黑龙江省玉米气候生产力演变及其对气候变化的响应

在气候变化背景下,深入揭示玉米气候生产力的变化趋势及其空间差异、明晰玉米气候资源利用规律,可为黑龙江省农业生产宏观决策提供科学依据.基于黑龙江省72个气象站1981—2014年的气象资料和对应的产量资料,采用逐步订正、空间插值、线性趋势分析等方法,研究玉米的光合、光温、气候生产力的时空变化特征、主要影响因素和增产潜力,并对未来不同气候情景下玉米气候生产力进行评估.结果表明: 研究期间,黑龙江省玉米光合、光温和气候生产力平均值分别为26558、19953和18742 kg·hm^-2;在空间分布上均表现为平原高山地低、由西南向东北逐渐减少;光合、光温、气候生产力均表现为显著增加趋势,其增幅分别为378、723和560 kg·hm^-2·(10 a)^-1,且辐射量和气温的增加对黑龙江省玉米生产具有正效应;玉米气候生产力对气候变化响应明显,松嫩平原西部因光能资源的减少导致玉米光合生产力降低,气温升高则在一定程度上弥补了光照带来的负面效应,玉米光温生产力下降趋势有所减缓,北部和东部对气候变暖的响应表现尤为明显,玉米光温生产力表现为明显上升趋势,而松嫩平原西南部及三江平原易旱区则对降水变化反映敏感;玉米实际单产与其气候生产力比率的平均值仅为24.1%,仍有75.9%的潜力有待开发;未来“暖湿型”气候对提高玉米气候生产力有利,而“冷干型”气候则不利于玉米气候生产力的提高.     

气候变化对东北地区玉米生产潜力的影响与调控措施模拟——以吉林省为例

本研究以我国吉林省为例,采用5个典型研究站点1981—2010年的气象观测数据、土壤数据、田间管理资料及玉米产量实测值,应用作物生长模型CERES-Maize对5个不同品种玉米生产潜力进行了模拟,在分析气候因素对生产力影响的基础上,模拟、校准与验证遗传参数,实现应对气候变化、提高作物生产力的调控技术模拟,以期指导作物生产.结果表明: 玉米播种-开花、开花-成熟两个生长阶段天数模拟值和单产的模拟值与实际值极为吻合,归一化均方根误差分别为2.96%、3.40%、9.37%,偏离指数范围为-10.6%～15.2%,玉米光温生产潜力模拟值年均为7799.60～12902.83 kg·hm^-2,每10年下降128.6～880.3 kg·hm^-2;相关性分析表明,影响该地区玉米光温生产潜力下降的主导因素是气候变化,即玉米生育期内温度升高造成的生长期缩短和太阳辐射总量的显著下降.据此模拟的主要调控技术分别是改良玉米品种的耐热性与推迟玉米播种期.遗传参数调控模拟结果表明,玉米光温生产潜力随品种敏感参数P5(灌浆期特征参数,指吐丝至生理成熟大于8 ℃的热量时间)值的增大而呈线性增加趋势,P5值每增加10 ℃·d,玉米光温生产潜力提高154.44～261.10 kg·hm^-2.推迟玉米播期模拟结果表明,除梅河口外,敦化、辽源站点在玉米播期推迟5 d时,光温生产潜力增幅最大,分别为0.47%、1.32%;桦甸、榆树站点在玉米播期推迟15 d时,光温生产潜力增幅最大,分别为1.10%、4.06%.     

