镉诱导的菊芋幼苗膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性及过氧化物酶同工酶的改变

用含有不同浓度(0~400μmol/L)Cd(NO3)2的Hoagland营养液处理砂培的菊芋。处理50d后,测定植物体内镉积累量以及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并对POD同工酶进行电泳分析。发现在Cd50~100μmol/L浓度内,随着镉浓度的升高,菊芋根和叶中镉的积累量显著增加,而随后积累量的增加有所减少。根和叶中MDA含量显著上升,说明镉引起了膜脂过氧化。0~100μmol/LCd处理,根和叶中POD活性随Cd浓度增加而增强,而在200~400μmol/LCd处理下有所减弱。根和叶SOD活性在50~200μmol/LCd处理下随Cd浓度增加而增强,而在400μmol/LCd处理下SOD活性明显受到抑制。根和叶CAT活性随Cd浓度升高而增强。电泳结果显示,POD同工酶变化明显,镉诱导出一条新酶带LP10。菊芋POD同工酶可以作为镉污染的土壤的生物指示剂。     

镉诱导萝卜幼苗活性氧产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的变化

通过水培试验,研究Cd2+胁迫对萝卜幼苗活性氧的产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。超氧 阴离子(O 2)的产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)的含量与对照相比有不同程度的增加,表明Cd2+胁迫能导致萝卜体 内的氧化胁迫;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,随着Cd2+浓度提高,首先明显上升,然后逐渐下降,甚至低于 对照,叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性明显增加,根系CAT活性则减少,根系以及较高浓度Cd2+处理后期叶片 谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性均显著增加。推测:胁迫初期可能主要由SOD和CAT发挥抗氧化作用;后期由 于抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽(AsA GsH)循环途径的激活,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和植物络合素(Phytochela tins,PCs)的合成,可能在清除活性氧或者直接鏊合Cd2+中起作用。     

香蒲对不同浓度Pb~(2+)胁迫的生理应答及其细胞超微结构变化

通过室内水培试验,研究了不同浓度Pb2+(0、0.25、0.50、1.00和2.00mmol·L-1)胁迫对东方香蒲根和叶中Pb含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性以及亚细胞结构的影响。结果显示:(1)随着外源Pb2+浓度的增加,Pb在香蒲根和叶中的积累量均显著高于对照,且Pb在根中的含量明显高于叶中,并与外源Pb2+浓度呈显著正相关关系。(2)香蒲叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随着外源Pb2+浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势,均在处理浓度为0.50mmol·L-1时达到峰值。(3)胁迫处理叶片的MDA含量与对照相比变化不显著,但根中MDA含量呈显著下降趋势。(4)叶片中SOD活性在1.00mmol·L-1 Pb2+处理时达到峰值,然后下降,但始终高于对照,CAT和POD活性则均低于对照组;根中SOD活性除1.00mmol·L-1 Pb2+处理组外均显著低于对照组,CAT和POD活性分别在0.25和0.50mmol·L-1 Pb2+处理时达到峰值,然后随处理Pb2+浓度升高而下降。(5)电镜观察发现,Pb2+胁迫使香蒲叶细胞中叶绿体被膜破裂,类囊体膨胀、破损;根和叶细胞中的线粒体被膜均破裂、内腔空泡化,细胞核核膜破损、核仁消失、染色质凝集。研究表明,Pb2+胁迫致使东方香蒲根、叶生理代谢失衡,亚细胞结构出现不可逆的损伤,这为从分子水平研究Pb2+作用的具体机理以及香蒲在重金属污染修复中的应用提供了依据。     

Cd胁迫对黄菖蒲幼苗4种抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培法对Cd胁迫下黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L．）幼苗叶片和根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性进行了研究。结果表明,10、40和120mg·L^-1Cd胁迫下,黄菖蒲幼苗叶片和根系中4种酶活性的变化不同。10和40mg·L^-1 cd胁迫下,黄菖蒲幼苗叶片和根系中的POD及APX活性、叶片中的SOD活性及根系中的CAT均明显高于对照;在120mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,叶片中的POD活性及根系中的POD和CAT活性均高于对照;各处理组根系中的SOD活性均低于对照。随处理时间的延长,40和120mg·L^-1Cd胁迫处理组叶片的CAT活性和120mg·L^-1Cd胁迫处理组根系的APX活性逐渐降低,其他处理组不同酶的活性逐渐升高或先升后降。黄菖蒲叶片及根系中的4种酶对Cd胁迫的响应能力有差异,其中POD可能是黄菖蒲耐Cd胁迫的主要抗性诱导酶。     

