圈养山魈行为的初步观察

2001年1-9月,在成都动物园对人工饲养状态下14(8♀♀6♂♂)只山魈(andrillus sphinx)的行为时间分配进行了研究。用时间取样法记录每10分钟内目标取样法所见动物的各种行为及其频次,通过1806小时的研究表明,山魈主要的日行为是取食、休息、运动三种个体行为,它们分别占日活动时间的22．91％、33．79％、和33．14％;其次为梳理行为,占山魈日活动时间的4．09％;嬉戏行为仅发生在非成年个体间。山魈活动行为(除去休息以外的所有行为)的高峰出现在8：00-10：00、16：00-18：00左右的两个时段。日活动时间集中在7：00-19：00,但在13：00-14：00活动强度明显减弱,有一休息峰出现。     

笼养海南(开鸟)的活动时间分配

2003年10月至2004年4月,在对海南[开鸟]进行驯养的基础上,采用全部事件取样法研究了笼养海南[开鸟]的活动时间分配。结果表明：笼养海南[开鸟]一天中除静栖和静立外,其余各行为所占时间比例在白天极少,而在晨（5：00～7：00am）、昏（19：00～21：00pm）和午夜（23：00～1：00am）较大,呈明显的日活动节律;节律变化与季节有关;海南[开鸟]各种行为活动所占比例依次为静栖82．48％、静立8．64％、运动5．36％、取食1．97％、身体护理1．30％、其它0．25％。其时间分配不受季节（春、秋、冬季）影响。     

多花含笑叶的挥发油成分研究

运用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用技术,结合标准谱库,对昆明产多花含笑叶的挥发油成分进行了研究,分离鉴定了42个化合物,其中单萜16个,倍半萜21个,分别占精油总含量的21＝21％和49．08％,主要成分为γ－木罗烯（12．04％）,十六碳三烯酸甲酸（7．45％）,兰桉醇（7．38％）,1,8－桉叶素（5．76％）,α－愈创木烯（5．64％）,香桧烯（4．26％）,十六碳二烯酸甲酯（4．26％）,β－槛香烯（3．76％）,β－蒎烯（3．20％）等。     

圈养马来熊行为节律和时间分配的季节变化

2009年3－12月,分春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,采用人工观察和红外摄像记录观察2种方式,对上海动物园的圈养马来熊进行行为学研究。建立的行为谱包括休息、走动、踱步、乞食、采食、爬树、探寻、擦痒、玩耍、追逐、嗅闻、示警、打斗、爬跨、舔阴、交配和排泄,将相关行为合并后归纳成6类,即休息、运动、乞食、刻板、社群和其他行为。马来熊用于休息的时间最多,其次是运动和乞食行为。各行为具有不同程度的季节性差异,运动行为（F=62.748,P<0.001）和社群行为（F=26.041,P<0.001）季节性差异极显著,刻板行为（F=4.667,P<0.05）差异显著,休息行为（F=1.857,P>0.05）和乞食行为（F=1.180,P>0.05）差异不显著。圈养马来熊具有明显的日活动节律,00:00－5:00和20:00－24:00是马来熊的休息高峰,6:00开始活动量增大,8:00－9:00是马来熊的正常进食高峰,同时,运动、乞食、社群等行为逐渐增多,乞食行为集中在运动场10:00－15:00游客多的时段。18:00之后运动逐渐减少,进入休息状态。春夏昼间行为比较,运动和刻板行为（P<0.05）差异显著。年龄因素,春季对休息、运动和刻板行为影响特别显著（P<0.001）,社群和乞食行为的影响显著（P<0.05）,夏季对乞食行为影响特别显著（P<0.001）,运动、刻板和社群行为影响显著（P<0.05）。性别因素,春季对社群行为影响极显著（P<0.001）,休息、乞食和其他行为影响显著（P<0.05）,夏季只对社群行为影响显著（P<0.05）。秋冬间各行为差异不显著,室内和运动场的行为对比表明,刻板和休息多在室内,运动行为多在运动场,室内和运动场秋季的运动行为和社群行为差异显著（P<0.05）,冬季的刻板行为差异极显著（P<0.001）。     

低能量He—Ne激光血管内照射治疗银屑病21例报告

21例寻常型银屑病患者,经用He－Ne激光血管内照射,功率3．5－5mw,每日照射一次,每次1小时,10次一疗程,同时伴用vitc2givq．d及鼻吸氧,二疗程间休息4－7天,经5－35次治疗,近期疗效：近期痊愈5例（23．81％）,显效6例（28．57％）,好转10例（47．62％）,总有效率100％,复发1例（4．76％）。     

半散放东北虎行为活动时间的分配

1998年5年－2001年4月在黑龙江东北虎林园,采用焦点动物取样法对10只半散放东北虎（5雌5雄）全年的昼间行为活动时间分配进行了研究。结果表明：（1）半散放东北虎的运动（37．53％）和休息（32．45％）行为较多,站立（6．24％）,摄食（10．13％）,社会（8．36％）和其他（5．29％,包括饮水,排遗,修饰等）行为较少;（2）不同季节的活动规律相似,运动,摄食,站立和社会行为在上午和下午各有1个高峰期,休息在中午有1个高峰期,运动和行为在存,冬季明显比春,秋季增多。将上述结果与笼养和野生东北虎的进行了比较,并提出了在今后的野化训练中应采取的措施。     

圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配

2011年、2012年的5～7月每月定期8天,每天00:00～24:00采用行为取样法在米亚罗养麝场观察记录54只林麝(15只成体雌麝,9只成体雄麝,10只亚成体雌麝,5只亚成体雄麝,15只幼麝)的行为。夏季共记录林麝83种行为,分成5种行为类型,即摄食、运动、休息、反刍及其他行为。夏季林麝具有明显的昼夜活动节律性,晨昏出现2个活动高峰期,分别为5:30～8:00和18:00～21:00,白昼活动率低于夜间。根据夏季林麝各行为累计时间和频率比较,表明圈养林麝的休息行为较高,尤其是幼体(65.38%±5.39%vs16.41h/d±1.29h/d),其次是摄食和运动行为。成体雌麝摄食行为比率高于成体雄麝、亚成体和幼体,这与夏季成体雌麝哺乳所需的能量较高有关。     

白眼潜鸭秋季行为时间分配及活动节律

2012年7~11月,采用焦点动物取样法和瞬时扫描法,在乌鲁木齐近郊水域白湖,对白眼潜鸭（Aythya nyroca）秋季行为进行实地观察研究。制定出白眼潜鸭行为谱,各种行为有取食、保养、运动、休息、警戒、其他,共6类14种。昼间各行为时间分配依次为取食（56.7%）、运动（13.8%）、保养（11.8%）、休息（11.2%）、警戒（5.1%）、其他（1.4%）。其中取食、休息、运动行为有明显的节律性变化。休息行为以家庭为单位聚集在一起进行,取食行为则分开进行。7~9月份7：00~8：00时、18：00~19：00时休息行为出现峰值,10~11月份8：00~9：00时、17：00~18：00时出现峰值;7~9月份取食行为在8：00~9：00时、17：00~18：00时有明显的峰值,10~11月份在10：00~11：00时和15：00~16：00时出现峰值;7~11月份运动行为均在中午达到峰值。白眼潜鸭7~9月份与10~11月份觅食行为、休息行为和保养行为差异极显著（P<0.01）,运动行为无显著性差异（P >0.05）。迁徙前（10月中旬）,白眼潜鸭有集群现象,数量最多达到37只,10月下旬种群集体迁徙。秋季白眼潜鸭主要时间用于取食,意图为了迁徙或越冬积累能量,集群迁徙有利于种群防御天敌。     

青海省都兰县沟里乡幼龄藏狐昼间行为节律

2007年3月6日～4月25日,采用焦点取样和瞬时扫描取样相结合的方法对3只幼龄藏狐(Vulpesferrilata)的昼间行为进行观察记录,并分析其节律及组成.结果表明,休息行为是幼龄藏狐日常活动的主要组成部分,其次为捕食行为和嬉戏行为.幼龄藏狐以晨昏活动为主,主要活动时间集中在8:00～9:00时和16:00～19:00时,其余时间以休息为主.成体藏狐出现后,幼龄藏狐嬉戏行为增加,而休息行为减少,并伴随有奔跑和亲昵行为.     

人工环境下棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)繁殖期的行为谱及活动节律

2007年4月,利用红外线摄像设备记录人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为活动,采用扫描取样法和目标动物取样法对录像资料进行分析,对人工环境下棘胸蛙的个体行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果表明：人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为主要包括静止行为（休息、对视）;社会行为（打斗、追逐）;运动行为（游泳、呜叫、跳跃）;捕食行为;繁殖行为（求偶呜唱、侵占、驱赶、撕咬,摔跤、抱对、错抱、拒绝行为、产卵）等。日变化规律变化表明：棘胸蛙的静止行为占了多数,其余多数行为集中在夜间,在凌晨03：00～05：00间出现一个最高峰,与此不同的是棘胸蛙的打斗行为在白天06：00～07：00、08：00～09：00、11：00～12：00多次出现高峰,而在夜间17：00～24：00打斗行为时间分配很少。呜叫行为在06：00—07：00,13：oo～14：00出现两个高峰,而在夜间17：00～01：00鸣叫行为时间分配很少。棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也主要发生在夜间,在凌晨02：30—04：30为高峰,其间抱对行为占到67％,其次为摔跤17％,撕咬15％,而其余所占很少。在行为描述的基础上,对棘胸蛙的有关行为机制进行了探讨。     