2011—2050年黄淮海冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力评价

基于区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来B2气候情景（2011—2050年）逐日资料以及基准气候时段（1961—1990年）的逐日资料,应用农业生态区域(AEZ)模型,对2011—2050年我国黄淮海地区冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力时空变化特征进行预测.结果表明： 基准气候时段下,我国黄淮海地区冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的空间分布呈现一定的区域分异规律,总体均呈东南高、西北低的趋势,且同纬度地区的沿海高于内陆.1961—1990年,冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的变化幅度分别在3893～11000和5908～12000 kg·hm^-2.未来B2气候情景下,冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的年际变化很大,这与该时期作物生长发育光、温、水的匹配程度有关.冬小麦、夏玉米分别在2011—2030年和2021—2040年间气候生产潜力的增加趋势非常明显,开发潜力很大.在保持现有生产状况下,未来B2气候情景下,2011—2050年冬小麦气候生产潜力在空间上总体呈现明显的区域分异,表现为东南地区与西北地区的反向变化、沿海地区与内陆地区之间的同向变化;而夏玉米气候生产潜力的区域分异规律不明显.     

2011-2050年黄淮海冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力评价

基于区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来B2气候情景(2011-2050年)逐日资料以及基准气候时段(1961-1990年)的逐日资料,应用农业生态区域(AEZ)模型,对2011-2050年我国黄淮海地区冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力时空变化特征进行预测.结果表明:基准气候时段下,我国黄淮海地区冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的空间分布呈现一定的区域分异规律,总体均呈东南高、西北低的趋势,且同纬度地区的沿海高于内陆.1961-1990年,冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的变化幅度分别在3893 ～11000和5908～12000kg·hm-2.未来B2气候情景下,冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的年际变化很大,这与该时期作物生长发育光、温、水的匹配程度有关.冬小麦、夏玉米分别在2011-2030年和2021-2040年间气候生产潜力的增加趋势非常明显,开发潜力很大.在保持现有生产状况下,未来B2气候情景下,2011-2050年冬小麦气候生产潜力在空间上总体呈现明显的区域分异,表现为东南地区与西北地区的反向变化、沿海地区与内陆地区之间的同向变化;而夏玉米气候生产潜力的区域分异规律不明显.     

我国春玉米潜在种植分布区的气候适宜性

根据中国气象局216个春玉米农业气象观测站资料与1971—2000年10 km×10 km空间分辨率的气候资料,基于全国区域和年尺度筛选出了影响我国玉米种植分布的潜在气候指标,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy,MaxEnt)模型和ArcGIS空间分析技术,构建了春玉米潜在种植分布与气候因子关系模型,研究了影响我国春玉米潜在种植分布区的主导气候因子及其气候适宜性。结果表明,影响我国春玉米潜在种植分布的主导气候因子有:≥10℃积温、≥10℃的天数、最热月平均温度、年平均温度、年降水、湿润指数和气温年较差;结合春玉米存在概率,将我国春玉米潜在种植分布区划分成4个等级:气候不适宜区、次适宜区、适宜区和最适宜区,给出了各气候适宜区的气候特征。选取作物在待预测地区的存在概率这一综合反映各主导气候因子影响的指标来划分作物潜在种植分布区,有助于更加准确地进行气候区划,从而可为制定玉米应对气候变化措施提供科学依据。     

中国东南部不同海拔亚热带森林中马尾松径向生长对气候的响应

为了解我国东南部亚热带森林不同海拔树木生长对气候响应的差异,建立了福建省武夷山脉东麓2个样点的4个马尾松(Pinus massoniana)轮宽年表,对树木径向生长与气候因子进行了bootstrapped相关分析和线性混合模型(LME)拟合。结果表明,在高海拔地区马尾松径向生长对气候因子年际波动敏感性较强,主要表现为与生长季前冬季光温条件以及生长季内7月降水的正相关,生长-气候关系在不同样点间表现出较强的一致性。线性混合模型可以较好地拟合高海拔树木生长变化,当使用前1年12月平均日最高温、当年1月日照时长和当年7月降雨量3个气候变量进行拟合时,模型解释量达到0.5,其中前1年12月最高温和当年1月日照时数在模型中起到主导作用,累积相对贡献率约占80%,说明生长季前冬季的光热条件是限制高海拔马尾松径向生长最主要的气候因子。因此,我国亚热带地区高海拔的树木径向生长可能对未来气候变化有更强的敏感性,相关森林管理政策的制定需要将此纳入考虑;同时我国亚热带地区高海拔森林中的树木有被用于树轮气候重建的潜力。     

