人工驯养棘胸蛙的繁殖研究

在历时三年人工驯养棘胸蛙的繁殖研究中发现,静水或水势平缓的水域内,棘胸蛙不能繁殖;营养不良、环境噪杂对棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也有很大抑制作用。促进棘胸蝗在人工驯养条件下繁殖,必须提供流水及流水直接冲击到的浅水层产卵附着物;保证繁殖亲蛙充足的营养及足够的活动空间;保持繁殖场所安静荫凉和隐蔽。     

黑水鸡的繁殖生态观察

2004年5月～2008年10月,对牡丹江市人民公园内野生黑水鸡 Gallinula chloropus(Linnaeus)的繁殖行为进行观察.结果 表明,黑水鸡在觅食地的取食、休息、理羽等行为在一天中有几个高峰,取食高峰4:00～8:00和16:00～18:00,休息高峰12:00～16:00和18:00～20:00,理羽高峰12:00～14:00和18:00～20:00, 巢址选择在长有茂密植物的浅水区,筑巢期2～3 d,巢高平均为30.53 cm, 巢深平均为9.58 cm, 窝卵数4～10枚不等,平均为7.2枚,孵化期为15～17 d, 孵化率为90.7%.     

中国大鲵的活动节律及繁殖行为描记

采用定时定点观察法,对仿生态条件下养殖的中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)活动节律及繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明,大鲵活动具有明显的昼夜节律变化,白天隐藏在洞穴中不活动,每天20:30时部分大鲵开始出洞活动,21:00时至次日凌晨1:00时为活动高峰期,1:00时后部分大鲵开始陆续回到洞穴,3:00时后又全部隐藏在洞穴中;大鲵的夜间活动随季节的变化而发生周期性变化,8～9月出洞活动的大鲵数量达到一年之中的最大值。大鲵尤其是雄鲵在繁殖季节表现出明显多样的繁殖行为:①推沙行为;②求偶行为,包括聚集、露头、巡视、追随、尾阴探究、亲吻、邀请和爬跨8种行为型;③冲凉行为;④护卵行为;⑤婚配行为。     

闽西北棘胸蛙生态调查及人工试养观察

棘胸蛙(Rana spinosa)在贵州、湖北、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖南、福建、广东、广西、江西等省均有分布,数量也多。棘胸蛙体大肉鲜,有较高的食用和药用价值。布尔恩格尔(Boulenger)曾于1892年、1899年先后曾记载在湖北、浙江、福建发现有棘腹蛙,1920年他又改定为棘胸蛙。丁汉波(1944—1956)在研究福建的两栖动物时曾对棘胸蛙有过报道,但目前国内对棘胸蛙系统的生态等方面的研究尚未很好地开展。刘承钊等(1961)曾建议设法在池塘中试养,而国内至今未见人工养殖棘胸蛙的报道。     

棘胸蛙的生态习性与人工养殖方法

本文根据我们在福建省邵武市将石自然保护区开展棘胸蛙人工养殖研究过程中多次野外调查结合人工养殖条件下的观察所获得的第一手材料,对棘胸蛙的生态习性从栖息环境、生活习性和天敌等三方面作一补充报道,并着重从准备工作、饲养管理工作和繁殖管理工作等三方面,介绍我们养殖棘胸蛙获得初步成功的经验与方法.     

圈养白头叶猴春季昼夜活动节律

2008 年3 ～5 月,采用瞬时扫描法,对上海动物园5 只白头叶猴的行为进行24 h 昼夜连续观察。结果表明:春季圈养白头叶猴一天的活动起于06∶ 00 左右,结束于18∶ 00 或18∶ 30。白天白头叶猴的主要行为为休息、取食和移动,平均频次依次是13.79 次、4.75 次和2.18 次。夜间的主要行为为休息、移动和抓挠,平均频次依次是22.13 次、0.43 次和0.26 次。不同个体昼夜活动节律差异很大。其中,移动、理毛、玩耍和其它行为的差异显著。夜间无理毛和玩耍行为,移动行为在夜间21∶ 00, 00 ∶ 30, 03∶00 和04∶ 30 出现高峰。在22∶ 30, 01∶ 00, 02∶ 00, 03∶ 30, 04∶ 30 和05∶30 则出现抓挠高峰。这预示白头叶猴夜间休息时处于一个“轻睡眠”状态。同时,雌雄白头叶猴昼夜移动行为差异显著。     

鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量与行为学特征

2012年10月-2013年3月,采用直接计数法对鄱阳湖小天鹅Cygnus columbianus种群数量分布进行了5次调查。结果显示,各调查点小天鹅的种群数量均不稳定,可能与食物丰富度、水位等相关。各次调查中以第2次调查观测到的小天鹅数量最多,合计10756 只;调查区域中以鄱阳县白沙洲自然保护区调查到的小天鹅数量最多。5次调查中鄱阳县的小天鹅数量均占每次调查总数的56%以上,平均2239.80 只。小天鹅在各保护区不同湖泊的数量分布存在时间差异,但分布仅局限在几个湖泊中。调查显示,小天鹅的幼体比例为29.04%(n=1150)。采用瞬时扫描法对小天鹅越冬期的行为进行了研究,其用于静止(43.12%)和取食(27.44%)行为的时间较多,用于运动(16.82%)和梳理(11.48%)行为的时间较少,用于社会行为(1.14%)的时间最少。在小天鹅的日间行为节律中,静止行为高峰出现在07:00-08:00和17:00-18:00时段,取食行为高峰出现在16:00-17:00。下午取食强度的增加与冬季夜间长和气温低有关,鸟类必须获得足够的能量以维持其夜间的能量消耗。对小天鹅成幼体行为分配进行检验,发现除社会行为差异显著(Z=-2.310,P=0.021)外,其余行为差异均不显著。但成幼体的行为节律有较大差异,主要体现在静止和取食行为上。     

人工养殖棘胸蛙的初步研究

全面认识棘胸蛙的生态习性,如生境、食性、繁殖、越冬和天敌等内容,有助于创造适宜的养殖环境和采取有效的管理措施。人工养殖棘胸蛙获得成功的关键是要做好三方面工作:1.确定养殖方式和建设饲料基地;2.提高蝌蚪及幼蛙的成活率,加快生长发育速度;3.促进成蛙在人工环境中繁殖和提高蛙卵孵化率。     

云南省双团棘胸蛙的地理分布

对云南省84个县（市）双团棘胸蛙（Paa yunnanensis）地理分布进行了全面调查。基于历史记录与本次调查结果,采用地理信息系统,制作了云南双团棘胸蛙地理分布图。结果表明,双团棘胸蛙在云南广泛分布于迪庆州以外的15个州（市）71个县（市）,分布海拔为1 400～2 600 m,年平均气温为11.54～18.50℃。根据双团棘胸蛙分布受海拔和年平均气温限制的特点,采用DIVA-GIS 5.2软件,得到云南省双团棘胸蛙可能分布区图。该图可以预测双团棘胸蛙在云南的潜在地理分布,为在云南对该物种的深入研究和有效保护提供了基础数据。     

越冬小天鹅在鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境的时间分配与行为节律

2016年12月—2017年3月,采用瞬时扫描法研究了鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境中小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)越冬行为。结果表明:休息(45.93%)和取食(30.52%)是小天鹅的主要行为;成鸟的修整、飞行和警戒行为均极显著高于幼鸟;小天鹅在10~15℃用于运动行为的时间显著高于其他温度;小天鹅在浅水区的修整时间显著高于深水区;日行为节律方面,小天鹅休息行为小高峰出现在07:00—07:59和13:00—13:59,低谷出现在09:00—09:59和17:00—17:59;小天鹅休息行为在各时段占比较高,表明它们采用休息为主的生存对策。取食行为在17:00—17:59达到峰值,无明显的低谷,小天鹅下午通过增加取食时间来应对夜间能量的消耗;成鸟休息行为的波动幅度小于幼鸟,说明幼鸟休息行为的随机性更大;成鸟的取食曲线波动幅度也小于幼鸟,说明成鸟的取食行为相对稳定,并到傍晚达到峰值,抵御夜间寒冷的气候;深水区的取食和休息行为的曲线波动幅度较浅水区小,可能深水区更适合小天鹅的生存。     