Sleep quantitation in common marmoset, cotton top tamarin and squirrel monkey by non-invasive actigraphy

Sleep quantitation data on the Neotropical primate species, apart from the squirrel monkey, are still sparse. As such, we have quantitated sleep in the common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) reared in one primate facility simultaneously, by non-invasive actigraphy. The range in total sleep time/24h measured for male adult common marmosets, cotton top tamarins and squirrel monkeys were 713-793 min (n=4), 707-889 min (n=4) and 459-475 min (n=2) respectively. The range in sleep episode length /12h dark phase for marmosets, tamarins and squirrel monkeys were 21-52 min (n=3), 10-28 min (n=4) and 9-15 min (n=2) respectively. Since vigilance is a critical evolutionary adaptive feature of predator avoidance among Callitrichid monkeys and squirrel monkeys, the shorter ranges in sleep episode length recorded, even under captivity, in this study could be interpreted as probable indicators of such vigilance behavior during the rest phase. We hypothesize that the vigilance behavior when it exists during a primate's active phase should also prevail when it is at rest (sleep). This hypothesis deserves additional testing in female Callitrichid monkeys.     

Cortisol metabolism in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

New World squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) have high circulating cortisol levels but normal electrolytes and blood pressures. The goal of the present study was to gain insight into adaptive mechanisms used by Bolivian squirrel monkeys to minimize the effects of high cortisol on mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activity and electrolyte and water balance. Aldosterone levels in serum from 10 squirrel monkeys were 17.7 +/- 3.4 ng/dl (normal range in humans, 4 to 31 ng/dl), suggesting that squirrel monkeys do not exhibit a compensatory increase in aldosterone. The squirrel monkey MR was cloned and expressed in COS-7 cells and found to have similar responsiveness to cortisol and aldosterone as human MR, suggesting that squirrel monkey MR is not inherently less responsive to cortisol. To determine whether altered metabolism of cortisol might contribute to MR protection in squirrel monkeys, serum and urinary cortisol and cortisone were measured, and a comprehensive urinary corticosteroid metabolite profile was performed in samples from anesthetized and awake squirrel monkeys. The levels of cortisone exceeded those of cortisol in serum and urine, suggesting increased peripheral 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity in squirrel monkeys. In addition, a significant fraction (approximately 20%) of total corticosteroids excreted in the urine of squirrel monkeys appeared as 6beta-hydroxycortisol, compared with that in man (1%). Therefore, changes in cortisol metabolism likely contribute to adaptive mechanisms used by Bolivian squirrel monkeys to minimize effects of high cortisol.     

The origin of four squirrel monkey cell lines established by karyotype analysis

The squirrel monkey is a neotropical primate genus which is widely used in biomedical research but includes individual species and subspecies that respond differently to experimental perturbations. GTG-banding patterns of chromosomes 15 and 16, which are distinct among different squirrel monkey species and subspecies, were used to determine the origin of three lung fibroblast cell lines from squirrel monkeys of unknown genetic background (DPSO 114/74, SqMkLu/68, and 7603830) and to confirm the origin of a lymphoblast cell line (GSML) recently established from Guyanese squirrel monkey. DPSO 114/74 cells are from Peruvian squirrel monkey, SqMkLu/68 cells are Bolivian squirrel monkey, and 7603830 cells are from a Peruvian/Bolivian hybrid. Chromosome analysis of GSML cells confirmed that they are from Guyanese squirrel monkey.     

Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and MK-771 on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys, rabbits and pigeons

The effects of TRH (0.001-10.0 mg/kg) and a more potent TRH analog, MK-771 (0.001-5.6 mg/kg), were studied on comparable schedule-controlled performances of squirrel monkeys, rabbits and pigeons. Responding was maintained in the presence of different stimuli by a multiple fixed-ratio (FR), fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food presentation (monkeys and pigeons) or 0.25% saccharin solution (rabbits). Generally, TRH and MK-771 produced decreases in responding under both schedules and in all three species. TRH and MK-771 were roughly equipotent in the squirrel monkey, whereas in the pigeon and rabbit MK-771 was approximately 20 times more potent than TRH in decreasing responding to 50 percent of control levels. The duration of action of doses of TRH and MK-771 that reduced responding to 50 percent of control was approximately 3 hr in the squirrel monkey; recovery of performance occurred twice as fast under the FR schedules. With the pigeon, TRH effects that produced 50 percent decreases in responding lasted over 6 hours, whereas behaviorally comparable doses of MK-771 lasted about 4 hours. With few exceptions, TRH and MK-771 appear to produce similar effects of schedule-controlled behavioral performances of the squirrel monkey, rabbit and pigeon. Compared to the effects of other behaviorally-active substances under these procedures, TRH and MK-771 exert a distinctive array of effects.     