锌胁迫对桉树巯基物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过桉树的水培实验,测定了不同浓度Zn胁迫下桉树的生物量,根和叶中Zn、巯基物质(非蛋白巯基,谷胱甘肽和植物络合素)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,以及根中抗氧化酶的活性。从巯基物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的角度,探讨了桉树抵御Zn胁迫造成氧化性伤害的机制。实验结果表明,Zn浓度较低(20 mg/L和40 mg/L)时,根中MDA含量非显著性增加,抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性上升,叶中巯基物质含量非显著性增加。Zn浓度较高(120 mg/L和140 mg/L)时,根中MDA含量显著性增加,SOD、POD和CAT的活性下降,叶中巯基物质含量显著性增加。因此,低浓度Zn胁迫时,桉树中巯基物质和抗氧化酶系统对氧化性伤害有较好的缓解作用;高浓度Zn胁迫时,大量过氧化物积累,桉树中巯基物质和抗氧化酶系统对氧化损伤的缓解作用降低。     

镉胁迫对旱柳光合作用和内肽酶变化的影响

通过水培方法,添加不同浓度CdCl2(0、5、25、50 μmol·L^-1)处理14 d,测定叶绿素含量、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性、游离氨基酸含量及内肽酶活性,调查Cd对旱柳光合作用和内肽酶变化活性影响。结果发现：Cd处理降低了总叶绿素、叶绿素a、b含量; Rubisco活性随着介质中Cd浓度增加而降低;Cd抑制根和叶PEPC活性;同对照相比,根中游离氨基酸含量没有显著变化,而叶中游离氨基酸含量增加;不同浓度Cd处理降低根的内肽酶活性,高浓度Cd使叶内肽酶活力增加。这些结果表明,Cd通过降低叶绿素含量,促进叶内肽酶活性和抑制了CO₂羧化酶活性来影响旱柳光合作用。     

镉胁迫对矮牵牛种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同浓度镉Cd（0、1、2和4 mmol·L^-1）处理对矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果发现：与对照相比,较低浓度（1 mmol·L^-1）Cd处理下矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长均显著被抑制,当Cd浓度增至4 mmol·L^-1时完全抑制了矮牵牛种子的萌发。Cd胁迫在低浓度时激活矮牵牛幼苗叶片过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,而高浓度产生抑制效应;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与对照相比均显著升高,丙二醛（MDA）含量无显著变化。不同浓度的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的加入使4 mmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片POD和APX活性增加,但不影响SOD和CAT活性;此外,6 mmol·L^-1 EDTA使Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片中MDA含量增加。结果表明,Cd胁迫抑制矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长,却使幼苗叶片POD、CAT和APX活性增加,EDTA的加入能够进一步提高Cd胁迫幼苗POD和APX活性。因此,矮牵牛幼苗在Cd胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化损伤的能力。     

缺硫对万寿菊镉积累的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了缺硫对万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)各器官镉积累的影响,以及巯基化合物和有机酸等在各器官镉积累中的作用.结果表明:0.1 mg·L-1镉处理7 d,缺硫处理显著降低了植物根、茎和叶中的镉含量,较对照分别降低了47%、38%和61%;缺硫对植物体内半胱氨酸、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸、谷胱甘肽和有机酸的合成没有显著影响,而且3种巯基化合物的含量都很低;缺硫植物根部合成的植物络合素的量显著降低,这可能是植物体内镉积累减少的主要原因;在植物的各器官中,叶片中的有机酸含量最高,而在叶片中未检测到植物络合素,由此可推断,叶片中积累的镉主要与有机酸结合;缺硫影响了根部植物络合素的合成,进而降低了植物体内镉的积累,而缺硫没有影响植物体内有机酸的合成,有机酸可能仅是参与植物组织中与镉的络合作用.     

镉胁迫对旱柳细胞膜透性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘Fuyang 3’旱柳为材料,通过水培方法研究了中、高剂量(5、25μmol.L-1)镉胁迫下旱柳器官的镉(Cd2 )积累、叶和根细胞膜渗透及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:Cd2 主要积累在旱柳的根部(最高达1 297.71μg.g-1),其次是枝条(最高为163.13μg.g-1)。中、高剂量Cd2 胁迫下,旱柳叶相对电导率、根K 渗透以及根和叶丙二醛(MDA)含量均未发生显著变化。中、高剂量Cd2 胁迫使旱柳根系的超氧歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,以及叶片的SOD、愈创木酚过氧化酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和GST活性均比对照显著增强;且高剂量胁迫旱柳根系的SOD和GST活性,及其叶片的POD、GPX和GST活性均显著高于相应中剂量胁迫。研究发现,旱柳在不同浓度镉胁迫条件下,其根是Cd2 主要积累器官,其叶和根细胞质膜能保持相对稳定性,其根和叶各抗氧化酶活性发生不同程度改变,从而使旱柳对Cd2 胁迫表现出一定的忍耐性。     

镉胁迫对萝卜幼苗活性氧产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

镉胁迫使萝卜幼苗超氧阴离子(O2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;随着镉浓度提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性首先明显上升,然后逐渐下降,甚至低于对照;叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显增加,根系CAT活性则减少;根系以及较高浓度镉处理后期叶片的谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均显著增加.由此推测:在胁迫初期可能主要由SOD和CAT发挥抗氧化作用,而在胁迫后期由于抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GsH)循环途径的激活,还原型谷胱甘肽和植物络合素含量的提高可能在清除活性氧或者直接螯合镉中起作用.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV