯甲酸(10)、香草酸(11).运用DPPH(1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼)法、纸片扩散法、肉汤稀释法对分心木粗提物及各相关样品的抗氧化与抗菌活性进行了初步研究.结果显示,分心木提取物及各相关样品普遍具有较好的抗氧化与抗菌活性.分心木具有多种活性物质,具有一定的药用与开发价值.     

毛药忍冬花蕾抗氧化活性部位化学成分研究

毛药忍冬(Lonicera serreana)为忍冬属(Lonicera)植物,其花和果实入药,具有清热解毒、凉散风热之功效,但至今缺乏系统化学成分及药理活性研究。为了寻找毛药忍冬中天然抗氧化活性成分,进一步开发利用忍冬属药用植物资源,该研究以DPPH自由基清除法为活性指导,首次对毛药忍冬干燥花蕾75%乙醇提取物的不同极性萃取部位进行抗氧化活性测试,结果发现乙酸乙酯萃取物表现出最强的抗氧化活性(平均清除率为89.45%)。进一步应用现代色谱手段(硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等),从毛药忍冬花蕾的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离单体化合物,运用现代光谱分析技术(MS、1 H-NMR、13 C-NMR、COSY、HSQC、HMBC、ROESY),并结合文献数据鉴定化合物的化学结构。结果表明:从毛药忍冬干燥花蕾75%乙醇提取物中共分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为4个酚酸类化合物:绿原酸(1)、绿原酸甲酯(2)、绿原酸乙酯(3)、咖啡酸(4);4个黄酮类化合物:木犀草素(5)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素(7)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8);1个甾醇类化合物:β-谷甾醇(9)。所有化合物均为从毛药忍冬花蕾中首次分离得到。研究结果可为抗氧化类相关产品的开发提供科学依据。     

蝉翼藤茎中的两个新(口山)酮成分

首次从蝉翼藤(Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk)茎乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分分离到两个新的具有抗氧化作用的(口山)酮类化合物securixanthone C (1) 和 securixanthone D (2).这两个新化合物的结构是通过波谱方法(1D-NMR和2D-NMR、 EI-MS、 UV 和IR)鉴定的.     

聚球藻Synechococcus sp.中活性物质分离及活性研究

分别采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇对聚球藻(Synechococcus)乙醇浸膏进行萃取,获得三种有机相粗提物,其后跟踪检测其抗菌、抗氧化活性,并采用GC-MS分析粗提取的化学组成,确定了石油醚相和正丁醇相的各20种成分.活性跟踪结果显示,石油醚相萃取物的抗菌和抗氧化效果最好,其次为乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相,水相提取物没有抗菌和抗氧化活性.对活性较好的石油醚相依次进行硅胶柱层析,凝胶Sephadex LH-20层析,制备薄层层析,分离获得一单体化合物,应用1H NMR、13C NMR等波谱技术分析鉴定化合物结构为β-谷甾醇.     

中国被毛孢发酵液中一种镇静催眠活性物质的分离纯化和结构鉴定

本研究对中国被毛孢Hirsutella sinensis菌株RCEF0273发酵液的乙酸乙酯粗提物中的镇静催眠活性物质进行了分析.通过活性指导下的色谱分离,从乙酸乙酯提取物中得到了一种白色晶体化合物,质谱(MS)和核磁共振(NMR)的鉴定结果表明该化合物为茶碱-9-葡萄糖苷.活性试验显示该化合物可抑制小鼠的自发活动,缩短小鼠入睡潜伏期,延长小鼠睡眠持续时间,具有镇静催眠活性.     

桐花树五环三萜化学成分的研究

从桐花树树皮的乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分分离到3个化合物,利用波谱技术分别鉴定为protoprimulagenin(1),embelinone(2)和aegicerin(3),其中化合物1和2是首次从该植物中分离到。     

益智的抗氧化作用

本文探讨了益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel)超临界CO2提取物及其渣的水提物、正丙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物的抗氧化作用,测定了总酚含量、黄酮含量、抗氧化力、还原能力、DPPH清除率.结果表明,益智超临界CO2提取物和正丙醇提取物的总酚含量最高,均为5.53%,乙酸乙酯提取物的总酚含量为4.04%,水提物总酚含量最低,为O.89%.抗氧化力与酚含量相关(R2=0.703).四种提取物中黄酮含量顺序为:乙酸乙酯提取物(6.29%)＞丙醇提取物(5.81%)＞水提取物(4.85%)＞超临界CO2提取物(4.70%).在还原能力、清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基方面,乙酸乙酯提取物表现出了很强的抗氧化能力,呈现剂量依赖关系.     

白花鬼针草中多烯炔类成分的分离及其生物活性研究

为了解白花鬼针草(Bidens pilosa var.radiata)的化学成分,采用多种色谱技术从其提取物中分离多烯炔类成分,并对其生物活性进行研究。结果表明,从白花鬼针草乙酸乙酯提取部位中分离鉴定出4个多烯炔类化合物,分别为5-acetoxy-2-phenylethinyl-thiophene (1)、1-phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne (2)、5-phenyl-2-(1-propynyl)-thiophene (3)和icthyothereol acetate (4)。体外活性评价结果表明,化合物1～4均具有中等抗MRSA活性,且均对人肝LO_2细胞无毒性。首次为化合物1提供核磁数据并进行结构解析,化合物3、4为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.