贵州省石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园越冬鸳鸯数量、分布及日行为初探

为了解贵州省石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园越冬鸳鸯Aix galericulata的种群密度、日行为特征及人为干扰对其的影响,于2017年10月—2018年3月,采用直接计数法对鸳鸯数量、性比及人为干扰下的种群密度进行了22次调查。越冬中期,种群数量稳定在755只±17只,性比为1.14∶1,各条河沟的数量之间的差异具有高度统计学意义(X^2=84.041,df=5,P<0.01),即大河、小河与坝坎为鸳鸯分布及活动的主要区域;种群密度与人为干扰次数呈极显著负相关(R=-0.799,n=90,P<0.01),在人为干扰次数为1次±1次的区域,种群密度为42只/hm^2±3只/hm^2～53只/hm^2±14只/hm^2,当人为干扰次数达到7次±3次时,几乎没有鸳鸯活动。同时采用瞬时扫描法对鸳鸯的8种越冬行为进行了34 d(442 h)的观察,共记录各行为136 933次。取食、休息和修整为鸳鸯的主要行为;除了修整,鸳鸯在保育区与非保育区的各行为时间分配差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);越冬日行为节律极具规律性,取食高峰在07∶00—08∶00、14∶00—15∶00和17∶00—18∶00;休息高峰在13∶00—14∶00和15∶00—16∶00;飞行高峰在06∶00—07∶00(飞回湖区)和18∶00—19∶00(飞往夜栖地);修整在各时间段发生均较为频繁。     

笼养东北虎行为的时间分配

1998 年4 月至2001 年3 月, 采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法对哈尔滨动物园的4 只笼养东北虎的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明, 笼养东北虎在全年的昼夜行为时间分配表现为睡眠所占比值最多; 其次是卧息和活动; 摄食和其它行为(包括饮水、排尿、排粪、修饰、嗅闻、嬉戏、站立、直立、发声等) 最少。在不同季节笼养东北虎的活动变化规律基本相似, 一昼夜的睡眠、运动和卧息均有两个高峰期, 但高峰期出现和持续的时间有所差异。睡眠的高峰期在10 : 00～14 : 00 和20 : 00 至次日06 : 00 , 活动的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和14 : 00～17 : 00 , 卧息的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和13 : 00～20 : 00 , 摄食仅在16 : 00～20 : 00 有一个高峰期。冬季(12～2 月) 与春(3～5 月) 、夏(6～8 月) 、秋季(9～11 月) 相比, 东北虎在白昼睡眠的时间显著减少,夜晚则显著增多。     

Variation in sleepiness during early morning shifts: a mixed model approach to an experimental field study of train drivers

The present study aimed to experimentally evaluate the effect of early morning shifts on sleep and sleepiness of train drivers during normal working conditions. A total of 17 experienced train drivers were studied during a 4.5 h drive in two directions with a 2.5 h break in between on three different shifts: an early shift that started at 05:49 h (train left at 06:18 h) and ended at 17:41h, a day shift (07:49-19:41 h), and an evening shift (09:49-21:41 h). Retrospective (since the last stop) ratings of mean sleepiness and peak sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale--KSS: 1 = very alert, 9= very sleepy, fighting sleep, difficulty staying awake) were assessed at each stop during the drive. The results showed that sleep length was reduced (p <0.001) by 1 h and 2h, respectively, by the early shift compared to the day and evening shifts. The prevalence of severe sleepiness (KSS > or = 7) was high, especially during the early shift when 14 (82%) subjects reported at least one event during the drive. Application of the Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to the sleepiness data showed that there was an increased risk for severe sleepiness during the early shift (OR = 4.9) that increased further with the length of the drive between stops (OR = 1.9, 15 min), suggesting an interaction between early morning shift and monotony. The findings have practical implications in risk assessment. Long drives without stops and other monotonous situations should have a higher risk rating for severe sleepiness in shifts with an early start before 06:00 h, compared to shifts that begin 2 h later.     

丰容对圈养雌性岩羊活动时间分配的影响

为了探究环境丰容和食物丰容对岩羊行为和活动节律的影响,于2017年3月—7月,以上海动物园的5只雌性岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)为研究对象,设计环境丰容和食物丰容试验,利用瞬时扫描法对岩羊进行行为学观察,分析岩羊丰容前后昼间行为的变化。结果表明:经过环境丰容,岩羊的运动行为和反刍行为显著增加,卧息行为和其他行为显著减少,取食行为无明显变化。在环境丰容基础上,开展食物丰容后,运动行为明显减少,取食行为明显增加。卧息行为有所减少、反刍行为和其他行为有所增加,但变化均不明显。丰容后岩羊的昼间活动节律也发生了变化。取食行为呈现2个高峰期(8:00—11:00和15:00—18:00),取食行为普遍提高;运动行为在13:30—17:30时段较丰容前提前一个小时左右发生;卧息行为有相似的波动规律,但丰容后其昼间发生频次在16:00之前均降低;反刍行为波动最大,呈现出明显的2个高峰期(6:00—9:00和10:00—15:00)。试验表明,在进行环境和食物丰容后,岩羊的活动增加,优化了时间分配,福利状况得到了有效改善。     