Determination of lactogenic activity in the serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) using the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay

Determination of squirrel monkey prolactin by immunoassay has been hampered by the lack of antiserum specific to prolactin from this species. As an alternate method, we have investigated whether the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay could be adapted for routine measurement of the lactogenic activity of samples of squirrel monkey serum. The growth of the Nb2 cells is absolutely dependent on the presence of lactogens in the culture medium. The cells were maintained in Fisher's medium supplemented with 10% horse serum, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), and 10^?4M β-mercaptoethanol. For each assay, the cells were plated at an initial density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/ml in 22-mm 12-well dishes in the above medium, but devoid of FCS. Serum samples were heated to 56°C for 20 minutes to abolish the unusually high cytolytic complement activity of squirrel monkey serum and were incubated for 72 hours with Nb2 cells at serial dilutions from 1/40 to 1/2,560. Growth curves were generated with pooled samples of squirrel monkey serum, and the level of lactogenic activity was estimated using a calibration growth curve generated with known concentrations of purified rhesus monkey prolactin standard. We have found that the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay provides a sensitive and adaptable means for determination of lactogenic activity in the serum of the squirrel monkey.     

Impaired transactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor cloned from the Guyanese squirrel monkey

Squirrel monkeys are among a diverse group of New World primates that demonstrate unusually high levels of circulating corticosteroids and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) insensitivity. Recent evidence suggests that overexpression of an immunophilin impairs dexamethasone binding to GR in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis). Here we describe the cloning, expression, and functional characterization of GR from the closely related Guyanese squirrel monkey (S. sciureus). The cloned Guyanese squirrel monkey GR (gsmGR) cDNA closely resembles human GR (hGR) cDNA, and yields a high affinity dexamethasone binding receptor when expressed in COS-1 cells. Transactivation analysis of hGR and gsmGR expressed in CV-1 cells and cultured squirrel monkey kidney (SMK) cells indicates that: (1) SMK cells elaborate a functional high activity GR from human GR cDNA; (2) gsmGR is an order of magnitude less efficient than hGR at transactivation in CV-1 and SMK cells; and (3) maximal transactivation by gsmGR is attenuated in both cell lines. Glucocorticoid resistance in S. sciureus is at least partly attributable to a naturally occurring mutation in the GR gene that results in impaired GR transactivation.     

Postnatal changes of IgG and IgM levels in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Serum IgG and IgM levels were measured in domestically bred squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) ranging in age from 0 days to 42 months, as well as in adult squirrel monkeys from the wild estimated to be 60 months or older. The results indicated that the transplacental transfer of IgG occurs in the squirrel monkey but the transferability is lower in the squirrel monkey than in the cynomolgus monkey. Immune response in the squirrel monkey occurs just after birth, as shown by IgM production.     

Assessing the spontaneous cage behavior of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

A Behavioral Activity Index for rapid assessment of spontaneous cage behavior of the squirrel monkey is described. Observing the behavior of six male squirrel monkeys, it was found that four readily identifiable behaviors accounted for 62% of the total activity during a 30 minutes observation period. The need for a technique to reliably assess changes in baseline behavior is discussed in relation to behavioral pharmacological investigations.This research was supported by a Grant from the Moody Foundation, Galveston, Texas, and by the Physiological Psychology Branch, Office of Naval Research, Contract 1598-06.     

Male behavior through the breeding season in Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis

The Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) is a seasonal breeder. Male squirrel monkeys show distinct morphological and behavioral changes prior to and during the breeding season. A “fatting syndrome” includes increased body weight, increased levels of androgens, and in the Bolivian subspecies, an increasingly active role in the social organization of the group. In this study, the behavior of ten adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys was analyzed over a 6-month period prior to, during, and after the breeding season. Each was housed as the only adult male in a breeding unit with six to ten adult females and one juvenile male. Employing a principle components method, 11 behavioral clusters were generated from 27 responses. Their activity clusters were identified as follows: sexual activity that showed a peak around the time of peak conceptions; excitatory activity that was initially high but decreased throughout the breeding season; and maintenance activity that did not change across the breeding season. The changing social behavior of the male squirrel monkey parallels physiological changes and is correlated with changing androgen levels.