洛阳旱地夏玉米生产潜力长周期定量模拟与评价

以洛阳孟津地区气象数据库、土壤数据库、作物数据库和多年田间试验数据库为基础,应用DSSAT作物生长模型估算了当地夏玉米光温生产潜力和光温水生产潜力,并对节水潜力开发现状及途径进行了分析.结果表明,洛阳孟津地区47a夏玉米光温生产潜力为6900.00～15805.00 kg · hm-2,均值为12039.96 kg · hm-2,可作为补灌区平均最高产量的上限参考值;光温水生产潜力为1529.31～13742.00 kg · hm-2,均值为8894.42 kg · hm-2,仅占光温生产潜力82%左右,可作为雨养夏玉米平均最高产量的上限参考值.夏玉米生育期内平均降水量为356.22mm,年际间波动幅度较大,平均水分满足率为71.9%,不同土壤类型及不同降雨年型夏玉米潜在水分利用效率变幅较大,波动范围为8.04～37.46 kg · hm-2 · mm-1,47a均值为26.424 kg · hm-2 · mm-1.近8a旱作夏玉米现实水分利用效率仅占潜在水分利用效率的45.87%,平均光温水生产潜力开发度为47.55%.夏玉米节水潜力非常大,采用合理的节水农业措施,加强农田建设,改善地力状况,增强土壤储水蓄水稳定能力,高效利用降水资源,提高水分利用效率是今后提高夏玉米产量的重要途径.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅵ.黑龙江省三江平原地区降水资源变化特征及其对春玉米生产的可能影响

利用黑龙江省三江平原地区1959-2007年降水资料和1983-2007年春玉米生育期资料,采用百分位法确定了各站点的极端降水阈值,结合极端降水频次、强度、最长连续(无)降水日数、极端降水贡献率等指标,分析了三江平原地区极端降水的年际间变化特征、不同等级的降水量变化以及春玉米各生育阶段极端降水的分配特征.结果表明:1959-2007年间,研究区域年降水量呈略微减少趋势,且年降水日数的减幅远大于降水量,年内降水量分布更趋于集中;极端降水频次和强度均呈减少趋势,极端降水频次的年际间波动大于极端降水强度;年极端降水量占全年降水量的比例略有减少,减少趋势不显著;年小雨日数极显著减少,而年中雨日数和年内大到暴雨日数的减少趋势不显著.三江平原地区春玉米各生育阶段的极端降水分配比例由高到低依次为生殖生长阶段、营养生长与生殖生长并存阶段、营养生长阶段和出苗前;春玉米生长季内降水量占年降水量的比例显著减少,导致春玉米生长季缺水的风险加大;春玉米生长季内最长连续无降水日数呈极显著增加趋势,增幅达1.1 d·(10 a)-1,而最长连续降水日数却呈极显著下降趋势,减幅为0.5 d·(10 a)-1,说明研究区自然降水条件下春玉米生长季干旱风险有所加大.     

松嫩平原西部林网生态场中玉米光合生态研究

东北松嫩平原林网生态场(Ecofield)中主要气候因子对玉米(Zea mays)光合作用影响的研究表明：在整个生长季中,玉米的瞬时光合速率与气温、光强正相关;日光合量则与空气温、湿度正相关。林网中部和东部(10—20H,H为1树高)玉米的光合日进程基本无午休现象,仅两侧主林带附近(1H、5H、25H)仍有午休;与此相应,日光合量也以中、东部高于两侧,这是由于林网中部的气温和湿度高于两侧。通过综合分析,发现午间空气湿度低是造成光合午休的主要原因,在东北松嫩平原,空气温、湿度是制约玉米光合作用主要的气候因子,其中气温是主导因子;光照不是限制因子。防护林可提高林网中的空气温、湿度,从而提高玉米的生产力。     

