择伐干扰对小兴安岭阔叶红松林土壤磷吸附解吸的影响

以小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林经过轻度、中度和强度择伐干扰后形成的天然林以及未经干扰的原始林(对照)林地表层(0～10 cm)土壤为对象,对土壤磷素的最大吸附量、吸附强度、最大缓冲容量、最大解吸量、平均解吸率和易解吸磷量等指标进行测定,研究不同干扰强度导致土壤磷吸附解吸的规律性变化,分析择伐干扰对阔叶红松林土壤磷吸附解吸特征的影响.结果表明: 各林地土壤磷最大吸附量为1383.93～1833.34 mg·kg^-1,中度和强度干扰林地显著高于轻度干扰林地和原始林地;磷吸附强度为0.024～0.059 L·mg^-1,强度和轻度干扰显著增加了林地土壤磷吸附强度;最大缓冲容量为35.68～97.97 L·kg^-1,强度干扰林地土壤的最大缓冲容量最高.择伐干扰显著降低了林地土壤的供磷潜力.各样地土壤磷最大解吸量、平均解吸率和易解吸磷量分别为526.32～797.54 mg·kg^-1、14.7%～25.5%和1.79～5.41 mg·kg^-1,林地土壤磷素释放能力随干扰强度的增加显著降低.择伐干扰通过降低林地土壤磷的供应及释放能力改变了阔叶红松林土壤磷吸附与解吸特征.     

外源腐殖酸对三种土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响

通过对3种土壤（红壤、棕壤和褐土）施入不同腐殖酸的室内培养试验,探讨了外源腐殖酸对不同土壤磷素吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明：与对照土壤相比,不同腐殖酸降低了3种供试土壤磷素的吸附量,其降低顺序为：褐土＞红壤＞棕壤;外源腐殖酸提高了红壤和棕壤磷素的解吸量和解吸率,提高的幅度与腐殖酸的种类有关;而腐殖酸对褐土磷素的解吸量则无明显促进作用。表明外源腐殖酸对3种土壤磷素吸附-解吸作用最强的为红壤,其次为棕壤,最弱的为褐土;同时表明腐殖酸可提高红壤和棕壤磷素的利用率。     

施磷量与施磷深度对玉米-大豆套作系统磷素利用率及磷流失风险的影响

为充分发挥间套作种植体系磷素高效利用优势、降低土壤磷素流失,采用田间试验分析了3种施磷(P_2O_5)水平(CP:168 kg·hm^-2;RP_1:135 kg·hm^-2;RP_2:101 kg·hm^-2)与3个施磷深度(D_1:集中施在距离地面5 cm处;D_2:集中施在距离地面15 cm处;D_3:于距离地面5、15 cm处各施一半)处理下玉米-大豆套作系统作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷与速效磷含量、磷吸附-解吸特征,以期为优化西南玉米-大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据.结果表明:与对照不施磷处理(P_0)相比,各施磷处理显著增加了作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量.相同施肥深度下,处理RP_1与CP相比,作物籽粒产量差异不显著,但显著提高了植株地上部吸磷量,因此RP_1处理的磷素表观利用率显著高于CP处理.相同施磷量下,不同施磷深度间比较,作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量均以D_2处理最高.依据土壤磷的吸附-解吸特征参数可知,当施磷深度为D_2、施磷量为RP_1时,土壤对磷的固持能力最强,在降低磷素流失上表现出较强优势.因此,玉米-大豆套作系统中适当减少磷肥施用量和加大磷肥施用深度在保证作物产量的同时,有利于提高磷素利用率,减少土壤磷流失.     

