低pH孵放、干热处理冻干静脉注射人免疫球蛋白的实验研究

主要介绍冻干静脉注射人免疫球蛋白 (IVIG)分别通过 60℃ 72h,80℃ 72h ,低pH孵放 2 1d处理后 ,IVIG的各项理化及生物活性的变化 ,以及IVIG经过低pH孵放的灭活病毒情况。实验结果表明 ,处理后的IVIG其IgG各组份相对含量、抗补体活性 (ACA)、前激肽释放酶激活剂 (PKA)、白喉抗体、抗 HBs等结果 ,除ACA ,PKA略有下降 ,其他指标无明显变化 ,各项指标均符合 2 0 0 0版《中国生物制品规程》 ;加热后没有新抗原产生。低pH孵放 2 1d通过加指示病毒的实验 ,病毒灭活效果达到 7.0 0logTCID50 / 0 .1mL以上 ,灭活病毒有效。     

静注人免疫球蛋白细菌内毒素检查方法的建立

目的 :建立用于静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白 (IVIG)的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法 :通过干扰评价实验证明IVIG对细菌内毒素检查法有强烈的抑制作用 ,单纯用简单稀释和调整pH值法无法消除干扰 ,如果用稀释剂 (Ⅰ )对IVIG作 1∶4以上的稀释 ,即可消除样品对该检查法的干扰 ,利用灵敏度为 0 1 2 5EU ml的鲎试剂 ,将样品用稀释剂 (Ⅰ )稀释 4倍 ,按中国药典 ( 2 0 0 0版 )进行细菌内毒素的检查 ,结果与家兔热原质试验进行比较。结论 :IVIG用稀释剂 (Ⅰ )进行适当稀释后 ,可以用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔热原试验 ,应用于生产过程及半成品的质量控制。     

贮藏时间对银杏花粉保护酶活性和萌发率的影响

研究了室温贮藏对银杏花粉萌发率及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxi-dase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,花粉萌发率由88．89％降到15．76％;贮藏15d之后超氧化物歧化酶活性降低了80％;过氧化物酶活性减少到原来的10％;过氧化氢酶活性也减少了70％。在室温贮藏条件下萌发率随保护酶活性的下降而降低。POD酶对花粉萌发率的影响比SOD、CAT酶显著。     

聚乙二醇修饰重组人生长激素的初步研究

目的 探讨聚乙二醇(MW20kD)修饰重组人生长激素(rhGH)的反应条件以及修饰产物的纯化方法。方法在不同条件下,将聚乙二醇活性酯与rhGH反应,以单个PEG-GH的比例为指标,用SDS-PACE和薄层扫描方法,确定其在反应产物中所占的比例;采用CM-Sepharose FF离子交换和Sephacry 1S-200分子筛凝胶层析法对修饰产物进行分离纯化。结果聚乙二醇修饰rhGH的反应条件为pH8．0、rhGH与聚乙二醇的比例1：2(mg：mg)、反应时间2．0h;反应产物经两步纯化,所得的单个PEG-GH纯度大于95％。结论 初步确定了聚乙二醇修饰rhGH的反应条件和修饰产物的纯化方法。     

‘鸭梨’果心多酚氧化酶提取方法的优化

以‘鸭梨’为供试材料,通过设定不同实验条件,分析影响果心多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase,PPO）提取效率的部分因素,以期找到提取‘鸭梨’果心多酚氧化酶的最适条件。结果表明：磷酸盐提取缓冲液的pH≥7．0,提取缓冲液中分别含有0．2％TritonX-100、1％SDS、6％-8％PVP、2％PVPP以及每克果心鲜样中加入2mg抗坏血酸时均能高效提取‘鸭梨’果心PP0。     

影响腐霉发酵培养中菌丝形态的因素及其与EPA含量的关系

研究了发酵培养中影响腐霉菌丝形态的因素及其与EPA（二十碳五烯酸）含量的关系．结果表明．接种量、起始pH值、温度、添加物对腐霉菌丝形态影响较大,接种量3％-10％,培养温度25-30℃,起始pH4及pH6．5-9,添加植物油能使菌丝保持直径小于5mm的分散小球状态．同时,起始pH值及培养温度显著影响EPA含量．较低pH值和低温培养均有利于菌丝内EPA积累．     

粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)木糖发酵的研究

研究了不同通氧条件和培养基初始pH等对粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)AS3．1602木糖发酵的影响。结果表明,粗糙脉孢菌具有较强的发酵木糖产生乙醇及木糖醇的能力。通气量对木糖发酵有较大的影响。乙醇发酵适合在半好氧条件下进行,此时乙醇的转化率达到63．2％。木糖醇发酵适合在微好氧的条件下进行,转化率达到31．8％。木糖醇是在培养基中乙醇达到一定浓度后才开始积累。培养基的初始pH对木糖发酵产物有较大的影响,乙醇产生最适pH5．0,木糖醇产生最适pH4．0。在培养基pH为碱性条件时,木糖发酵受到很大的抑制。初始木糖浓度对产物乙醇及木糖醇的产率有很大的影响。葡萄糖的存在会抑制木糖的利用,对乙醇和木糖醇的产生也有很大的影响。     

NAA对蜜环菌生长及CAT,SOD活性影响的研究

低浓度（低于30mg／L）的α－萘乙酸（NAA）能刺激密环菌的生长,其生长量可提高0～47．1％;并促进密环菌中SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性提高,随NAA处理浓度的增加及时间的延长（0～12d）2酶活性随之增强。过高浓度则2酶活性提高率下降,但仍高于对照。10mg／LNAA处理12dSOD活性提高61．1％,处理16dCAT活性提高54．7％。10mg／LNAA处理时可提高密环菌中可溶性蛋白质含量13．0％～17．4％。     

嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophile)液体发酵产生纤维素酶及酶学性质的研究

探讨了嗜热真菌Chaetomium thermophile产生纤维素酶的液体发酵条件及滤纸酶(FPA)的特性。采用液体发酵培养法,通过对碳源、氮源、培养时间、培养基的起始pH值及产酶过程中pH值和蛋白质含量变化的研究发现：在2％纤维素、1％可溶性淀粉为碳源;2．0％KNO3 0．2％酵母粉为氮源;起始pH值为6．5,50℃下培养9d后,各种酶活最高。发酵过程中,pH值和蛋白质的含量均在前3d下降,后升高。FPA的反应最适温度和pH值分别为60℃和5．5～6．0;且具有较高的热稳定性和DH稳定性。     

不同提取条件对苦荞籽粒中芦丁降解的影响

本实验研究了不同提取条件对苦荞籽粒中芦丁含量的影响,经HPLC分析,浓度高于40％(v／v)的乙醇对芦丁降解酶有明显的抑制作用,其中90％乙醇的抑制作用最强。苦荞粉与水接触的时间强烈影响芦丁的含量．接触1min芦丁含量迅速由原来的79．72％下降到32．21％,即约60％的芦丁被降解。在pH1．0～11．0范围内．芦丁降解酶具有很强的抗酸碱性。当温度大于60℃时．芦丁降解酶开始缓慢失活,芦丁得以较好保存．高于70℃时芦丁保存率更高;当温度为90℃,芦丁保存率约为对照值的80％。该研究结果对于苦荞芦丁的提取和苦荞食品的加工具有重要的理论意义和实际指导价值。     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.