水热条件分别控制了中国温带草地NDVI的年际变化和增长趋势

温带草地区是我国植被对气候变化响应的敏感区和陆地生态系统的生态脆弱区,是组成草地资源的重要部分。由于全球变暖,气候变化带来的极端气候影响越来越大,探究我国温带草地植被覆盖时空变化规律和水热条件变化对其生长的影响,对区域生态的环境保护,实现畜牧业的可持续发展和更加合理有效地利用草地资源具有重要的现实意义。基于1982—2015年长时间序列的气象(降水、温度、太阳辐射)数据和GIMMS NDVI 3g数据,采用去趋势分析法和相关性分析法,探究近34年中国温带地区生长季草地归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)和气候因子变化格局,以及水热条件对NDVI的同步影响和滞后影响。研究结果表明:(1)1982—2015年中国温带草地生长季平均温度和月平均太阳辐射呈增长趋势,降水量为下降趋势,温带草地气候逐渐呈现"暖干化";(2)1982—2015年中国温带草地生长季NDVI的年际变化由降水因子主导,特别是在1999年之后,降水的对于中国温带草地生长季NDVI年际变化的影响更为显著;(3)1982—2015年中国温带草地生长季NDVI...     

Anisotropic patterned population synchrony in climatic gradients indicates nonlinear climatic forcing

Although climatic forcing has been suspected to be the most common cause of spatial population synchrony owing to the Moran effect, it has proved difficult to disentangle the impact of climate from other possible causes of synchrony based on population survey data. Nonlinear population responses to climatic variation may be a part of this difficulty, but they can also provide an opportunity to highlight the climate impacts through targeted survey designs. In particular, when species distribution ranges encompass consistent spatial gradients in climate (e.g. according to latitude or altitude), such gradients can be strategically included in the spatial design of population surveys as to facilitate comparisons of spatial synchrony patterns across and along the gradient. In that case, we predict that nonlinear impacts of climatic variation on population growth rates will result in anisotropic (direction specific) synchrony patterns in the sense that synchrony will drop faster with distance along the climatic gradient than across it. We provide an empirical case study to exemplify survey design and analyses. Of two sympatric species of geometrids, inhabiting an altitudinal gradient in subarctic birch forest, one (Operophtera brumata L.) showed anisotropic synchrony consistent with a strongly nonlinear sensitivity to climatic variation, whereas the other (Epirrita autumnata Bkh.) did not. These results are interpreted in light of the biological characteristics of the species.     

The crisis of the thesis of climatic pessimism: malaria and the climatic question

The publication of Boudin's Traité de Geographie et de Statistique médicale (1857) and the creation in 1908 of the Institut de Pathologie Exotique by Laveran, correspond to two entirely different manners of considering tropical diseases and adaptability (or acclimatation) to the Tropics, directly associated with the idea of capability or incapability of Europeans to resist tropical diseases. We analyse the way perspectives have changed with respect to the influence that climate, particularly tropical, exert on the body of individuals and on populations used to live under temperate climatic conditions. The manner the concepts of medical geography, climatic pessimism and individual acclimatation get articulated with the discovery of tropical diseases, their aetiological agents and their localisation, particularly malaria, can only be understood by also analysing how the problems generated by the diversity of races and migration phenomena have been envisaged.     

Pollen and climatic change

Summary There has been increasing interest shown in the literature over the possible implications of global warming on the climate, ecology and economy of the world community. Aerobiologists in Europe could play an important strategic role in monitoring and predicting ecological change and in providing useful information for climatologists. The problems of identification and co-ordination are briefly discussed.     