山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式

2011年12月至2012年2月和2012年11月至2013年1月,采用瞬时扫描法,对山西平陆黄河湿地越冬的大天鹅进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。结果表明,大天鹅在越冬期的主要行为是静息、运动和取食,分别占全部行为比例的(40.5±1.4)%、(22.8±0.9)%和(18.2±0.8)%。在日间节律方面,大天鹅的取食行为呈现早晚双高峰,静息行为的高峰则出现在早上和中午。对不同地点的大天鹅的行为时间分配研究表明,大天鹅在两地的行为时间分配存在明显差异。其中,在干扰强度较大的三湾村,运动和争斗行为更多;在干扰较小的关家窝村,静息和警戒行为更多。在行为时间分配与温度变化关系的研究中,通过Pearson相关性分析发现,大天鹅的取食、运动和理羽行为与温度成显著正相关,静息和警戒行为与温度呈现显著负相关。     

Differences in sleep, light, and circadian phase in offshore 18:00-06:00 h and 19:00-07:00 h shift workers

Complaints concerning sleep are high among those who work night shifts; this is in part due to the disturbed relationship between circadian phase and the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Shift schedule, light exposure, and age are all known to affect adaptation to the night shift. This study investigated circadian phase, sleep, and light exposure in subjects working 18:00-06:00 h and 19:00-07:00 h schedules during summer (May-August). Ten men, aged 46+/-10 yrs (mean+/-SD), worked the 19:00-07:00 h shift schedule for two or three weeks offshore (58 degrees N). Seven men, mean age 41+/-12 yrs, worked the 18:00-06:00 h shift schedule for two weeks offshore (61 degrees N). Circadian phase was assessed by calculating the peak (acrophase) of the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythm measured by radioimmunoassay of sequential urine samples collected for 72 h at the end of the night shift. Objective sleep and light exposure were assessed by actigraphy and subjective sleep diaries. Subjects working 18:00-06:00 h had a 6-sulphatoxymelatonin acrophase of 11.7+/-0.77 h (mean+/-SEM, decimal hours), whereas it was significantly later, 14.6+/-0.55 h (p=0.01), for adapted subjects working 19:00-07:00 h. Two subjects did not adapt to the 19:00-07:00 h night shift (6-sulphatoxymelatonin acrophases being 4.3+/-0.22 and 5.3+/-0.29 h). Actigraphy analysis of sleep duration showed significant differences (p=0.03), with a mean sleep duration for those working 19:00-07:00 h of 5.71+/-0.31 h compared to those working 18:00-06:00 h whose mean sleep duration was 6.64+/-0.33 h. There was a trend to higher morning light exposure (p=0.07) in the 19:00-07:00 h group. Circadian phase was later (delayed on average by 3 h) and objective sleep was shorter with the 19:00-07:00 h than the 18:00-06:00 h shift schedule. In these offshore conditions in summer, the earlier shift start and end time appears to favor daytime sleep.     

Diurnal Variation in Scent Marking Behavior in Captive Male and Female Common Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus

Chemical communication by scent-marking behavior in New World primates is used to prevent the access of potential competitors to a territory, to identify food resources and the reproductive condition of mates, among others. In common marmosets, primates of the Callitrichidae family, this behavior also occurs as olfactory identification of an individual or of the reproductive status of females. Despite this information, the diurnal variation and gender differences in the profile of this behavior remain to be investigated. The aims of this study were to establish the diurnal profile of the distribution of this behavior and the influence of the sex of markers. We used 18 adult common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, 10 males and 8 females from 6 family groups (6 fathers and 4 sons; 4 mothers and 4 daughters). The frequency of scent-marking behavior was recorded for each animal over a period of 8 days, twice a week, for 4 weeks, starting when the animals left the nest box (approximately at 05:00 a.m.) until the end of the photophase, at about 05:00 p.m. A MANOVA test was performed to compare the frequency of scent-marking behavior at 2 hour intervals using pooled data for males and females. The results showed that significantly higher levels of scent-marking behavior occurred during the 03:00-05:00 p.m. interval compared to all other intervals. Lower values were recorded during the 11:00-13:00 interval and an effect of the sex factor was also found, with the values being higher for females than for males, although a significant difference was recorded only for the 07:00-09:00 interval. Minimal values for males were recorded during the 07:00-09:00 interval, whereas minimum values for females were recorded during the 11:00-13:00 interval. However, the highest values for both sexes continued to occur during the 15:00-17:00 interval. These results suggest that scent marking behavior in common marmosets has a preferential incidence at the end of the day and this might be occurring in association with feeding behavior. At this time these animals usually forage more to prepare for the night's fast. Since these animals can discriminate chemical clues as long as 24 hours after they have been left, the higher incidence of this behavior at this time probably will assure that the animals will localize feeding resources used on the preceding day. Significant elevation of scent marking behavior in females in relation to males was found only at 07:00-09:00 interval and seems to be associated with signalizing of reproductive status, preferential access to foraging or both.     

圈养林麝春季活动节律及时间分配

2006 年春季,使用红外夜间观察记录仪,对崇明东平麝场12 只成年林麝(8 雌,4 雄)的行为进行了24 h昼夜连续观察。发现春季林麝的行为有37 种,可归并为休息、摄食、运动、社会、维持和排遗6 大行为类型,据此,建构了春季林麝的行为谱。根据各行为持续时间比率和频次分析表明,林麝的主要行为为休息;雌麝的摄食行为所占的比率高于雄麝,这是由于春季雌麝妊娠的能量需求较高所致。活动节律呈典型的晨昏双峰型,清晨(4:00 ～ 6:00)和傍晚(17:00 ～ 19:00)为活动高峰;夜间活动性显著高于白天。     

Variable sensitivity to the glucocorticoid activity of cortisol in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency: assessment with ACTH profiles

Our aim was to investigate the usefulness of circulating levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and also salivary cortisol to monitor cortisone substitution in patients with Addison's disease. 13 patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (8 women and 5 men, age 44 ± 11 years) received 12.5 mg cortisone acetate orally at 16:00 h and 25 mg at 07:00 h. Blood samples for cortisol and ACTH analysis were drawn every hour for 24 h, and also every half hour between 07:00 and 12:00 h. Samples for salivary cortisol were collected in parallel. Total ACTH levels showed large inter-individual variations and a diurnal rhythm with a nadir in the early evening at 19:00 (median 19 ng/l, range 2-434 ng/l) and high levels in the early morning, with a peak around 07:30 (median 844 ng/l, range 45-2,249 ng/l). Plasma cortisol concentrations showed 2 peaks distinct in time, but variable in height, 1-2 h after intake of cortisone. Plasma cortisol correlated significantly with ln(ACTH) at 17:00 h (r=-0.56), at 10:00 h (r=-0.51), and at 10.30 h (r=-0.57). When tested at different time points, ln(ACTH) at 10:00 to 12:00 h was negatively correlated with plasma cortisol between 08:30 and 12:00 h. Plasma cortisol was highly correlated to ln(salivary cortisol) most of the time points measured, but 30-60 min after intake of cortisone acetate the correlation disappeared. In conclusion, the large interindividual variation in ACTH levels most likely indicates varying sensitivity to cortisol with a need for individualized dosing schemes. Furthermore ACTH-determinations may be useful for dose titration of cortisol.     

Bimodal temporal organization of specific vigilance behaviors in captive black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata)

The aerial/terrestrial scan and glance behaviors of 20 captive adult black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata), kept undisturbed in their own familiar social environments, were assessed at 07:00, 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00 h, as little is known on the temporal organization of their vigilance repertoire, particularly under normal social and stress-free conditions. For each time point, four 20-min observation sessions were held. Although general high vigilance rates were observed, significantly more time was spent scanning the upper part of the home-cage, particularly during the earliest and latest hours of the day. Significantly higher terrestrial than aerial glance frequencies were also seen, yet both remained constant throughout the day. Therefore, the observed pattern not only varied significantly according to the specific vigilance behavior and time of day, but also seemed associated with eco-physiological factors, such as the search/intake of food, sleep site selection and higher risk of air-born threats.