几种粉煤灰对磷素吸附与解吸特性的研究

通过吸附解吸和培养试验, 研究了几种粉煤灰对磷素吸附与解吸特性.结果表明,粉煤灰的全磷含量和有效磷含量分别为0.545～4.540 g·kg^-1和19.55～163.0 mg·kg^-1,显著高于土壤,粉煤灰对磷吸附量随着加入溶液磷浓度的增加而增加,但其吸附率随着加入溶液磷浓度的增加而减少;粉煤灰的吸磷率比土壤高,但其解吸率低.这主要是由于粉煤灰比土壤存在更多的磷吸附位点且结合能大,不易解吸.Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程都能很好地拟合粉煤灰对磷吸附,其中Langmuir方程的MBC、Freundlich方程的a和Temkin方程的k2都可以表征粉煤灰对磷吸附能力, MBC、a和k2值越大,则吸磷能力越强.不同来源的粉煤灰的MBC、a和k2值不同,其大小顺序为：湘潭电厂(5 167.7,4 056.2,831.5)>岳阳纸厂(1 650.7,2 803.4,711.9)>华能电厂(303.0,1 677.6,368.7)>株洲电厂(76.2,464.2, 211.0) > 洞庭氮肥厂(34.7,413.48,213.8).粉煤灰对磷吸附固定作用随粉煤灰含水量的增加有增大的趋势.粉煤灰对磷吸附主要是专性吸附和化学沉淀反应,所以在施用粉煤灰改良土壤或利用粉煤灰制造复混肥时,须考虑粉煤灰对磷的固定作用及粉煤灰含水量的影响.     

秸秆覆盖与施磷对四川丘陵旱地土壤磷形态及有效性的影响

为揭示秸秆覆盖配施磷肥下土壤无机磷形态变化规律及磷的有效性,本研究采用二因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆覆盖和不覆盖,副区为3个施磷量(0、75和120 kg·hm^-2),分析秸秆覆盖与施磷条件下四川丘陵旱地紫色土磷吸附-解吸特征、无机磷组分含量及其与有效磷的关系。结果表明: 2018—2020年两个试验年度秸秆覆盖处理比不覆盖处理土壤磷最大吸附量分别显著降低7.7%和7.4%,磷吸附饱和度分别显著增加35.4%和18.6%,土壤易解吸磷分别显著提高21.6%和35.2%,磷最大缓冲容量无显著差异;施磷与不施磷相比,磷最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量显著降低,吸附饱和度显著增加,易解吸磷则随施磷量的增加而增加。两个试验年度秸秆覆盖处理比不覆盖处理磷酸二钙(Ca₂-P)、磷酸八钙(Ca₈-P)和铁磷(Fe-P)含量显著增加,铝磷(Al-P)含量显著降低,闭蓄态磷(O-P)和磷灰石(Ca₁₀-P)含量有降低的趋势;与不施磷相比,施磷则提高了不同无机磷组分含量。与不覆盖处理相比,两个试验年度秸秆覆盖处理土壤有效磷含量分别显著增加23.2%和9.6%,磷活化系数分别显著提高21.3%和8.9%,且土壤有效磷含量和磷活化系数均随施磷量的增加而提高。回归分析表明,无机磷各组分对紫色土有效磷有效性的贡献为Ca₂-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca₈-P>Ca₁₀-P>O-P。因此,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥促进了土壤难溶性磷向中等活性或易于作物吸收的磷形态分解和转化,降低土壤对磷素的吸附,促进土壤磷素的解吸,最终提高土壤磷素有效性。综合考虑经济效益,推荐四川丘陵旱地秸秆覆盖配施75 kg·hm^-2磷肥更有利于提高土壤磷素有效性。     

茶树根际土壤磷的解吸特性

为了探明茶树根际土壤磷的释放过程与供应机制,采用外源磷吸附培养方法,研究了不同母质、不同种植年限茶树根际土壤磷的解吸过程与特性,并用最小二乘法进行最优函数拟合.结果表明:茶树根际土壤与非根际土壤磷的解吸过程有明显的差异.茶树根际土壤的磷解吸能力极显著高于非根际土壤;与非根际土壤相比,根际土壤的平均有效磷含量、平均解吸率和平均β值(单位吸附量中的解吸量)分别高出5.49 mg.kg-1、1.7%和24.4%.不同成土母质发育的茶树根际土壤磷解吸能力为花岗岩风化物>第四纪红色粘土>板页岩风化物.随着种植年限的延长,3种母质茶树根际土壤的有效磷与磷解吸能力均有不同程度地提高.     