黄河首曲湿地退化过程中植物群落组分及物种多样性的变化

黄河首曲湿地是黄河下游生态安全的重要屏障.通过实地调查,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄河首曲湿地自然退化过程中植物多样性的变化,并用对比分析的方法研究了人工排水对植物多样性的影响.结果表明:在黄河首曲湿地自然退化过程中,经沼泽、沼泽化草甸、高寒草甸到草原化草甸,优势种向中生和旱生种演替,丰富度指数和多样性指数逐渐增大,即草原化草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>沼泽,而优势度指数却逐渐减小,均匀度指数先降低后增加,植物物种多样性总体上表现为增加的态势.人为排水后,毒杂草在群落中的比例增加,导致丰富度指数和多样性指数增加,均匀度指数和优势度指数略有降低,群落相似性系数逐渐降低,主要是由于人工排水后,生境相对中生化,部分植物在群落内的零星分布导致多样性指数和丰富度指数增加,而均匀度指数下降.人工排水虽然增加了群落内的植物多样性,但增加的植物多为毒杂草,从而使湿地向杂草型退化方向演替.     

Head form and climatic stress

Empiric evidence indicates that the general distribution of the cephalic index is explicable in terms of climatic adaptation. Based on a sample of 339 populations, the magnitude of the index is statistically different between zones of predominantly dry heat, wet heat, wet cold and dry cold. There is an inverse relationship between the mean cephalic index and temperature. It is argued that the occupation of cold climates is one of the circumstances increasing the frequency of brachycephaly through time.     

Morphological variations and climatic differences

As it has been shown long ago by physicists, the volume/surface ratio influences the cooling of bodies. Unfortunately, the volume of living things in most cases is difficult to assess. Therefore it can be reasonably replaced by body-weight, as it is usual in biological work. A second ratio, total limbs length/body weight, also plays an obvious role in body-heat regulation.Both ratios were studied experimentally on more than 100 men, in a hot room or on a tread-mill. On the other hand they were studied statistically on many different populations belonging to all the major divisions of the human species. These ratios are not the cornerstone of body-heat regulation, but both influence it. As a general tendency, body-weight/body-surface ratio decreases in warm climates, whereas limbs-length/body weight ratio increases. These geographical differences may be considered as ecological gradients related to body-heat regulation.These gradients do not exactly follow latitudes, because other factors, such as altitude, must be also taken into account. Perhaps there are several similar gradients, represented by different figures in different branches of human species. Some small gradient irrégularities can probably be explained by sampling errors: adaptation is a statistical phenomenon and small samples may sometimes distort a gradient's orderliness. Finally, body-weight/body-surface ratio is to some extent related to age. As we have shown it elsewhere, some numerical “inconsistencies” disappear if the age influence is statistically eliminated. Unfortunately, this correction is often impossible because in many populations the exact age of adult subjects is unknown.     

Crop responses to climatic variation

The yield and quality of food crops is central to the well being of humans and is directly affected by climate and weather. Initial studies of climate change on crops focussed on effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) level and/or global mean temperature and/or rainfall and nutrition on crop production. However, crops can respond nonlinearly to changes in their growing conditions, exhibit threshold responses and are subject to combinations of stress factors that affect their growth, development and yield. Thus, climate variability and changes in the frequency of extreme events are important for yield, its stability and quality. In this context, threshold temperatures for crop processes are found not to differ greatly for different crops and are important to define for the major food crops, to assist climate modellers predict the occurrence of crop critical temperatures and their temporal resolution. This paper demonstrates the impacts of climate variability for crop production in a number of crops. Increasing temperature and precipitation variability increases the risks to yield, as shown via computer simulation and experimental studies. The issue of food quality has not been given sufficient importance when assessing the impact of climate change for food and this is addressed. Using simulation models of wheat, the concentration of grain protein is shown to respond to changes in the mean and variability of temperature and precipitation events. The paper concludes with discussion of adaptation possibilities for crops in response to drought and argues that characters that enable better exploration of the soil and slower leaf canopy expansion could lead to crop higher transpiration efficiency.