杉木、马尾松及其混交林根际土壤磷素特征

2007-2010年,在福建省南平市延平区太平试验林场比较分析了杉木、马尾松纯林及其混交林根际土壤的磷素特征.结果表明:在杉木、马尾松纯林中,根际土壤的有效磷含量均大于非根际土壤.与非根际土壤相比,杉木、马尾松纯林及其混交林的根际土壤pH值均出现下降趋势;根际土O-P的数量低于非根际土,而Al-P和Fe-P则高于非根际土;3种林型中,根际土壤对磷的吸附量小于非根际土壤;而根际土壤磷解吸量和解吸率均高于非根际土壤.杉木、马尾松纯林中,马尾松根际土壤的有效磷、Fe-P、Al-P、解吸量和解吸率均高于杉木,而O-P、磷吸附量则低于杉木.杉木与马尾松混交后,二者根际土壤磷的活化作用进一步加强,且杉木的增幅更大.杉木与马尾松混交有利于杉木根系磷素营养的改善.     

紫色土有机质对团聚体吸附-解吸Pb~(2+)的影响

选取名山河流域4种土地利用方式(茶园、旱地、水田、林地)的紫色土为对象,采用平衡液吸附法及NH4OAc、EDTA解吸法研究有机质对Pb2+在全土及各粒径团聚体中吸附-解吸的影响,用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin方程对等温吸附过程进行拟合。结果表明:去除有机质前后,4种土地利用方式紫色土全土及各粒径团聚体对Pb2+的吸附量均随Pb2+初始浓度的增大而增加,各粒径团聚体对Pb2+的吸附量排序为(0.002 mm)2~0.25 mm全土0.053~0.002 mm0.25~0.053 mm,Freundlich方程拟合效果最佳,分布系数Kd值与Pd2+初始浓度呈曲线负相关,林地对Pb2+的吸附容量最大,茶园最小;4种土地利用方式紫色土全土及各粒径团聚体以静电吸附方式为主,络合吸附方式为辅,非解吸率大小关系均为林地旱地水田茶园,说明茶园紫色土对Pb2+的固持能力最弱,林地最强。去除有机质后,4种土地利用方式紫色土全土及各粒径团聚体对Pb2+的吸附量均有所降低,相较于茶园和水田,林地和旱地吸附减少量更为明显,Pd2+最大吸附减少量与有机质去除量呈极显著正相关,4种土地利用方式紫色土NH4OAc解吸率明显增加,EDTA解吸率相应减少,非解吸率均有不同程度的降低。     

人为干扰对喀斯特土壤团聚体及其有机碳稳定性的影响

以桂西北喀斯特原生林地、自然恢复地、放牧+火烧草地和玉米-红薯轮作地为对象,研究了不同人为干扰方式下4种生态系统中土壤团聚体含量及其有机碳的稳定性.结果表明:除玉米.红薯轮作地土壤的水稳性团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量为37.7%外,其余样地土壤水稳性团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量均大于70%;土壤团聚体结构破坏率为玉米-红薯轮作地(54.9%)>放牧+火烧草地(23.2%)>自然恢复地(9.8%)和原生林地(9.6%),差异显著.随培养时间的延长,团聚体有机碳的矿化速率先增加后减小,20 d后趋于平稳,而且随团聚体粒级的减小逐渐增大;相同粒级团聚体中有机碳的矿化速率为原生林地>放牧+火烧草地和自然恢复地>玉米-红薯轮作地;原生林地有机碳矿化率在1.7%～3.8%,显著高于自然恢复地、放牧火烧草地和玉米-红薯轮作地;有机碳的累积矿化量与矿化速率变化规律一致.土壤有机碳和团聚体中有机碳含量分别与矿化速率和累积矿化量呈极显著正相关,与矿化率极显著负相关.     

氧化还原条件对湿地土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了氧化还原条件对盘锦天然湿地土壤磷吸附与解吸特性的影响,并对磷的吸附与解吸过程进行拟合。结果表明,氧化或还原条件下Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地拟合磷的等温吸附曲线,且Langmuir方程的拟合效果好于Freundlich方程。淹水还原条件下,湿地土壤对磷的最大吸附量和解吸率比淹水前分别降低了9.5%和16.3%;吸附解吸平衡浓度升高,平均增加158.8%。淹水后土壤活性铁含量明显升高,淹水前后活性铁变化与吸附解吸平衡浓度变化之间的相关性达到了显著水平,与土壤中磷的最大吸附量和解吸率变化的相关性不显著,表明活性铁含量的变化是淹水还原条件下影响土壤磷吸附解吸平衡浓度变化的主要因素。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.